Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials

1st Edition - February 14, 2022

Editors: Rafik Addou, Luigi Colombo

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 9 2 - 0

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 3 1 0 - 3

Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials addresses the fundamental physics and chemistry of defects in 2D materials and their effects on physical, electrical and optical properties.… Read more

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Defects in Two-Dimensional Materials addresses the fundamental physics and chemistry of defects in 2D materials and their effects on physical, electrical and optical properties. The book explores 2D materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD). This knowledge will enable scientists and engineers to tune 2D materials properties to meet specific application requirements. The book reviews the techniques to characterize 2D material defects and compares the defects present in the various 2D materials (e.g. graphene, h-BN, TMDs, phosphorene, silicene, etc.).

As two-dimensional materials research and development is a fast-growing field that could lead to many industrial applications, the primary objective of this book is to review, discuss and present opportunities in controlling defects in these materials to improve device performance in general or use the defects in a controlled way for novel applications.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Physics and theory of defects in 2D materials: the role of reduced dimensionality
Abstract
Acknowledgement
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Classification of defects
2.3. Insights into the atomic structures of defects from scanning tunneling and transmission electron microscopy experiments
2.4. Production of defects in two-dimensional materials under electron and ion irradiation
2.5. Examples of defects in two-dimensional materials
2.6. Theoretical aspects of the physics of defects in bulk crystalline solids and two-dimensional materials
2.7. Calculations of defect formation energies and electronic structure using the supercell approach
2.8. Electronic structure of 2D materials with defects
2.9. Point defects and vibrational properties of 2D materials from atomistic simulations
2.10. Conclusions and outlook
References
Chapter 3: Defects in two-dimensional elemental materials beyond graphene
Abstract
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Borophene
3.3. Silicene
3.4. Germanene
3.5. Stanene
3.6. Plumbene
3.7. Phosphorene
3.8. Arsenene (h-As) and Antimonene (h-Sb)
3.9. Bismuthene
3.10. Selenene and tellurene
3.11. Gallenene
3.12. Hafnene
3.13. Conclusions and outlook
References
Chapter 4: Defects in transition metal dichalcogenides
Abstract
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Point defects
4.3. Impurities
4.4. Line defects
4.5. Control of defects and their applications
4.6. Summary
References
Chapter 5: Realization of electronic grade graphene and h-BN
Abstract
5.1. Challenges overview: growth, transfer, and integration
5.2. Apparatus and methodology overview
5.3. Scalable growth by chemical vapor deposition
5.4. Material optimization
5.5. Conclusions and outlook
References
Chapter 6: Realization of electronic-grade two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides by thin-film deposition techniques
Abstract
Acknowledgements
6.1. Current challenges in transition metal dichalcogenide synthesis
6.2. Current synthesis techniques
6.3. Controlling nucleation and crystal growth
6.4. Materials engineering
6.5. Summary
References
Chapter 7: Materials engineering – defect healing & passivation
Abstract
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Defect formation and healing in 2D TMDs
7.3. Defect engineering by chemical treatment and applications
7.4. Defect control by external sources
7.5. Future perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Nonequilibrium synthesis and processing approaches to tailor heterogeneity in 2D materials
Abstract
Acknowledgements
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Non-equilibrium synthesis – effects of chemical potential on the heterogeneity of 2D materials
8.3. Strain induced phenomena in 2D materials
8.4. Heterogeneity introduced by the self-assembly of nanoscale ‘building blocks’
8.5. The effects of kinetic energy on defects and doping: hyperthermal implantation for the formation of Janus monolayers
8.6. Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 9: Two-dimensional materials under ion irradiation: from defect production to structure and property engineering
Abstract
Acknowledgements
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Response of two-dimensional materials to ion irradiation: theoretical aspects
9.3. Experiments on ion irradiation of two-dimensional materials
9.4. Applications
9.5. Summary, challenges, and outlook
References
Chapter 10: Tailoring defects in 2D materials for electrocatalysis
Abstract
Acknowledgements
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Defect-tailored 2D electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)
10.3. Defect-tailored 2D electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER)
10.4. Defect-tailored 2D electrocatalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR)
10.5. Defect-tailored 2D electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR)
10.6. Challenges and perspectives of defect engineering for 2D electrocatalysts
References
Chapter 11: Devices and defects in two-dimensional materials: outlook and perspectives
Abstract
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Defect characterization in 2D TMDs using ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy
11.3. Devices fabricated on 2D CVD-grown TMDs
11.4. Devices fabricated on MBE-grown TMDs
11.5. 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures
11.6. Enhancing 2D device performance using defect engineering
11.7. Theoretical investigation of defects in 2D TMDs
References
Chapter 12: Concluding remarks
References
Index