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Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Sustainable Treatment Technologies for Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances

1st Edition - August 26, 2022

Editors: Sridhar Pilli, Puspendu Bhunia, Vinay Kumar Tyagi, R.D. Tyagi, Jonathan Wong, Ashok Pandey

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 9 0 6 - 9

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 9 5 7 - 1

Sustainable Treatment Technologies for Pre- and Poly-flourakyl Substances provides comprehensive details about per- and poly-fluroalkyls substances (PFASs), which are highly toxic… Read more

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Sustainable Treatment Technologies for Pre- and Poly-flourakyl Substances provides comprehensive details about per- and poly-fluroalkyls substances (PFASs), which are highly toxic and bio-accumulative substances that do not biodegrade easily or cannot be neutralized under normal environmental conditions. It discusses their occurrence in water, wastewater, and aquatic environment, their bioaccumulation in plants, environmental impacts and various remedial technologies for their treatment and management. All the chapters provide state-of-art information about PFASs, describing their identification methods, characterization and present critical analysis of the treatment methods such as physical, chemical, biological, hybrid and advanced systems. This book is a ready reference for the environmental engineers, municipal engineers, environmental practitioners, policy makers, and planners; it is also a practical guide for industrial engineers, government bodies and ecologists as well as for researchers.

Cover Image
Series Editor
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Per- and polyfluroalkyl substances (PFASs): An introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
1.3 Production of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances around the globe
1.4 Applications of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
1.5 Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment
1.6 Effect of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment
1.7 Research limitations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment
1.8 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 2 Environmental effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances exposure
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Source and occurrence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances
2.3 Guideline limits of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances
2.4 Adverse effects associated with per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances exposure
2.5 Effective PFASs risk management
2.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Further reading
Chapter 3 Detection methods for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Gas chromatography (GC)
3.3 Liquid chromatography (LC)
3.4 Sensor-based analytical methods
3.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 4 Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) accumulation in plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of PFASs
4.3 The mechanism of uptake of PFASs by the plants
4.4 Allocation of PFASs in the plants
4.5 Metabolism of PFASs in the plants
4.6 Phytoremediation of PFASs
4.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 5 Per- and poly-fluoralkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water and related health effects
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources and occurrence in water environment
5.3 Global scenarios of per- and poly-fluoralkyl substances in drinking water
5.4 PFASs exposure and its subsequent effects on human health
5.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Occurrence and effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Situation of usage of PFASs
6.3 The occurrence of PFASs in aquatic environment
6.4 The effects of PFASs in aquatic environment
6.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Effect of biological treatment on perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) degradation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of biological treatment
7.3 Aerobic, anaerobic, and combined biological processes
7.4 Parameters affecting the biological treatment
7.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Physical treatment of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fate of PFASs in environment
8.3 Physical treatment techniques for PFASs removal
8.4 Sorption
8.5 Thermal desorption
8.6 Stabilization
8.7 Ball milling
8.8 Vapor energy generator process
8.9 In situ foam fractionation
8.10 Filtration
8.11 Incineration
8.12 Sub- and super-critical water treatment
8.13 Challenges in PFASs remediation
8.14 Conclusions and perspective
References
Chapter 9 Chemical treatment of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of PFASs
9.3 Sources and occurrence of PFASs in aqueous matrices
9.4 Chemical treatment technologies for PFASs degradation: Efficacy and mechanism
9.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Effect of hybrid treatments on per- and poly-fluroalkyls degradation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of treatment technologies
10.3 Hybrid treatment methods
10.4 Promising tehnologies
10.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 11 Occurrence, fate, and persistence of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in wastewater treatment systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 PFCs in wastewater treatment plants
11.3 PFCs in sewage sludge
11.4 Fate of PFCs in biological wastewater treatment systems
11.5 Degradation of PFCs by advance methodologies
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Occurrence, fate, and persistence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) during municipal sludge treatment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Occurrence of PFASs in WWTP process
12.3 Municipal sludge treatment process
12.4 Occurrence of PFASs in the sludge treatment process
12.5 Parameters affecting sorption of PFAS on to municipal sludge
12.6 Toxicological effects and potential risks
12.7 Techniques for the degrading PFASs adsorbed on wastewater sludge
12.8 Challenges and outlook
12.9 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Occurrence, fate, and persistence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources and occurrence in water
13.3 Persistence of PFASs in drinking water treatment plants
13.4 Behavior of PFASs in drinking water treatment plants
13.5 Fate of PFASs in drinking water treatment plants
13.6 Current regulations and design considerations
13.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 14 Identification, characterization, and analysis of per- and polyfluroalkyl substances
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sample collection and preservation
14.3 Sample processing
14.4 Identification and quantification of PFASs
14.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 15 Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and wastewater
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classification and characteristics of the PFASs
15.3 Sources of PFASs
15.4 Occurrence of the PFASs in aquatic ambiance
15.5 Transformation routes of PFASs precursors in water and wastewater
15.6 Fate and migration of the PFASs
15.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 16 Advances and emerging treatment methods for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Passive and active treatment approaches for PFASs
16.3 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 17 Regulations on per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Path to the regulation of PFASs
17.3 PFASs regulations and guidelines by different countries
Emerging challenges in law-making
Product labelling and customer production laws
State of Washington chemical action plans
Designation of hazardous waste or hazardous substances
Drinking water, groundwater, soil and remediation programs
Surface water discharge and permitting
Compliance requirements
Potential compliance measures
Addressing PFASs in drinking water
Addressing PFASs in firefighting foams
Limited federal action
States moving forward
Other state regulations and programs
Enhanced detection and research
New regulatory mandates
Clean up assistance
Exposure to PFASs contamination at or near military installations
17.4 Global organizations in PFASs regulations
17.5 Ramification of PFASs limits
17.6 Differences in available regulations, advisories and guidance regulatory
17.7 Factors contributing to different regulation limits on PFASs
17.8 Challenges in implementation of PFASs regulations
17.9 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Index

