COVID-19 Viral Sepsis

Impact on Disparities, Disability, and Health Outcomes

1st Edition - August 8, 2023

Editors: Uzma Syed, Cindy Hou

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 8 1 2 - 1

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 7 2 3 8 - 3

COVID-19 Viral Sepsis: Impact on Disparities, Disability, and Health Outcomes introduces the concepts of viral sepsis, its origins, and its implications. COVID-19 is a leading… Read more

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COVID-19 Viral Sepsis: Impact on Disparities, Disability, and Health Outcomes introduces the concepts of viral sepsis, its origins, and its implications. COVID-19 is a leading cause of viral sepsis with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of signs and symptoms of COVID-19 can potentially impact patient outcomes. The book opens with an introduction and overview of sepsis, its clinical manifestations, prevention, and management. It goes on to discuss viral sepsis and sepsis caused by COVID-19. COVID-19, its diagnosis, management, sequelae, long-term consequences, challenges, and opportunities round out the coverage.

Users will find valuable key principles related to the recognition, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of sepsis due to COVID-19.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Introduction to sepsis
Abstract
Introduction to sepsis
Defining sepsis
Types of sepsis
Clinical manifestations of sepsis
Prevention of sepsis
Equity and sepsis
Mimickers of sepsis
Management of sepsis
Multidisciplinary engagement in sepsis management
Post-sepsis syndrome
Mortality
Importance of patient and family engagement
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. Viral sepsis
Abstract
Introduction
Prevention of viral sepsis
Epidemiology
Method of transmission
Classification of viruses
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Arthropod-borne viruses
Respiratory infections
Viral encephalitis
Arboviral encephalitides
Viral hemorrhagic fever
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Introduction to COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnostics
Clinical characteristics
Management of COVID-19
Prevention
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic
References
Chapter 4. COVID-19 epidemiology
Abstract
Helpful terms
Vaccine brand names and manufacturers
Disclaimer
COVID-19 epidemiologic timeline
Initial outbreak and global response
First wave and mitigation of COVID-19
Natural history of COVID-19 disease
Transmission of COVID-19
Impact of vaccines and therapeutics on COVID-19 spread and outcomes
Variants
General epidemic curve of COVID-19 and comparison to similar diseases
Overall projections of COVID-19 as of July 1, 2022
Epidemiology lessons learned from COVID-19
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Diagnosis of COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Obtaining a history
Clinical manifestations
Reported laboratory abnormalities
Reported imaging findings
Asymptomatic infections with positive tests
History of diagnostics
Sample collection
Lab-based nucleic acid testing
Rapid antigen tests
Point-of-care nucleic acid amplification testing
Antibody testing
Identification diagnostics
Tissue histopathology
Electron microscopy
In situ nucleic acid hybridization
Site-specific considerations
Inequity
Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 6. COVID-19 clinical manifestations
Abstract
Pulmonary manifestations
Cardiovascular manifestations
Coagulation-related manifestations
Central nervous system manifestations
Psychiatric manifestations
Cutaneous manifestations
Vascular manifestations
Ocular manifestations
Rheumatologic manifestations
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Cytokine release syndrome
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C/A/V)
Long COVID
References
Chapter 7. COVID-19: Management of mild-moderate disease
Abstract
Introduction and definition
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Diagnosis
Evaluation
Risk stratification
Preventive measures
Management of mild and moderate COVID-19
Management: disputed interventions
Management of the recovering patient
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Critical care management of COVID-19 patients
Abstract
Define COVID and severe disease
Treatment
COVID-19 therapeutics
Sepsis and septic shock
Management of acute hypoxic respiratory failure
ARDS management
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Secondary infections with healthcare-associated infections
Impact of post-intensive care syndrome and long COVID
Impact of surge capacity and limited resources in the intensive care unit
Impact of different variants and vaccination
Healthcare communication and advocacy
References
Chapter 9. Challenges and opportunities: structural racism and its impact on COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Racism in healthcare
COVID-19 and medical racism: connecting narratives of oppression
Understanding the global impact of COVID-19: refugee and migrant populations
Clinical trial research: shortfalls and opportunities for change
References
Chapter 10. COVID-19: secondary and superimposed bacterial infections
Abstract
Overview
Background
Pathogenesis
Clinical Summary
Threat of antimicrobial resistance due to antimicrobial overprescribing
Opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship
The role of procalcitonin in COVID-19 antimicrobial stewardship
Multimodal approach to COVID-19-focused antimicrobial stewardship
Impact of the antimicrobial stewardship team on the early superimposed bacterial infection identification
Impact of antimicrobial stewardship team on the de-escalation or escalation of antimicrobials
Impact of the antimicrobial stewardship team on the development of treatment guidelines
The intersection of racism and superimposed bacterial infections
Summary
References
Chapter 11. COVID-19 and secondary fungal infections
Abstract
Introduction
Aspergillus
Pathogenesis and immunology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Therapy and outlook
Mucorales
Pathogenesis and immunology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Therapy
Pathogenesis and immunology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Therapy and outlook
References
Chapter 12. COVID-19: sequelae and long-term consequences
Abstract
Background
Molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 persistence
Multiorgan system dysfunction due to postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, and reactivation of latent infections
Risk factors for the development of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Social and economic impact of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
COVID-19 vaccination and therapies to mitigate postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. COVID-19: the changing landscape
Abstract
Business and economy
Healthcare systems
Innovation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. COVID-19: preparedness for this pandemic and beyond
Abstract
Section 1: strengths and adapting to the evolving landscape
Section 2: select challenges
Section 3: future recommendations
References
Index

