Dental Materials
Clinical Applications for Dental Assistants and Dental Hygienists
- 5th Edition - March 11, 2025
- Latest edition
- Authors: W. Stephan Eakle, Kimberly G. Bastin
- Language: English
**Selected for 2025 Doody’s Core Titles® in Dental Hygiene & Auxiliaries**Stay up to date with the uses, properties, and handling of dental materials! With just the right le… Read more
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**Selected for 2025 Doody’s Core Titles® in Dental Hygiene & Auxiliaries**
Stay up to date with the uses, properties, and handling of dental materials! With just the right level and scope of content, Dental Materials: Clinical Applications for Dental Assistants and Dental Hygienists, 5th Edition, emphasizes how knowledge of dental materials fits into day-to-day clinical practice. This hands-on resource features clinically focused content supplemented liberally with high-quality photographs, case applications, clinical tips and warnings, and step-by-step procedures, as well as videos and practice opportunities on a companion website. A focus on application and a strong art program with additional modern illustrations make this often-difficult subject matter approachable and relevant for today’s dental team members.
Stay up to date with the uses, properties, and handling of dental materials! With just the right level and scope of content, Dental Materials: Clinical Applications for Dental Assistants and Dental Hygienists, 5th Edition, emphasizes how knowledge of dental materials fits into day-to-day clinical practice. This hands-on resource features clinically focused content supplemented liberally with high-quality photographs, case applications, clinical tips and warnings, and step-by-step procedures, as well as videos and practice opportunities on a companion website. A focus on application and a strong art program with additional modern illustrations make this often-difficult subject matter approachable and relevant for today’s dental team members.
- NEW! User-friendly features, including Key Points boxes throughout the chapters, more bulleted lists, and shorter paragraphs help you process complex topics more easily
- NEW! Do You Recall boxes pose questions covering important concepts immediately after they’re presented to support knowledge development
- NEW! Step-by-step procedure videos on the Evolve companion website reinforce techniques presented in the text
- NEW and UPDATED! Coverage of implant maintenance offers the latest information and guidelines
- Robust art program features nearly 600 images of full-color conceptual renderings and clinical photographs
- Clinical and laboratory procedures include step-by-step instructions and supporting artwork
- Clinical Tip and Caution boxes highlight important information
- End-of-chapter review questions and case-based discussion topics and practice quizzes on the Evolve companion website provide practice opportunities for classroom and board exam preparation
- Key terms are called out in each chapter and defined in a glossary
- Patient home care instructions in many chapters provide helpful tools for patient education
Dental Assisting students; Dental Hygiene students
1 Introduction to Dental Materials
The Role of the Dental Auxiliary in the Use of
Dental Materials
Evidence-Based Dentistry
The Historical Development of Dental
Materials
The Agencies Responsible for Standards
American Dental Association
American National Standards Institute
US Food and Drug Administration
International Agencies
Future Developments in Dental Biomaterials
Summary
2 Oral Environment and Patient Considerations
Classification of Dental Materials
Preventive/Therapeutic Materials
Restorative Materials
Auxiliary Materials
Biocompatibility
Adverse Response
Biomechanics
Oral Factors Affecting Dental Materials
Force, Stress, and Strain
Moisture and Acid Levels
Effect of pH
Galvanism
Temperature
Expansion and Contraction
Thermal Conductivity
Retention
Mechanical and Chemical Retention
Bonding
Microleakage
Esthetics and Color
How We Sense Color
Components of Color
Optical Properties
Viewing Color
Oral Biofilm and Dental Materials
Community of Microorganisms
Formation of Oral Biofilm
Biofilm and Oral Disease
Probiotics
Biofilm and Systemic Diseases
Biofilm on Dental Materials
Managing the Oral Biofilm
Detection of Restorative Materials
Methods of Identification
Summary
3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dental
Materials
Physical Structure
Atoms
Types of Bonds
The Three States of Matter
Properties of Dental Materials
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Classification of Materials
Composition
Reaction Activated by Mixing
Manipulation of Materials
Ratios of Components
Effect of Temperature and Humidity
