Crash Course Medical Research, Audit and Teaching: the Essentials for Career Success
- 2nd Edition - February 19, 2019
- Latest edition
- Author: Amit Kaura
- Editors: Shreelata T Datta, Darrel Francis, Philip Xiu
- Language: English
Crash Course Medical Research, Audit and Teaching: the Essentials for Career Success, Second Edition – your effective every-day study companion PLUS the perfect antidote for ex… Read more
Purchase options
Description
Description
Crash Course Medical Research, Audit and Teaching: the Essentials for Career Success, Second Edition – your effective every-day study companion PLUS the perfect antidote for exam stress! Save time and be assured you have the essential information you need in one place to excel on your course and achieve exam success.
A winning formula now for over 20 years, each series volume has been fine-tuned and fully updated – with an improved full-colour layout tailored to make your life easier. Especially written by senior students or junior doctors – those who understand what is essential for exam success – with all information thoroughly checked and quality assured by expert Faculty Advisers, the result are books which exactly meet your needs and you know you can trust.
This volume concisely brings together the wide range of skills needed for interpreting or conducting medical research and audit. It starts with the basics of medical data analysis and interpretation, followed by how to critically review published studies and even extends to advice on career advancement including CV writing, securing academic opportunities and teaching. This book will allow you to build competence and confidence in the world of medical research.
Key features
Key features
- Provides the exam syllabus in one place - saves valuable revision time
- Written by senior students and recent graduates - those closest to what is essential for exam success
- Quality assured by leading Faculty Advisors - ensures complete accuracy of information
- Features the ever popular 'Hints and Tips' boxes and other useful aide-mémoires - distilled wisdom from those in the know
- Updated self-assessment section matching the latest exam formats – confirm your understanding and improve exam technique fast