Sridhar Pilli

Dr. Sridhar Pilli presently holding the Assistant Professor in the Water and Environmental Division of the Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India. His research interests include Water/wastewater treatment, life cycle analysis, Solid waste management, Biodiesel, Bio-plastic, Bio-flocculants production, bio-energy production from wastewater, wastewater sludge, and organic waste. Dr. Pilli has authored several technical publications in peer reviewed Journals with high impact factor. He has more than 10 publications with citations more than 1000 that includes International journals, technical notes and conference proceedings. He has 6 books published in Elsevier’s and ASCE. He has delivered several expert talks at different technical forums organized nationally and internationally. He developed a decision support system model (based on life cost analysis) to facilitate the decision makers, policy makers, municipalities, and engineers in adjudicating a pre-treatment/treatment technology for a wastewater treatment plant. He is serving on Editorial board for various journals. He also served as Advisory Committee member for various international conferences.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Water and Environmental Division of the Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India

Puspendu Bhunia

Puspendu Bhunia is presently holding the Associate Professor position at the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. His research interests includes sustainable natural treatment technologies of wastewater, nutrient removal, and green technologies for waste remediation. Dr. Bhunia has authored several technical publications in SCI journals, He has more than 50 publications with h-index=20 that includes International journals, book chapters, technical notes and conference proceedings. He has delivered several expert talks at different technical forums organized nationally and internationally. Dr. Bhunia’s research achievement has been receiving many academic honors, including best practice oriented paper award, ASCE. Dr. Bhunia is principal and life member of several professional bodies and organizations including GIEES, USA. He is also serving as Associate Editor of JHTRW, ASCE apart from playing an active role of reviewer for more than 30 international peer reviewed journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India