Mixing of Components
Shelf Life
Summary
4 General Handling and Safety of Dental Materials in
the Dental Office
Material Hazards in the Dental Environment
Exposure to Particulate Matter
Exposure to Biological Contaminants
Bioaerosols in the Dental Setting
Dental Bioaerosols
Chemical Safety in the Dental Office
Hazardous Chemicals
Skin and Eyes
Inhalation
Ingestion
Exposure to Bisphenol A
Exposure to Mercury
Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity
Acute Chemical Toxicity
Chronic Chemical Toxicity
Personal and Chemical Protection
Hand Protection
Eye Protection
Protective Clothing
Inhalation Protection
Control of Chemical Spills
Mercury Spill
Flammable Liquids
Acids
Eyewash
Ventilation
General Precautions for Storing and Disposing of
Chemicals
Storage
Disposal of Chemicals
Empty Containers
Regulations for Hazardous Waste Disposal
Dental Laboratory Infection Control
Hazard Communications
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Hazard Communication Standard
Hazard Communication Program
Labeling of Chemical Containers and Safety Data
Sheets
Labeling Exemptions
Eco-Conscience Green Practices
Patient Safety
Summary
5 Impression Materials
Overview of Impressions
Types of Impressions
Impression Material Types
Impression Trays
Stock Trays
Triple Trays (Closed-Bite Trays)
Bite Registration Trays
Custom Trays
Hydrocolloids
Reversible Hydrocolloid (Agar)
Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)
Making Alginate Impressions
Criteria for Clinically Acceptable Impressions
Two-Consistency Alginate System
Elastomers
Use of Adhesive
Elastic Recovery
Wettability
Polysulfides
Silicone Rubber Impression Materials
Polyvinyl Siloxane (Vinyl Polysiloxane)
Vinyl Polyether Silicone Hybrid
Components of Impression Making for Crown
and Bridge Procedures
Gingival Retraction
Making the Impression
Digital Impressions
Learning Curve
Scanning Devices
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital
Impressions
Soft Tissue Management
Expanded Use of Digital Impressions
Inelastic Impression Materials
Dental Impression Compound
Impression Plaster
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Material
Impression Wax
Infection Control Procedures
Disinfecting Impressions
Disinfecting Casts
Sterilizing Impression Trays
Summary
6 Gypsum and Wax Products
Gypsum Materials
Uses of Gypsum Materials
Desirable Qualities
Behaviors of Gypsum Products
Formation of Gypsum
Production of Gypsum Products
Physical Properties
Classification of Gypsum Products
Impression Plaster (Type I)
Model Plaster (Type II)
Dental Stone (Type III)
Dental Stone, High Strength/Low Expansion
(Type IV)
Dental Stone High Strength/High Expansion
(Type V)
Metal-Plated and Epoxy Dies and
Resin-Reinforced Die Stone
Investment Materials
Manipulation of Gypsum Products
Material Selection
Proportioning (Water-to-Powder Ratio)
Mixing: Spatulation
Setting Times
Control of Setting Times
Fabricating Diagnotic/Working Casts
Storage
Cleanup
Infection Control and Safety Issues
Separating the Impression from the Cast
Trimming the Casts
Composition and Properties of Dental Waxes
Composition of Waxes
Properties of Waxes
Melting Range
Flow
Excess Residue
Thermal Expansion
Classification of Waxes
Waxes are Grouped as Follows
Pattern Waxes
Processing Waxes
Impression Waxes
Other Waxes Utilized in the Dental Office
Manipulation of Waxes
Lost Wax Technique
Summary
7 Principles of Bonding
Basic Principles of Bonding
Surface Wetting
Etching Enamel and Dentin
Enamel Etching
Dentin Etching
Bond Strength
Bonding Systems
Components of Bonding Systems
History of the Development of Bonding
Systems
Modes of Cure of Adhesives
Oxygen-Inhibited Resin Layer
Classification of Bonding Systems
Etch-and-Rinse Bonding Systems
Self-Etch Bonding Systems
Clinical Application of Universal Bonding
Adhesive
Biocompatibility
Compatibility with Other Resins
Contamination of Bonding Site
Bonding of Restorations
Summary
8 Composites
History of the Development of Composite Resin
for Dentistry
Direct-Placement Esthetic Restorative
Materials
Composite Resin
Components
Polymerization
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite
Resins
Classification of Composites by Filler Size
Macrofilled Composites
Microfilled Composites
Hybrid Composites
Microhybrids
Nanohybrids
Nanocomposites
Other Composite Types
Clinical Handling of Composites
Uses of Composite Resins
Selection of Materials
How to Match the Shade
Color Characteristics: Hue, Chroma, and
Value
Placing the Composite
Resin-to-Resin Bonding
Contaminants
Layering (Stratification) of Composite
Shelf Life
Dispensing and Cross-Contamination
Matrix Systems
Light-Curing
Finishing and Polishing Composites
Why Composites Fail
Composite Repair
Indirect-Placement Composite Resins
Summary
