Crisis Negotiations
Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections
- 4th Edition - May 26, 2010
- Authors: Michael J. McMains, Wayman C. Mullins
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 3 7 7 - 5 5 0 6 - 0
Crisis Negotiations: Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections, Fourth Edition, discusses the fundamentals of crisis management for… Read more
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Crisis Negotiations: Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections, Fourth Edition, discusses the fundamentals of crisis management for crisis and hostage negotiators. It features the contributions of negotiators from all over the United States who share their experiences, lessons, successes, and failures. Much of the material in this book is also consistent with FBI teaching and practice. The book first traces the history of crisis management. It then covers the elements of a crisis response team, the model of intervention in crisis/hostage negotiations, risk assessment in negotiations, communication in crisis negotiations, guidelines for negotiating with emotionally disturbed or mentally ill individuals, negotiating with suicidal persons, negotiating with special populations (e.g. juveniles, gang members, elderly), crisis negotiations in prisons and correctional facilities, and hostage dynamics. The book contains eleven chapters, each of which begins with an outline of learning objectives and concludes with discussion questions.
- McMains and Mullins are leading authorities on crisis negotiations.
- Learning objectives, discussion questions, and real-life negotiation situations expand on the text.
Students and professionals in the criminal justice field. Crisis negotiation/hostage trainers.
Introduction
Chapter 1 Crisis Management: History and Overview
Learning Objectives
Forming the Field
Munich—1972: The Defining Incident
The Williamsburg Incident—1973: Trying It Out
FBI Hostage Negotiations Program—1973: Bringing It To The National Level
Barbary Coast
Santo Tomas
Development of Negotiations in Police Work—The Context
1970s
Defining the Field
Hostage
Negotiate
A Hostage Incident
Downs v. United States: The Legal Foundation—1971
Sveriges Kredit Bank, Stockholm: Impact on the Hostages—1973
The South Moluccans: Success After the First Loss—1975
The Hanafi Muslim Incident: The Role and the Impact of the Media—1977
Refining the Field
From Hostage Negotiations to Crisis Intervention
Crisis: Definition
Stages of a Crisis Incident
1980s
Rochester, New York: Suicide by Cop—1981
The Anatomy of a Siege: Post-Traumatic Stress—1981
The Oakdale and Atlanta Prison Sieges: Application to Corrections—1987
1990s
Talladega: Dealing with “Non-Negotiable” Incidents—1991
Ruby Ridge: Third-Party Intermediaries—1992
Branch Davidians—Waco: Coordinated Response—1993
Lucasville Prison Riot: Raising Awareness in Corrections—1993
The Freemen Standoff: Pre-Incident Planning, TPIs, and Coordinated Action—1996
Columbine High School: Need For Violence Prevention—1999
2000s
World Trade Center—2001
Nord-Ost—The Moscow Theater Siege: Costs of a Tactical Response—2002
Lewis State Prison (Arizona Department of Corrections): Refining Issues in Corrections—2004
Beslan School Siege: The Need to Return to Negotiations and Bargaining—2004
A False Dichotomy
The Development of the Phoenix, Arizona, Special Assignments Unit
Refining the Field
Expanding on Crisis—The S.A.F.E. Model: An Integrated Model
Best Practices
Professional Organizations
People Management Skills in Policing—CIT
Resources: Literature and Books
Resources: Computers and the Internet
Hostage Barricade Database System (HOBAS)
Negotiator Central
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 2 Crisis Management: Crisis Response Team Elements
Learning Objectives
Definition of Team
Crisis Management Team
The Crisis Response Team
Communication within the Crisis Response Team
Establishing the Negotiation Area
The Negotiating Team
Selection of Negotiators
Selection Model for Negotiators
Team Training Issues
Types of Training
External Training
Internal Training
Crisis Negotiating Equipment
Necessary Equipment
An Exercise in Team Building: Building a Negotiator Vehicle
Situation Boards
Optional Equipment
Obtaining Equipment
Incident Commander
The Incident Command System in a Crisis Negotiations Situation