Vinay Kumar Tyagi

Vinay Kumar TYAGI is a Scientist D at the Environmental Hydrology Division of the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India. His research interests include biological wastewater treatment, advanced biomass pretreatment technologies, biomass to bioenergy, and health-related water microbiology. Dr. Tyagi has published two-digit refereed articles at SCI journals in the past several years with h-index= 23. He has more than 90 publications to his credit including two full-text books entitled, “Sludge Management” (CRC Press), and “Post treatments of anaerobically treated effluents” (IWA publishing), fourteen book chapters and manuals most notably are O&M of Sewerage Works, and Operation and Maintenance Guidelines for UASB-DHS System, jointly published by Government of India and Japan. Dr. Tyagi’s research achievement has been receiving many academic honors, including (a) Outstanding Review Contribution, Elsevier; (b) research articles are enlisted among the Top 1% of highly cited papers of the academic field of Engineering worldwide, as well as few of them listed in the most downloaded articles; Dr. Tyagi is fellow and life member of several professional bodies and organizations. He is Management Committee Member of International Water Association (IWA) Sludge Management Specialist Group and represent South Asia Division. He is an active Reviewer of more than 70 International Peer-Reviewed Journals. He is editor for IWA publishing (UK), and lead edited virtual special issue for international journal including Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (Springer). Dr. Tyagi has extensive international research exposure of working in Taiwan, Spain, Japan, and in Singapore in various environmental research domains of wastewater (municipal & industrial) treatment, sludge pre-treatment, and biomass to bioenergy recovery.

Affiliations and expertise

Scientist D in the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India

R.D. Tyagi

Prof R. D. Tyagi is an internationally recognized Professor of Biochemical Engineering and Chief Scientific Officer of BOSK Bioproducts. Prior to joining BOSK, Dr. Tyagi served as Professor for 36 years and Senior Canada Research Chair on Value Added Products From Wastes for 18 years at the University of Quebec, INRS-ETE, Canada. He is a member of the Hall of Excellence of University of Québec and a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts; Academician, European Academy of Sciences & Arts. Prof. Tyagi is responsible for BOSK’s scientific vision and the establishment of its various technological initiatives. He is a global leader on developing research in water/wastewater treatment, wastewater sludge treatment/disposal, bioconversion of wastes into value added products (biopseticides, bioplastics, biodiesel, industrial enzymes). Prof. Tyagi has authored 20 books, 139 book chapters, 383 peer reviewed articles, 66 conference proceedings, 9 patents, 62 invited conferences and plenary, 252 other conference presentations, 22 research reports, 118 gene bank submissions and has chaired many sessions in national and international conferences. He also established a fermentation/bioprocessing pilot with a project cost of 10 million dollars to cater to the needs of industries and universities studying scale-up processes for various technologies. He has served on the boards of several professional organizations and on the panels of several granting agencies including the International Water Association where he served as a specialist on ‘Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries’. He is currently on the Executive Committee of the Canadian Association on Water Quality. He has also supervised 21 M.Sc. and 70 Ph.D. students. Prof. Tyagi has experience working with the pharmaceuticals industry. He has also studied scale-up of bioprocesses which include Bacillus thuriengensis based biopesticides, immobilized cell technology for ethanol production, solid state production of enzyme pectinase. He is Associate Editor of ‘‘Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste Management- Am.Soc.Civil Engineering’’ and serves on the editorial board of ‘‘Process Biochemistry’’ and Bioresource Technology. His research on bioconversion and bioprocessing to value added products has been recognized internationally and has received more than 30 National and International Awards.