9 Glass Ionomers, Compomers, and Bioactive
Materials
Glass Ionomer Cements
Conventional Glass Ionomer Cements
Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Glass Ionomer Cement
Uses for Glass Ionomer Cements
Resin-Modified (Hybrid) Ionomers
Properties
Curing Modes
Use for Pediatric Dentistry
Other Uses
Nano-Ionomers
Clinical Application of Glass Ionomer
Cements
Compomers
Fluoride Release
Packaging
Setting Reaction
Bonding
Uses
Placement and Finishing
Properties
Giomers
Bioactive Dental Materials
Physical Properties
Uses
Summary
10 Dental Ceramics
Dental Ceramics
A Brief History of Dental Ceramics
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic
Restorations
Classification of Dental Ceramics
Glass and Nonglass Ceramics
Glass-Based Ceramics
Porcelain
Nonglass-Based Ceramics
Alumina
Zirconia
Physical and Mechanical Properties
Flexural Strength
Thermal Properties
Optical Properties
Biocompatibility
Ceramic Processing Techniques
CAD/CAM Technology
Basic Components of CAD/CAM Systems
CAD/CAM Restorations
Ceramic CAD/CAM Materials
Summary of CAD/CAM Steps for Producing a
Restoration
Clinical Applications for Ceramic Materials
Rationale for the Selection of Ceramic
Materials
Ceramic Veneers
Ceramic Inlays, Onlays, Fixed Bridges
Finishing and Polishing Ceramic
Restorations
Cementation of All-Ceramic Restorations
Maintenance of All-Ceramic Restorations
Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Restorations
Shade Taking
Involving the Dental Auxiliary and the
Patient
Steps for Ceramic Shade Taking
Devices for Taking the Shade
Summary
11 Dental Amalgam
Dental Amalgam
Alloys Used in Dental Amalgam
Silver-Based Amalgam Alloy Particles
Setting Transformation (Amalgamation)
Properties of Amalgam
Applications for Dental Amalgam
Matrix Systems
Use of Matrix Bands
Sectional Matrix Systems
Manipulation of Amalgam
(See Procedure 11.1)
Dispensing of Alloy and Mercury
Trituration
Consequences of Improper Handling
Working and Setting Times
Placement and Condensation
Finishing and Polishing
Use of a Cavity Sealer
Longevity of Amalgams
Repair of Amalgam
Bonding Amalgam
Allergy to Amalgam
The Safety of Dental Amalgam
ADA Stance on Dental Amalgam Safety
Concerns About Mercury Exposure
Restrictions on Amalgam Use
Summary
12 Metals and Alloys
Structure of Metals and Their Alloys
Pure Metals
Lattice Structure
Alloys
Properties of Casting Alloys
Porcelain Bonding Alloys
Porcelain-Bonded-to-Metal Restorations
Identalloy Program
Solders
Gold Solders
Flux
Silver Solders
Wrought Metal Alloys
Stainless-Steel Alloys
Preformed Provisional Crowns
Metals Used in Orthodontics
Archwires
Brackets and Bands
Retainers and Removable Orthodontic
Appliances
Space Maintainers
Metals Used in Endodontics
Endodontic Files and Reamers
Endodontic Posts
Purpose of the Post
Classification of Posts
Summary
13 Dental Implants
Dental Implants
Subperiosteal Implants
Transosteal Implant
Endosseous Implants
Indications for Implants
Contraindications for Implants
Benefits of Implants
Implant Components
Implant Materials
Implant Fixture Designs
Image-Guided Implant Planning
Implant Planning Software
Advantages of Guided Implant Surgery
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided
Machining Technology
Implant Placement
Informed Consent
Surgical Risks
Preparation of the Patient for Surgery
Postsurgical Instructions
Implant Placement Surgeries
Two-Stage Surgical Procedure
One-Stage Surgical Procedure
Immediate-Placement Surgical Procedure
Immediate Loading
Restorative Phase
Implant Impression and Laboratory
Components
Impression Procedures
Retention of the Implant Crown
Retention of the Removable Prosthesis
Mini-Implants
Uses for Mini-Implants
Bone Grafting
Purpose of Bone Grafting
Types of Bone Grafts
Implant Longevity
Long-Term Success
Implant Failure
Implant Maintenance
Biological Seal
Peri-Implantitis
Tissue Management
Home Care
Hygiene Visit
Sutures
Types of Sutures
Suturing Techniques
Summary
14 Polymers for Prosthetic Dentistry
Review of Polymer Formation
Copolymers
Polymerization
Cross-Linked Polymers
Polymerization Reactions
Acrylic Resins (Plastics)
Uses of Acrylics
Modifiers
Properties
Curing
Allergic Reaction
Acrylic Resins for Denture Bases
Polymerization Reaction
Processing Methods for Complete Dentures
Processing of a Removable Partial Denture
Digital Dentures
Denture Reline Materials (Liners)
Soft Relining Materials
Home Care for Soft Liners
Hard Relining Materials
Laboratory Reline
Over-the-Counter Liners
Detection and Management of Denture
Sores
Signs and Symptoms
Causes of Denture Sores
Treatment of Denture Sores
Home Care for Denture Sores
Denture Teeth
Acrylic Resin Teeth
Composite Resin Teeth
Porcelain Teeth
Characterization of Dentures
Plastics for Maxillofacial Prosthetics
Denture Repair