The NIMS Incident Command System
The Tactical Team
Linear Versus Parallel Approach to Crisis Response
Selection of Tactical Team Members
Tactical Team Structure
Intelligence Needs
Situation Security
Assault Operations
Sniper Operations
Outside Agency Support
The Ten Most Common Mistakes
Negotiator Skills and Techniques
Negotiation Team Management
Critical Incident Management
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 3 Crisis Management: Goals, Tasks and Skills—The REACT Model
Learning Objectives
REACT: An Integration
Mission
Principles from Behavioral Science
Empathy
Expectations
Frames or Triggers: SAFE Model
The S.A.F.E. Model: Developing Crisis/Hostage Negotiation Strategy
Stages of Change
Ambivalence
Resistance
Managing Resistance
The REACT Matrix
Recognition
Initial Risk
Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident
Time, Deadlines, Demands, and Decisionmaking
Hostage Incidents versus Non-Hostage Incidents
Types of Sieges
Deliberate Sieges
Spontaneous Sieges
Anticipated Sieges
Type of Person
Engagement
Issues
Goals
Initial Focus
Assessment
Control and Contracting
Control
Influence Techniques
Active Listening Skills
Reinforce Movement Toward Resolution
Selective Attention
Symbolic Modeling
Contracting
Goals
Transfer
Summary
References
Discussion Questions/Exercises
Chapter 4 Crisis Management: Risk Assessment
Learning Objectives
Risk Assessment and Negotiations
Current Knowledge
Violent Offenders
Domestic Violence
The Mentally Ill
Research Specific to Negotiations
Imminent Risk
Estimating Risk: A Process
Risk Assessment
Intelligence and Threat Assessment
Purposes of Intelligence
Intelligence: The Process
Understanding Motivation
Definition of Intelligence
Process of Intelligence Management
Intelligence Gathering
At the Scene: The Chaos Phase
Stabilization Phase
Post-Incident Phase
Intelligence Sources
Interviewing Intelligence Sources
Assessing the Credibility of the Source
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 5 Crisis Management: Communication in Crisis Negotiations
Learning Objectives
Principles of Basic Communication
Principles of Effective Communication
Components of the Communication Process
Barriers to Effective Communication
Crisis Communication
Basic Patrol Officer Communications
Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communications
Active Listening
Active Listening: Types
A Horse-Sense Approach to Active Listening
Getting Past No
Go to The Balcony
Step to Their Side
Change the Game
Build a “Golden Bridge”
Make it Hard to Say No
Advanced Communication Topics for the Negotiator
Influence and Compliance
Perceptual Contrast Principle
Rule of Reciprocity
Consistency
Social Proofs
Liking
Scarcity Principle
Behavioral Theories of Persuasion
Suggestion Techniques
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 6 Crisis Management: Negotiating with Emotionally Disturbed and Mentally Ill Individuals: Recognition and Guidelines
Learning Objectives
Emotionally Disturbed People and Negotiations
Mental Illness Defined
Defining the Problem versus Diagnosing the Problem
A Continuum
Domestic Violence and Negotiations
General Guidelines for Dealing with Emotionally Disturbed People
Guidelines from CIT Training—Mentally Ill
Consulting with a Mental Health Professional
Character and Behavior Problems
Inadequate/Dependent Persons
Managing Dependent Individuals
Borderline Personalities
Antisocial (Angry/Rebellious) Persons
Narcissistic Personality
Histrionic Personality
Compulsive/Perfectionistic Personalities
Paranoid Personality
Depression
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Managing Paranoia
Negotiating with the Mentally Ill
Cognitively Impaired Persons
Developmental Disorders
Alcohol Dependence and Abuse
Substance Dependence/Abuse
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 7 Crisis Management: Negotiating with Suicidal Persons
Learning Objectives
Suicidal Persons
Definition and Characteristics
Managing Suicidal Individuals
Recognition
Engage
Assessing/Estimating Suicide Potential
Coping with the Suicide of a Team Member
Contracting/Intervention
Transferring Responsibility
Sidebar: Thoughts on Suicide
Suicide By Cop: Victim-Precipitated Suicide
Suicide Bombers
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 8 Crisis Management: Negotiating with Special Populations