Table of contents
Table of contents
Section 1 The Essentials for Career Success
1. An introduction to research, audit and teaching
1.1. Book purpose
1.2. Research methodology
1.3. Audit and its loop
1.4. Teaching theory and practice
1.5. The essentials for career success
1.6. Further reading
2. Evidence-based medicine
2.1. What is evidence-based medicine?
2.2. Formulating clinical questions
2.3. Identifying relevant evidence
2.4. The search strategy
2.5. Search terms
2.6. Reviewing the search strategy
2.7. Critically appraising the evidence
2.8. Evaluating performance
2.9. Creating guideline recommendations
2.10. Further reading
3. How to get involved
3.1. Opportunities for research
3.2. Types of projects
3.3. Identifying the gap in the evidence
3.4. Finding a research supervisor/research group
3.5. Project funding
3.6. Advice for someone considering a career in academic medicine
3.7. Further reading
4. Presenting your research findings
4.1. Submitting an abstract for presentation
4.2. Selecting the right conference
4.3. Writing an abstract
4.4. Poster presentations
4.5. Oral presentations
4.6. Answering audience questions
4.7. Further reading
5. Publishing your findings
5.1. Writing up a research study manuscript
5.2. Submitting a manuscript for publication
5.3. Dealing with a rejected manuscript
5.4. Further reading
6. Writing a successful curriculum vitae
6.1. Is a curriculum vitae necessary?
6.2. What is a curriculum vitae?
6.3. Writing an effective curriculum vitae
6.4. Style and formatting
6.5. Common mistakes
6.6. Further reading
Section 2 Research Methodology
7. Handling data
7.1. Types of variables
7.2. Types of data
7.3. Displaying the distribution of a single variable
7.4. Displaying the distribution of two variables
7.5. Describing the frequency distribution: central tendency
7.6. Describing the frequency distribution: variability
7.7. Theoretical distributions
7.8. Transformations
7.9. Choosing the correct summary measure
7.10. Further reading
8. Investigating hypotheses
8.1. Hypothesis testing
8.2. Choosing a sample
8.3. Extrapolating from sample to population
8.4. Comparing means and proportions: confidence intervals
8.5. The P-value
8.6. Statistical significance and clinical significance
8.7. Statistical power
8.8. References
8.9. Further reading
9. Systematic review and meta-analysis
9.1. Why do we need systematic reviews?
9.2. Evidence synthesis
9.3. Meta-analysis
9.4. Presenting meta-analyses
9.5. Evaluating meta-analyses
9.6. Key example of a meta-analysis
9.7. Reporting a systematic review
9.8. References
9.9. Further reading
10. Research design
10.1. Obtaining data
10.2. Interventional studies
10.3. Observational studies
10.4. Clinical trials
10.5. Bradford-Hill criteria for causation
10.6. Choosing the right study design
10.7. Further reading
11. Randomized controlled trials
11.1. Why choose an interventional study design?
11.2. Parallel randomized controlled trial
11.3. Confounding, causality and bias
11.4. Interpreting the results
11.5. Types of randomized controlled trials
11.6. Key example of a randomized controlled trial
11.7. Reporting a randomized controlled trial
11.8. References
11.9. Further reading
12. Cohort studies
12.1. Study design
12.2. Interpreting the results
12.3. Confounding, causality and bias
12.4. Advantages and disadvantages
12.5. Key example of a cohort study
12.6. References
12.7. Further reading
13. Case–control studies
13.1. Study design
13.2. Interpreting the results
13.3. Case study: risk of constrictive pericarditis after acute pericarditis
13.4. Confounding, causality and bias
13.5. Key example of a case–control study
13.6. References
13.7. Further reading
14. Measures of disease occurrence and cross-sectional studies
14.1. Measures of disease occurrence
14.2. Study design
14.3. Interpreting the results
14.4. Confounding, causality and bias
14.5. Key example of a cross-sectional study
14.6. References
14.7. Further reading
15. Ecological studies
15.1. Study design
15.2. Interpreting the results
15.3. Sources of error in ecological studies
15.4. Key example of an ecological study
15.5. References
15.6. Further reading
16. Case report and case series
16.1. Background
16.2. Conducting a case report
16.3. Conducting a case series
16.4. Critical appraisal of a case series
16.5. Key examples of case reports
16.6. Key example of a case series
16.7. References
16.8. Further reading
17. Qualitative research
17.1. Study design
17.2. Organizing and analysing the data
17.3. Validity, reliability and transferability
17.4. Advantages and disadvantages
17.5. Key example of qualitative research
17.6. References
17.7. Further reading
18. Confounding
18.1. What is confounding?
18.2. Assessing for potential confounding factors
18.3. Controlling for confounding factors
18.4. Reporting and interpreting the results
18.5. Key example of study confounding
18.6. References
18.7. Further reading
19. Screening, diagnosis and prognosis
19.1. Screening, diagnosis and prognosis
19.2. Screening tests
19.3. Example of a screening test using likelihood ratios
19.4. Diagnostic tests
19.5. Evaluating the performance of a diagnostic test
19.6. The diagnostic process
19.7. Example of a diagnostic test using predictive values
19.8. Bias in diagnostic studies
19.9. Prognostic tests
19.10. References
19.11. Further reading
20. Statistical techniques
20.1. Choosing appropriate statistical tests
20.2. Comparison of one group to a hypothetical value
20.3. Comparison of two groups
20.4. Comparison of three or more groups
20.5. Measures of association
20.6. Further reading
21. Economic evaluation
21.1. What is health economics?
21.2. Economic question and study design
21.3. Cost-minimization analysis
21.4. Cost-utility analysis
21.5. Cost-effectiveness analysis
21.6. Cost–benefit analysis
21.7. Sensitivity analysis
21.8. Further reading
22. Critical appraisal checklists
22.1. Critical appraisal
22.2. Critical appraisal checklist: systematic reviews and meta-analyses
22.3. Critical appraisal checklist: randomized controlled trials
22.4. Critical appraisal checklist: diagnostic studies
22.5. Critical appraisal checklist: qualitative studies
22.6. Further reading
23. Crash course in statistical formulae
23.1. Describing the frequency distribution
23.2. Extrapolating from 'sample' to 'population'
23.3. Study analysis
23.4. Test performance
23.5. Economic evaluation
23.6. Further reading
Section 3 Audit and its Loop: The Modern Approach to Improving Healthcare Practice
24. Clinical audit
24.1. An introduction to clinical audit
24.2. Planning the audit
24.3. Choosing the standards
24.4. Audit protocol
24.5. Defining the sample
24.6. Data collection
24.7. Analysing the data
24.8. Evaluating the findings
24.9. Implementing change
24.10. Example of a clinical audit
24.11. Further reading
25. Quality improvement
25.1. Quality improvement versus audit
25.2. The model for quality improvement
25.3. The aim statement
25.4. Measures for improvement
25.5. Developing the changes
25.6. The plan-do-study-act cycle
25.7. Repeating the cycle
25.8. Example of a quality improvement project
25.9. Further reading
Section 4 Teaching Theory and Practice
26. Medical education
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Learning perspectives/theories