Chemical-Cured Acrylic Repair Material
Light-Cured Repair Material
Custom Impression Trays and Record Bases
Chemical-Cured Tray Material
Light-Cured Tray and Record Base Material
Infection Control Procedures
Instructions for New Denture Wearers
What to Expect With Your New Dentures
Care of Acrylic Resin Dentures
Home Care
In-Office Care
Storage of Dentures
Summary
15 Provisional Restorations
Dental Procedures That May Require Provisional
Coverage
Criteria for Provisional Coverage
Maintain Prepared Tooth Position Relative to
Adjacent and Opposing Teeth
Protect the Exposed Tooth Surfaces and
Margins
Protect the Gingival Tissues
Provide Function
Esthetics and Speech
Retention
Properties of Provisional Materials
Strength
Hardness
Tissue Compatibility
Esthetics
Provisional Crown Materials
Preformed Crowns
Stainless-Steel Crowns
Aluminum Shell and Tin-Silver Alloy Crowns
Fitting the Crown
Polycarbonate Crown Forms
Customized Provisional Crowns
Materials for Custom Provisional
Restorations
Methacrylate Provisional Materials
(Acrylics)
Composite Resin Provisional Materials
Methods of Fabrication of Custom Provisionals
Direct Technique
Indirect-Direct Technique
Advanced Techniques
Handling the Provisional Restoration
Cementing the Provisional Restoration
Removing the Provisional Restoration
Cleanup
Patient Education
Home Care Instructions
Summary
16 Dental Cement
Dental Cements
Classification
Uses of Dental Cements
Type I Cements: Luting Agents
Properties of Luting Cements
Selecting A Luting Cement
Classification of Luting Cements
Water-Based Luting Cements
Resin-Based Luting Cements
Oil-Based Luting Cements
Bioactive Cements
Handling of Cements
Storage
Pre-cementation Check
Mixing
Working and Setting Times
Loading the Restoration
Removal of Excess Cement
Cement-Associated Peri-Implant Disease
Cleanup, Disinfection, and Sterilization
Care Around Margins
Summary
17 Abrasion, Finishing, Polishing, and Cleaning
Finishing, Polishing, and Cleaning
Factors Affecting Abrasion
Mode of Delivery of Abrasives
Microparticle Abrasives
Materials Used in Abrasion
Finishing and Polishing Procedures
Margination and Removal of Flash
Finishing and Polishing Amalgam
Procedures for Finishing and Polishing Amalgam
Restorations
Finishing and Polishing Composite
Finishing and Polishing Gold Alloy
Finishing and Polishing Ceramics (Porcelain)
Polishing During Oral Prophylaxis (Coronal
Polish)
Amalgam
Composite
Gold Alloys and Ceramics
Resin/Cement Interface
Implants
Air Polishing and Air Abrasion
Laboratory Finishing and Polishing
Rag Wheel
Felt Cones and Wheels
Safety/Infection Control
Patient Education
Summary
18 Preventive and Desensitizing Materials
Fluoride
Topical and Systemic Effects
Protection Against Erosion
Bacterial Inhibition
Fluoride and Antibacterial Rinses for the Control
of Dental Caries
Methods of Delivery
Safety
Pit and Fissure Sealants
Purpose
Indications
Susceptibility of Teeth to Fissure Caries
Composition
Working Time
Color and Wear
Placement
Patient Record Entries
Effectiveness
Troubleshooting Problems With Sealants
Glass Ionomer Cement as a Sealant
Desensitizing Agents
Mechanism of Tooth Sensitivity
Treatment
Categories and Components of Desensitizing
Agents
Remineralization
Products
Resin Infiltration
Summary
19 Teeth Whitening Materials and Procedures
Teeth Whitening (Bleaching)
Types of Stains
History of Peroxide Whitening
How Whitening Works
Whitening
Pretreatment Evaluation
Treatment Methods
Types of In-Office Treatments
Whitening of Nonvital Teeth
Home Whitening (Prescribed by the Dentist)
Over-the-Counter Products
Nondental Options
Role of the Dental Auxiliary
Potential Side Effects of Teeth Whitening
Restorative Considerations
Retreatment
Enamel Microabrasion
Adverse Outcomes
Summary
20 Preventive and Corrective Oral Appliances
Preventive and Corrective Oral Appliances
Sports Mouth Guards
Night Guards (Bruxism Mouth Guards)
Oral Appliances to Treat Snoring and Obstructive
Sleep Apnea
Preventive Orthodontics
Space Maintainers
Interceptive Orthodontics
Thumb Sucking Appliance
Palatal Expansion Appliances
Crossbite Corrector
Orthodontic Tooth Aligners
3D Printing
Summary
Appendix
Answers to Review Questions
Glossary
Index
List of Procedures
4.1 Safety Data Sheet and Label Exercise
5.1 Making an Alginate Impression
5.2 Making a Double-Bite Impression for
a Crown
5.3 Bite Registration With Elastomeric Material
5.4 Wax Bite Registration
5.5 Disinfection of Impression Material or Bite
Registration
6.1 Mixing Gypsum Products
6.2 Pouring the Cast: Anatomic Portion
6.3 Pouring the Cast: Art (or Base) Portion
6.4 Separating the Impression From the Cast
6.5 Trimming Diagnostic Casts
7.1 Enamel and Dentin Bonding Using the
Etch-and-Rinse Technique
8.1 Placement of Class II Composite Resin
Restoration