Learning Objectives
Juvenile Issues for Negotiators
Characteristics of Juveniles
Developmental Issues for Juveniles
Negotiations Guidelines for Juveniles
Gangs
Reasons for Gang Membership
Considerations when Negotiating with Gang Members
Negotiating Guidelines with Gang Members
Negotiating with a Juvenile: Lessons from a Case Study
Negotiating With the Elderly
General Issues Affecting the Elderly
CNS Diseases
Alzheimer’s
Other CNS Diseases
Suicide and the Elderly
Negotiating with the Elderly
Warfighters
Battlemind
PTSD Issues
Traumatic Brain Injury
Military Sexual Trauma
Guidelines for Negotiating with Warfighters
Police Officers
Considerations in Officer-Involved Crises
Issues Because They Are Officers
Negotiating with Police Officers
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 9 Crisis Management: Crisis Negotiations in Prisons and Correctional Facilities
Learning Objectives
Negotiations Specific to the Prison Situation
Situational Dynamics in the Prison Situation
The Prison Negotiating Team
Lessons Learned from History
Negotiator Skills in Everyday Police Work
Aggression Among Inmates
Veterans in Prison
Inmate Cultural Trends
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 10 Crisis Management: Hostage Dynamics
Learning Objectives
Hostages and Victims
Hostages
The Stockholm Syndrome
Etiology and Description of the Stockholm Syndrome
The Stockholm Syndrome Revisited
Hostage Dynamics
Psychological Effect of Captivity
Defense Mechanisms
Coping Mechanisms
Survivors and Succumbers
Post Traumatic Stress and Hostages
Emotional Aftereffects
Cognitive Aftereffects
Behavioral Aftereffects
Physical Aftereffects
Medical Aftereffects
Positive Aftereffects
Sidebar: Hostages
Recovery From PTSD and The Role of Negotiators
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Chapter 11 Crisis Management: Managing Stress and Trauma
Learning Objectives
Definitions of Stress
Transactional Model for Negotiators
Demands
Perception of Abilities
Coping and “Feed Forward”
Feedback
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Effects of Stress
Stress in the Hostage Situation
Stress on the Hostage Taker
Stress on the Hostages
Stress on the Negotiator
Stress Management in Hostage Negotiations
Stress Management
Post-Incident Debriefing
Operational Debriefing of Hostage Incidents
Critical Decision Debriefing: A Methodology for Debriefing Crisis Intervention
Emotional Debriefing
Post-Incident Stress for the Negotiator
Emotional Impact on the Negotiator
Debriefing Negotiators
Stages of a Trauma
Goals of Debriefing
Debriefing the Impact
Summary
References
Discussion Questions
Name Index
Subject Index
- Edition: 4
- Published: May 26, 2010
- Language: English
MM
Michael J. McMains
Michael McMains consults with local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, and private and public organizations, on crisis management issues. He has developed and presents training on workplace violence, hostage/crisis negotiations, family violence, crisis intervention for first responders, suicide intervention, hostage survival strategies, and traumatic stress. From 1982-2004, he was the Chief Psychologist and Director of the Victims Advocacy Section of the San Antonio Police Department. In 2010, he co-wrote curricula on negotiation with terrorists for the United States Department of State. In the course of his career he has consulted on more than 400 hostage/barricaded subject incidents. He is a certified Master Peace Officer in Texas and a certified Police Instructor.
Affiliations and expertise
Bexar County, Texas Sheriff's DepartmentWM
Wayman C. Mullins
Wayman C. Mullins has taught at Texas State University-San Marcos, where he is a Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice, since 1984. He has researched, written, and published extensively in the areas of crisis negotiations, terrorism, stress and PTSD, and other police issues. He has served as a consultant to law enforcement and correction agencies at the federal, state, and local levels; private businesses; and international corporations. He also helped start the Crisis Negotiation Team at Hays County Sheriff’s Office and is still an active member of that team. Mullins is a licensed peace officer in Texas.
Affiliations and expertise
Texas State University, San MarcosRead Crisis Negotiations on ScienceDirect