26.3. Optimizing learning
26.4. Further reading
27. Designing a teaching session and teaching programme
27.1. Effective teaching session design
27.2. Setting objectives
27.3. Setting up a teaching programme
27.4. Further reading
28. Teaching methods
28.1. Teaching small groups
28.2. Teaching in the clinical environment
28.3. Teaching large groups/lecturing
28.4. Further reading
29. Teaching materials
29.1. The purpose of teaching materials
29.2. Different types of teaching materials
29.3. Social media
29.4. Factors influencing the type of teaching material to use
29.5. Creating effective teaching materials
29.6. Further reading
30. Evaluation, assessment and feedback
30.1. Evaluation
30.2. Assessment
30.3. Feedback
30.4. References
30.5. Further reading
31. Dealing with the student in difficulty
31.1. Recognition
31.2. Consultation
31.3. Interventions and follow-up
31.4. Further reading
1. An introduction to research, audit and teaching
1.1. Book purpose
1.2. Research methodology
1.3. Audit and its loop
1.4. Teaching theory and practice
1.5. The essentials for career success
1.6. Further reading
2. Evidence-based medicine
2.1. What is evidence-based medicine?
2.2. Formulating clinical questions
2.3. Identifying relevant evidence
2.4. The search strategy
2.5. Search terms
2.6. Reviewing the search strategy
2.7. Critically appraising the evidence
2.8. Evaluating performance
2.9. Creating guideline recommendations
2.10. Further reading
3. How to get involved
3.1. Opportunities for research
3.2. Types of projects
3.3. Identifying the gap in the evidence
3.4. Finding a research supervisor/research group
3.5. Project funding
3.6. Advice for someone considering a career in academic medicine
3.7. Further reading
4. Presenting your research findings
4.1. Submitting an abstract for presentation
4.2. Selecting the right conference
4.3. Writing an abstract
4.4. Poster presentations
4.5. Oral presentations
4.6. Answering audience questions
4.7. Further reading
5. Publishing your findings
5.1. Writing up a research study manuscript
5.2. Submitting a manuscript for publication
5.3. Dealing with a rejected manuscript
5.4. Further reading
6. Writing a successful curriculum vitae
6.1. Is a curriculum vitae necessary?
6.2. What is a curriculum vitae?
6.3. Writing an effective curriculum vitae
6.4. Style and formatting
6.5. Common mistakes
6.6. Further reading
Section 2 Research Methodology
7. Handling data
7.1. Types of variables
7.2. Types of data
7.3. Displaying the distribution of a single variable
7.4. Displaying the distribution of two variables
7.5. Describing the frequency distribution: central tendency
7.6. Describing the frequency distribution: variability
7.7. Theoretical distributions
7.8. Transformations
7.9. Choosing the correct summary measure
7.10. Further reading
8. Investigating hypotheses
8.1. Hypothesis testing
8.2. Choosing a sample
8.3. Extrapolating from sample to population
8.4. Comparing means and proportions: confidence intervals
8.5. The P-value
8.6. Statistical significance and clinical significance
8.7. Statistical power
8.8. References
8.9. Further reading
9. Systematic review and meta-analysis
9.1. Why do we need systematic reviews?
9.2. Evidence synthesis
9.3. Meta-analysis
9.4. Presenting meta-analyses
9.5. Evaluating meta-analyses
9.6. Key example of a meta-analysis
9.7. Reporting a systematic review
9.8. References
9.9. Further reading
10. Research design
10.1. Obtaining data
10.2. Interventional studies
10.3. Observational studies
10.4. Clinical trials
10.5. Bradford-Hill criteria for causation
10.6. Choosing the right study design
10.7. Further reading
11. Randomized controlled trials
11.1. Why choose an interventional study design?
11.2. Parallel randomized controlled trial
11.3. Confounding, causality and bias
11.4. Interpreting the results
11.5. Types of randomized controlled trials
11.6. Key example of a randomized controlled trial
11.7. Reporting a randomized controlled trial
11.8. References
11.9. Further reading
12. Cohort studies
12.1. Study design
12.2. Interpreting the results
12.3. Confounding, causality and bias
12.4. Advantages and disadvantages
12.5. Key example of a cohort study
12.6. References
12.7. Further reading
13. Case–control studies
13.1. Study design
13.2. Interpreting the results
13.3. Case study: risk of constrictive pericarditis after acute pericarditis
13.4. Confounding, causality and bias
13.5. Key example of a case–control study
13.6. References
13.7. Further reading
14. Measures of disease occurrence and cross-sectional studies
14.1. Measures of disease occurrence
14.2. Study design
14.3. Interpreting the results
14.4. Confounding, causality and bias
14.5. Key example of a cross-sectional study
14.6. References
14.7. Further reading
15. Ecological studies
15.1. Study design
15.2. Interpreting the results
15.3. Sources of error in ecological studies
15.4. Key example of an ecological study
15.5. References