10.1 Surface Treatment for Bonding Glass-Based
Ceramic Restorations
11.1 Placing and Carving Class II Amalgam
13.1 Suture Removal
14.1 Fabrication of Custom Acrylic Impression
Trays
15.1 Metal Provisional Crown
15.2 Polycarbonate Provisional Crown
15.3 Custom Provisional Coverage: Direct
Technique
15.4 Intracoronal Provisional Cement
Restoration
16.1 Bonding Orthodontic Brackets
16.2 Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement (ZOE): Primary
and Secondary Consistency
16.3 Zinc Phosphate Cement: Primary
Consistency
16.4 Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement: Primary
Consistency
16.5 Glass Ionomer Cement: Pre-Dosed Capsule
16.6 Resin-Based Cement for Indirect Restorations:
Ceramic, Porcelain, Composite
16.7 Self-Adhesive Technique for Indirect
Restorations: Ceramic, Porcelain, Composite
17.1 Finishing and Polishing a Preexisting Amalgam
Restoration
17.2 Polishing a Preexisting Composite
Restoration
18.1 Applying Sodium Fluoride Varnish
18.2 Applying Topical Fluoride
18.3 Applying Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF)
18.4 Applying Dental Sealants
19.1 In-Office Whitening
19.2 Clinical Procedures for Home Whitening
19.3 Fabrication of Custom Whitening Trays
20.1 Fabrication of a Sports Mouth Guard
(Protector)
The Role of the Dental Auxiliary in the Use of
Dental Materials
Evidence-Based Dentistry
The Historical Development of Dental
Materials
The Agencies Responsible for Standards
American Dental Association
American National Standards Institute
US Food and Drug Administration
International Agencies
Future Developments in Dental Biomaterials
Summary
2 Oral Environment and Patient Considerations
Classification of Dental Materials
Preventive/Therapeutic Materials
Restorative Materials
Auxiliary Materials
Biocompatibility
Adverse Response
Biomechanics
Oral Factors Affecting Dental Materials
Force, Stress, and Strain
Moisture and Acid Levels
Effect of pH
Galvanism
Temperature
Expansion and Contraction
Thermal Conductivity
Retention
Mechanical and Chemical Retention
Bonding
Microleakage
Esthetics and Color
How We Sense Color
Components of Color
Optical Properties
Viewing Color
Oral Biofilm and Dental Materials
Community of Microorganisms
Formation of Oral Biofilm
Biofilm and Oral Disease
Probiotics
Biofilm and Systemic Diseases
Biofilm on Dental Materials
Managing the Oral Biofilm
Detection of Restorative Materials
Methods of Identification
Summary
3 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dental
Materials
Physical Structure
Atoms
Types of Bonds
The Three States of Matter
Properties of Dental Materials
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Classification of Materials
Composition
Reaction Activated by Mixing
Manipulation of Materials
Ratios of Components
Effect of Temperature and Humidity
Mixing of Components
Shelf Life
Summary
4 General Handling and Safety of Dental Materials in
the Dental Office
Material Hazards in the Dental Environment
Exposure to Particulate Matter
Exposure to Biological Contaminants
Bioaerosols in the Dental Setting
Dental Bioaerosols
Chemical Safety in the Dental Office
Hazardous Chemicals
Skin and Eyes
Inhalation
Ingestion
Exposure to Bisphenol A
Exposure to Mercury
Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity
Acute Chemical Toxicity
Chronic Chemical Toxicity
Personal and Chemical Protection
Hand Protection
Eye Protection
Protective Clothing
Inhalation Protection
Control of Chemical Spills
Mercury Spill
Flammable Liquids
Acids
Eyewash
Ventilation
General Precautions for Storing and Disposing of
Chemicals
Storage
Disposal of Chemicals
Empty Containers
Regulations for Hazardous Waste Disposal
Dental Laboratory Infection Control
Hazard Communications
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Hazard Communication Standard
Hazard Communication Program
Labeling of Chemical Containers and Safety Data
Sheets
Labeling Exemptions
Eco-Conscience Green Practices
Patient Safety
Summary
5 Impression Materials
Overview of Impressions
Types of Impressions
Impression Material Types
Impression Trays
Stock Trays
Triple Trays (Closed-Bite Trays)
Bite Registration Trays
Custom Trays
Hydrocolloids
Reversible Hydrocolloid (Agar)
Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)
Making Alginate Impressions
Criteria for Clinically Acceptable Impressions
Two-Consistency Alginate System
Elastomers
Use of Adhesive
Elastic Recovery
Wettability
Polysulfides
Silicone Rubber Impression Materials
Polyvinyl Siloxane (Vinyl Polysiloxane)
Vinyl Polyether Silicone Hybrid
Components of Impression Making for Crown
and Bridge Procedures
Gingival Retraction
Making the Impression
Digital Impressions
Learning Curve
Scanning Devices
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital
Impressions