Uzma Syed

Dr. Uzma Syed is a TEDx speaker, author, infectious diseases and global health expert, and leader who speaks in media and conferences on both a national and global scale. She has led during the COVID-19 pandemic in her medical field, health system, local community, as well as for the broad Muslim community as the infectious disease expert on the National Muslim COVID-19 Task Force. She is a fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) AU:2 and was selected to be a part of the IDSA leadership Institute. Dr. Syed sits on numerous national committees including IDSA’s Inclusion, Diversity, Access & Equity Task Force as well as their Value Based Compensation Task Force. Dr. Syed was selected to serve on the Sepsis Alliance’s board of directors and cochairs the Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion committee of the Sepsis Alliance. She has been working with the Biden administration to promote vaccine and health equity as an executive member of Faiths4Vaccines and has partnered with USAID. She is passionate about education and mentorship and is the founder/CEO of Align Us, a youth career mentorship organization. She also leads The Eid Holiday Coalition, which provides resources and tools for communities to obtain Eid holidays in schools across the nation. Dr. Syed has been recognized as a trailblazer by many local, state, and national organizations for her work, including being presented with the prestigious national Muslim woman leadership award in the company of her excellency Emine Erdogan the first lady of Turkiye. Her humanitarian work has spanned from refugee resettlements to soup kitchens/toy drives. Dr. Syed gave the keynote address at the University of New England’s White Coat Ceremony for the class of 2026. Dr. Syed also shared her expertise at the 9th Annual Abu Dhabi Forum for Peace among global leaders and diplomats regarding global health, climate change, and food insecurities.

Affiliations and expertise

Partner, South Shore Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine Consultants; Director of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Center of Excellence; Chairperson COVID-19 Task Force, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, New York, USA

Cindy Hou

Dr. Cindy Hou is the infection control officer and medical director of research for Jefferson Health, New Jersey (JNJ), and an infectious diseases specialist. She is dually board-certified in internal medicine and infectious diseases. Dr. Hou has expertise in sepsis, antibiotic stewardship, and infection control. In addition, she is the chief medical officer of the Sepsis Alliance and a member of its board of directors; in addition, she is a medical advisor for the Sepsis Innovation Collaborative. She earned an MBA. and MA from Boston University, a DO from the University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, and BS from Yale University. She is certified in infection prevention and control and is a certified professional in healthcare quality and patient safety. Dr. Hou is a fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Internists, American College of Physicians, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Affiliations and expertise

Infection Control Officer, Jefferson Medical Group, Voorhees, NJ, United States