Affiliations and expertise

Chief Scientific Officer, BOSK Bioproducts, Quebec, Canada

Jonathan Wong

Prof. Jonathan Wong is currently a Professor in the Department of Biology at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Director of the Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, and Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment and Hong Kong Organic Resource Centre. He is also the Executive Director of Earth Tech Consultancy Co. Ltd. and Hong Kong Organic Resource Centre Certification Ltd. Prof Wong has been working in the area of solid waste management with specialization in bioconversion of organic wastes using innovative composting and anaerobic digestion technology especially in the field of sustainable food waste treatment and conversion technologies for the production of bio-methane, compost etc. Over the years, he has received over HK$150 millions of research funding and published over 400 SCI publication and conference proceedings, 6 Books and 11 research patents with citation of > 10100 and H-index of 58. Professor Wong is an Academician of European Academy of Sciences and Arts, and fellow of Institute of Bioresource Association and Hong Kong Institute of Qualified Environmental Profession. Jonathan was bestowed with Medal of Honours by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in 2011 and appointed as Justice of Peace in 2014 for his service and contribution to the Environment.

Affiliations and expertise

Head and Professor, Department of Biology, Institute of Bioresources and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

Ashok Pandey

Professor Ashok Pandey is currently Distinguished Scientist at the Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India and Executive Director (Honorary) at the Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability – India. Formerly, he was Eminent Scientist at the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali and Chief Scientist & Head of Biotechnology Division and Centre for Biofuels at CSIR’s National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum. His major research and technological development interests are industrial & environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels & chemicals, waste to wealth & energy, industrial enzymes, etc. Professor Pandey is Adjunct/Visiting Professor/Scientist in universities in France, Brazil, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, and Switzerland and also in several universities in India. He has ~1425 publications/communications, which include 16 patents, 90 books, >700 papers and book chapters, etc with h index of 105 and ~49,000 citations (Goggle scholar). He has transferred several technologies to industries and has done industrial consultancy for about a dozen projects for Indian/international industries. Professor Pandey is the recipient of many national and international awards and honours, which include Highest Cited Researcher (Top 1% in the world), Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science (2020, 2019 & 2018); Top scientist in Biotechnology (#1 in India and #8 in the world), Stanford University world ranking (2020); Fellow, World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies (2020); Fellow, Indian Chemical Society (2020); Distinguished Scientist, VDGOOD Professional Association, India (2020); Distinguished Professor of Eminence with global impact in the area of Biotechnology, Precious Cornerstone University, Nigeria (2020); IconSWM Life-time Achievement Award 2019, International Society for Solid Waste Management, KIIT, Bhubaneshwar, India (2019); Yonsei Outstanding Scholar, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (2019); Life-Time Achievement Award from the Biotech Research Society, India (2018); Life-Time Achievement Award from Venus International Research Awards (2018), Most Outstanding Researcher Award from Career360 (2018), Life-Time Achievement Award from the International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (2017); Fellow, Royal Society of Biology, UK (2016); Felow, International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (2016); Academician of European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Austria (2015); Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, India (2012); Fellow, Association of Microbiologists of India (2008); Honorary Doctorate degree from Univesite Blaise Pascal, France (2007); Fellow, International Organization of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2007); Thomson Scientific India Citation Laureate Award, USA (2006); Fellow, the Biotech Research Society, India (2005); UNESCO Professor (2000); Raman Research Fellowship Award, CSIR (1995); GBF, Germany and CNRS, France Fellowships (1992) and Young Scientist Award (1989), etc. Professor Pandey is Founder President of the Biotech Research Society, India (www.brsi.in); Founder & International Coordinator of International Forum on Industrial Bioprocesses, France (www.ifibiop.org), Chairman of the International Society for Energy, Environment & Sustainability (www.isees.in), Editor-in-chief of Bioresource Technology (http://ees.elsevier.com/bite/), Honorary Executive Advisor of Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability (www.jees.in), Journal of Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing (https://www.springer.com/journal/43393), Journal of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (http://neerijese.org/editorial-board/), Subject Editor, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, India (https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/journal/40011) and Associate Editor, Biologia – Section Cellular and Molecular Biology (https://www.springer.com/journal/11756/editors) and editorial board member of several international and Indian journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Distinguished Scientist, Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India