Soft Tissue Management
Expanded Use of Digital Impressions
Inelastic Impression Materials
Dental Impression Compound
Impression Plaster
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression Material
Impression Wax
Infection Control Procedures
Disinfecting Impressions
Disinfecting Casts
Sterilizing Impression Trays
Summary
6 Gypsum and Wax Products
Gypsum Materials
Uses of Gypsum Materials
Desirable Qualities
Behaviors of Gypsum Products
Formation of Gypsum
Production of Gypsum Products
Physical Properties
Classification of Gypsum Products
Impression Plaster (Type I)
Model Plaster (Type II)
Dental Stone (Type III)
Dental Stone, High Strength/Low Expansion
(Type IV)
Dental Stone High Strength/High Expansion
(Type V)
Metal-Plated and Epoxy Dies and
Resin-Reinforced Die Stone
Investment Materials
Manipulation of Gypsum Products
Material Selection
Proportioning (Water-to-Powder Ratio)
Mixing: Spatulation
Setting Times
Control of Setting Times
Fabricating Diagnotic/Working Casts
Storage
Cleanup
Infection Control and Safety Issues
Separating the Impression from the Cast
Trimming the Casts
Composition and Properties of Dental Waxes
Composition of Waxes
Properties of Waxes
Melting Range
Flow
Excess Residue
Thermal Expansion
Classification of Waxes
Waxes are Grouped as Follows
Pattern Waxes
Processing Waxes
Impression Waxes
Other Waxes Utilized in the Dental Office
Manipulation of Waxes
Lost Wax Technique
Summary
7 Principles of Bonding
Basic Principles of Bonding
Surface Wetting
Etching Enamel and Dentin
Enamel Etching
Dentin Etching
Bond Strength
Bonding Systems
Components of Bonding Systems
History of the Development of Bonding
Systems
Modes of Cure of Adhesives
Oxygen-Inhibited Resin Layer
Classification of Bonding Systems
Etch-and-Rinse Bonding Systems
Self-Etch Bonding Systems
Clinical Application of Universal Bonding
Adhesive
Biocompatibility
Compatibility with Other Resins
Contamination of Bonding Site
Bonding of Restorations
Summary
8 Composites
History of the Development of Composite Resin
for Dentistry
Direct-Placement Esthetic Restorative
Materials
Composite Resin
Components
Polymerization
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite
Resins
Classification of Composites by Filler Size
Macrofilled Composites
Microfilled Composites
Hybrid Composites
Microhybrids
Nanohybrids
Nanocomposites
Other Composite Types
Clinical Handling of Composites
Uses of Composite Resins
Selection of Materials
How to Match the Shade
Color Characteristics: Hue, Chroma, and
Value
Placing the Composite
Resin-to-Resin Bonding
Contaminants
Layering (Stratification) of Composite
Shelf Life
Dispensing and Cross-Contamination
Matrix Systems
Light-Curing
Finishing and Polishing Composites
Why Composites Fail
Composite Repair
Indirect-Placement Composite Resins
Summary
9 Glass Ionomers, Compomers, and Bioactive
Materials
Glass Ionomer Cements
Conventional Glass Ionomer Cements
Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Glass Ionomer Cement
Uses for Glass Ionomer Cements
Resin-Modified (Hybrid) Ionomers
Properties
Curing Modes
Use for Pediatric Dentistry
Other Uses
Nano-Ionomers
Clinical Application of Glass Ionomer
Cements
Compomers
Fluoride Release
Packaging
Setting Reaction
Bonding
Uses
Placement and Finishing
Properties
Giomers
Bioactive Dental Materials
Physical Properties
Uses
Summary
10 Dental Ceramics
Dental Ceramics
A Brief History of Dental Ceramics
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic
Restorations
Classification of Dental Ceramics
Glass and Nonglass Ceramics
Glass-Based Ceramics
Porcelain
Nonglass-Based Ceramics
Alumina
Zirconia
Physical and Mechanical Properties
Flexural Strength
Thermal Properties
Optical Properties
Biocompatibility
Ceramic Processing Techniques
CAD/CAM Technology
Basic Components of CAD/CAM Systems
CAD/CAM Restorations
Ceramic CAD/CAM Materials
Summary of CAD/CAM Steps for Producing a
Restoration
Clinical Applications for Ceramic Materials
Rationale for the Selection of Ceramic
Materials
Ceramic Veneers
Ceramic Inlays, Onlays, Fixed Bridges
Finishing and Polishing Ceramic
Restorations
Cementation of All-Ceramic Restorations
Maintenance of All-Ceramic Restorations
Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Restorations
Shade Taking
Involving the Dental Auxiliary and the
Patient
Steps for Ceramic Shade Taking
Devices for Taking the Shade
Summary
11 Dental Amalgam
Dental Amalgam
Alloys Used in Dental Amalgam
Silver-Based Amalgam Alloy Particles
Setting Transformation (Amalgamation)
Properties of Amalgam
Applications for Dental Amalgam
Matrix Systems
Use of Matrix Bands
Sectional Matrix Systems
Manipulation of Amalgam
(See Procedure 11.1)
Dispensing of Alloy and Mercury
Trituration
Consequences of Improper Handling
Working and Setting Times