15.6. Further reading
16. Case report and case series
16.1. Background
16.2. Conducting a case report
16.3. Conducting a case series
16.4. Critical appraisal of a case series
16.5. Key examples of case reports
16.6. Key example of a case series
16.7. References
16.8. Further reading
17. Qualitative research
17.1. Study design
17.2. Organizing and analysing the data
17.3. Validity, reliability and transferability
17.4. Advantages and disadvantages
17.5. Key example of qualitative research
17.6. References
17.7. Further reading
18. Confounding
18.1. What is confounding?
18.2. Assessing for potential confounding factors
18.3. Controlling for confounding factors
18.4. Reporting and interpreting the results
18.5. Key example of study confounding
18.6. References
18.7. Further reading
19. Screening, diagnosis and prognosis
19.1. Screening, diagnosis and prognosis
19.2. Screening tests
19.3. Example of a screening test using likelihood ratios
19.4. Diagnostic tests
19.5. Evaluating the performance of a diagnostic test
19.6. The diagnostic process
19.7. Example of a diagnostic test using predictive values
19.8. Bias in diagnostic studies
19.9. Prognostic tests
19.10. References
19.11. Further reading
20. Statistical techniques
20.1. Choosing appropriate statistical tests
20.2. Comparison of one group to a hypothetical value
20.3. Comparison of two groups
20.4. Comparison of three or more groups
20.5. Measures of association
20.6. Further reading
21. Economic evaluation
21.1. What is health economics?
21.2. Economic question and study design
21.3. Cost-minimization analysis
21.4. Cost-utility analysis
21.5. Cost-effectiveness analysis
21.6. Cost–benefit analysis
21.7. Sensitivity analysis
21.8. Further reading
22. Critical appraisal checklists
22.1. Critical appraisal
22.2. Critical appraisal checklist: systematic reviews and meta-analyses
22.3. Critical appraisal checklist: randomized controlled trials
22.4. Critical appraisal checklist: diagnostic studies
22.5. Critical appraisal checklist: qualitative studies
22.6. Further reading
23. Crash course in statistical formulae
23.1. Describing the frequency distribution
23.2. Extrapolating from 'sample' to 'population'
23.3. Study analysis
23.4. Test performance
23.5. Economic evaluation
23.6. Further reading
Section 3 Audit and its Loop: The Modern Approach to Improving Healthcare Practice
24. Clinical audit
24.1. An introduction to clinical audit
24.2. Planning the audit
24.3. Choosing the standards
24.4. Audit protocol
24.5. Defining the sample
24.6. Data collection
24.7. Analysing the data
24.8. Evaluating the findings
24.9. Implementing change
24.10. Example of a clinical audit
24.11. Further reading
25. Quality improvement
25.1. Quality improvement versus audit
25.2. The model for quality improvement
25.3. The aim statement
25.4. Measures for improvement
25.5. Developing the changes
25.6. The plan-do-study-act cycle
25.7. Repeating the cycle
25.8. Example of a quality improvement project
25.9. Further reading
Section 4 Teaching Theory and Practice
26. Medical education
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Learning perspectives/theories
26.3. Optimizing learning
26.4. Further reading
27. Designing a teaching session and teaching programme
27.1. Effective teaching session design
27.2. Setting objectives
27.3. Setting up a teaching programme
27.4. Further reading
28. Teaching methods
28.1. Teaching small groups
28.2. Teaching in the clinical environment
28.3. Teaching large groups/lecturing
28.4. Further reading
29. Teaching materials
29.1. The purpose of teaching materials
29.2. Different types of teaching materials
29.3. Social media
29.4. Factors influencing the type of teaching material to use
29.5. Creating effective teaching materials
29.6. Further reading
30. Evaluation, assessment and feedback
30.1. Evaluation
30.2. Assessment
30.3. Feedback
30.4. References
30.5. Further reading
31. Dealing with the student in difficulty
31.1. Recognition
31.2. Consultation
31.3. Interventions and follow-up
31.4. Further reading
Product details
Product details
- Edition: 2
- Latest edition
- Published: February 25, 2019
- Language: English
About the editors
About the editors
SD
Shreelata T Datta
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Clinical Dean and Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at King's College Hospital, London, UKPX
Philip Xiu
Philip Xiu a GP Registrar, Yorkshire Deanery, Leeds, UK.
Affiliations and expertise
Honorary Senior Lecturer Leeds University School of Medicine PCN Educational Lead Medical Examiner Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust Leeds, UKAbout the author
About the author
AK
Amit Kaura
Affiliations and expertise
Specialist Registrar in Cardiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; NIHR Academic Clinicl Fellow in Cardiology, Imperial College London; National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, London UK