Placement and Condensation
Finishing and Polishing
Use of a Cavity Sealer
Longevity of Amalgams
Repair of Amalgam
Bonding Amalgam
Allergy to Amalgam
The Safety of Dental Amalgam
ADA Stance on Dental Amalgam Safety
Concerns About Mercury Exposure
Restrictions on Amalgam Use
Summary
12 Metals and Alloys
Structure of Metals and Their Alloys
Pure Metals
Lattice Structure
Alloys
Properties of Casting Alloys
Porcelain Bonding Alloys
Porcelain-Bonded-to-Metal Restorations
Identalloy Program
Solders
Gold Solders
Flux
Silver Solders
Wrought Metal Alloys
Stainless-Steel Alloys
Preformed Provisional Crowns
Metals Used in Orthodontics
Archwires
Brackets and Bands
Retainers and Removable Orthodontic
Appliances
Space Maintainers
Metals Used in Endodontics
Endodontic Files and Reamers
Endodontic Posts
Purpose of the Post
Classification of Posts
Summary
13 Dental Implants
Dental Implants
Subperiosteal Implants
Transosteal Implant
Endosseous Implants
Indications for Implants
Contraindications for Implants
Benefits of Implants
Implant Components
Implant Materials
Implant Fixture Designs
Image-Guided Implant Planning
Implant Planning Software
Advantages of Guided Implant Surgery
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided
Machining Technology
Implant Placement
Informed Consent
Surgical Risks
Preparation of the Patient for Surgery
Postsurgical Instructions
Implant Placement Surgeries
Two-Stage Surgical Procedure
One-Stage Surgical Procedure
Immediate-Placement Surgical Procedure
Immediate Loading
Restorative Phase
Implant Impression and Laboratory
Components
Impression Procedures
Retention of the Implant Crown
Retention of the Removable Prosthesis
Mini-Implants
Uses for Mini-Implants
Bone Grafting
Purpose of Bone Grafting
Types of Bone Grafts
Implant Longevity
Long-Term Success
Implant Failure
Implant Maintenance
Biological Seal
Peri-Implantitis
Tissue Management
Home Care
Hygiene Visit
Sutures
Types of Sutures
Suturing Techniques
Summary
14 Polymers for Prosthetic Dentistry
Review of Polymer Formation
Copolymers
Polymerization
Cross-Linked Polymers
Polymerization Reactions
Acrylic Resins (Plastics)
Uses of Acrylics
Modifiers
Properties
Curing
Allergic Reaction
Acrylic Resins for Denture Bases
Polymerization Reaction
Processing Methods for Complete Dentures
Processing of a Removable Partial Denture
Digital Dentures
Denture Reline Materials (Liners)
Soft Relining Materials
Home Care for Soft Liners
Hard Relining Materials
Laboratory Reline
Over-the-Counter Liners
Detection and Management of Denture
Sores
Signs and Symptoms
Causes of Denture Sores
Treatment of Denture Sores
Home Care for Denture Sores
Denture Teeth
Acrylic Resin Teeth
Composite Resin Teeth
Porcelain Teeth
Characterization of Dentures
Plastics for Maxillofacial Prosthetics
Denture Repair
Chemical-Cured Acrylic Repair Material
Light-Cured Repair Material
Custom Impression Trays and Record Bases
Chemical-Cured Tray Material
Light-Cured Tray and Record Base Material
Infection Control Procedures
Instructions for New Denture Wearers
What to Expect With Your New Dentures
Care of Acrylic Resin Dentures
Home Care
In-Office Care
Storage of Dentures
Summary
15 Provisional Restorations
Dental Procedures That May Require Provisional
Coverage
Criteria for Provisional Coverage
Maintain Prepared Tooth Position Relative to
Adjacent and Opposing Teeth
Protect the Exposed Tooth Surfaces and
Margins
Protect the Gingival Tissues
Provide Function
Esthetics and Speech
Retention
Properties of Provisional Materials
Strength
Hardness
Tissue Compatibility
Esthetics
Provisional Crown Materials
Preformed Crowns
Stainless-Steel Crowns
Aluminum Shell and Tin-Silver Alloy Crowns
Fitting the Crown
Polycarbonate Crown Forms
Customized Provisional Crowns
Materials for Custom Provisional
Restorations
Methacrylate Provisional Materials
(Acrylics)
Composite Resin Provisional Materials
Methods of Fabrication of Custom Provisionals
Direct Technique
Indirect-Direct Technique
Advanced Techniques
Handling the Provisional Restoration
Cementing the Provisional Restoration
Removing the Provisional Restoration
Cleanup
Patient Education
Home Care Instructions
Summary
16 Dental Cement
Dental Cements
Classification
Uses of Dental Cements
Type I Cements: Luting Agents
Properties of Luting Cements
Selecting A Luting Cement
Classification of Luting Cements
Water-Based Luting Cements
Resin-Based Luting Cements
Oil-Based Luting Cements
Bioactive Cements
Handling of Cements
Storage
Pre-cementation Check
Mixing
Working and Setting Times
Loading the Restoration
Removal of Excess Cement
Cement-Associated Peri-Implant Disease
Cleanup, Disinfection, and Sterilization
Care Around Margins
Summary
17 Abrasion, Finishing, Polishing, and Cleaning
Finishing, Polishing, and Cleaning
Factors Affecting Abrasion
Mode of Delivery of Abrasives
Microparticle Abrasives
Materials Used in Abrasion
Finishing and Polishing Procedures
Margination and Removal of Flash
Finishing and Polishing Amalgam
Procedures for Finishing and Polishing Amalgam
Restorations
Finishing and Polishing Composite
Finishing and Polishing Gold Alloy
Finishing and Polishing Ceramics (Porcelain)
Polishing During Oral Prophylaxis (Coronal
Polish)
Amalgam
Composite
Gold Alloys and Ceramics
Resin/Cement Interface
Implants
Air Polishing and Air Abrasion
Laboratory Finishing and Polishing
Rag Wheel
Felt Cones and Wheels
Safety/Infection Control
Patient Education
Summary
18 Preventive and Desensitizing Materials
Fluoride
Topical and Systemic Effects
Protection Against Erosion
Bacterial Inhibition
Fluoride and Antibacterial Rinses for the Control
of Dental Caries
Methods of Delivery
Safety
Pit and Fissure Sealants
Purpose
Indications
Susceptibility of Teeth to Fissure Caries
Composition
Working Time
Color and Wear
Placement
Patient Record Entries
Effectiveness
Troubleshooting Problems With Sealants
Glass Ionomer Cement as a Sealant
Desensitizing Agents
Mechanism of Tooth Sensitivity
Treatment
Categories and Components of Desensitizing
Agents
Remineralization
Products
Resin Infiltration
Summary
19 Teeth Whitening Materials and Procedures
Teeth Whitening (Bleaching)
Types of Stains
History of Peroxide Whitening
How Whitening Works
Whitening
Pretreatment Evaluation
Treatment Methods
Types of In-Office Treatments
Whitening of Nonvital Teeth
Home Whitening (Prescribed by the Dentist)
Over-the-Counter Products
Nondental Options
Role of the Dental Auxiliary
Potential Side Effects of Teeth Whitening
Restorative Considerations
Retreatment
Enamel Microabrasion
Adverse Outcomes
Summary
20 Preventive and Corrective Oral Appliances
Preventive and Corrective Oral Appliances
Sports Mouth Guards
Night Guards (Bruxism Mouth Guards)
Oral Appliances to Treat Snoring and Obstructive
Sleep Apnea
Preventive Orthodontics
Space Maintainers
Interceptive Orthodontics
Thumb Sucking Appliance
Palatal Expansion Appliances
Crossbite Corrector
Orthodontic Tooth Aligners
3D Printing
Summary
Appendix
Answers to Review Questions
Glossary
Index
List of Procedures
4.1 Safety Data Sheet and Label Exercise
5.1 Making an Alginate Impression
5.2 Making a Double-Bite Impression for
a Crown
5.3 Bite Registration With Elastomeric Material
5.4 Wax Bite Registration
5.5 Disinfection of Impression Material or Bite
Registration
6.1 Mixing Gypsum Products
6.2 Pouring the Cast: Anatomic Portion
6.3 Pouring the Cast: Art (or Base) Portion
6.4 Separating the Impression From the Cast
6.5 Trimming Diagnostic Casts
7.1 Enamel and Dentin Bonding Using the
Etch-and-Rinse Technique
8.1 Placement of Class II Composite Resin
Restoration
10.1 Surface Treatment for Bonding Glass-Based
Ceramic Restorations
11.1 Placing and Carving Class II Amalgam
13.1 Suture Removal
14.1 Fabrication of Custom Acrylic Impression
Trays
15.1 Metal Provisional Crown
15.2 Polycarbonate Provisional Crown
15.3 Custom Provisional Coverage: Direct
Technique
15.4 Intracoronal Provisional Cement
Restoration
16.1 Bonding Orthodontic Brackets
16.2 Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement (ZOE): Primary
and Secondary Consistency
16.3 Zinc Phosphate Cement: Primary
Consistency
16.4 Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement: Primary
Consistency
16.5 Glass Ionomer Cement: Pre-Dosed Capsule
16.6 Resin-Based Cement for Indirect Restorations:
Ceramic, Porcelain, Composite
16.7 Self-Adhesive Technique for Indirect
Restorations: Ceramic, Porcelain, Composite
17.1 Finishing and Polishing a Preexisting Amalgam
Restoration
17.2 Polishing a Preexisting Composite
Restoration
18.1 Applying Sodium Fluoride Varnish
18.2 Applying Topical Fluoride
18.3 Applying Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF)
18.4 Applying Dental Sealants
19.1 In-Office Whitening
19.2 Clinical Procedures for Home Whitening
19.3 Fabrication of Custom Whitening Trays
20.1 Fabrication of a Sports Mouth Guard
(Protector)
- Edition: 5
- Latest edition
- Published: March 11, 2025
- Language: English
WE
W. Stephan Eakle
W. Stephan Eakle is Professor of Clinical Dentistry Emeritus, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Clinical Dentistry Emeritus, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USAKB
Kimberly G. Bastin
Kimberly G. Bastin is Assistant Dean of Health Professions, Associate Professor and Director of Dental Hygiene, State College of Florida Manatee-Sarasota, Bradenton, Florida.
Affiliations and expertise
Assistant Dean of Health Professions, Associate Professor and Director of Dental Hygiene, State College of Florida Manatee-Sarasota, Bradenton, Florida, USA