Corrosion of Glass, Ceramics and Ceramic Superconductors

Section 1. Theory, Testing and Characterization1. Theory of Corrosion of Glass and Ceramics Introduction Chemical Mechanisms of Dissolution and Corrosion Kinetics Surfaces System Variables Effects of Temperature Summary and Conclusions References2. Predicting Corrosion Introduction Prerequisites Methodology Applications and Discussion Summary References3. Corrosion Testing and Characterization Introduction Methodology Laboratory Tests Field Tests Characterization of Corrosion Data Analysis and Reduction Summary References4. Characterization of Corroded Ceramics by SIMS Introduction Main Principles of Functioning Instrumentation Experimental Aspects of SIMS Secondary Ion Emission and Quantitation Applications to Corrosion Layers on Glasses Applications to Impurities and Corrosion Products in Ceramic Superconductors Summary ReferencesSection 2. Corrosion of Glass5. Geochemical Approach to Glass Dissolution Introduction Short Overview on Concepts of Glass Dissolution The Rate Limiting Step in the Glass/Water Reaction Kinetic Equations for Glass Matrix Dissolution Geochemical Modeling of Glass Dissolution Validation Process for the Model Summary References6. Thermodynamic Approach to Glass Corrosion Introduction Kinetics Versus Thermodynamic Approach to Glass Durability Thermodynamic and Structural Basis of Glass Hydration Experimental Techniques Glass Dissolution: A Function of Thermodynamic Equilibria Glass Dissolution: A Function of Kinetic Test Parameters Glass Dissolution: A Function of Environmental Conditions Conclusions References Appendix A7. Nuclear Waste Glasses: Corrosion Behavior and Field Tests Introduction Background-High Level Waste (HLW) Advantages of Glass Chemical Durability of Nuclear Waste Glass-Testing and Evaluation Chemical Durability of Nuclear Waste Glass-Performance Nuclear Waste Glass Structure and Corrosion Processes In-Situ Testing and Performance of SRS Waste Glass Summary References8. The Chemical and Environmental Stability of Optical Glasses Introduction Optical Glasses Summary References9. Surface Modification of Bioactive Glasses and Ceramics Introduction Bioactivity Five Types of Glass Surfaces Kinetics of Silicate Glass Surface Reactions Type III Glass Surfaces Type IIIA Bioactive Glass and Ceramic Surfaces Bonding Mechanisms of Bioactive Ceramics Compositional Effects on Bioactivity Soft Tissue Bending Effect of Composition on Interfacial Strength Conclusions References10. Corrosion of Heavy-Metal Fluoride Glasses Introduction Glass Preparation Test Methods Aqueous Corrosion Processes Surface Condition Formation of Hydroxyl Species Coatings Summary References11. Corrosion of Geological and Archaeological Glasses Introduction The Occurrence of Natural Glasses Geologic Systems General Alteration and Corrosion Concepts as Applied to Natural Glasses Alteration of Low Silica Glass Alteration of High Silica Glass Implications Summary References12. Corrosion of Glazes and Enamels Introduction Corrosion Processes Corrosion by Hydrofluoric Acid Effect of Coating Composition Tests for Corrosion Resistance Lead and Cadmium Release from Ceramic Coatings Summary References13. Corrosion and Conservation of Ancient Glass and Ceramics Introduction Contributing Factors Case Studies in Corrosion Treatments Summary References Section 3. Corrosion of Ceramics14. Corrosion of Glass-Ceramics Introduction Corrosion of a Model System Summary References15. Corrosion of Ceramic Construction Materials in Acidic Environments Introduction Chemical and Physical Properties of Ceramic Materials Acid Exposure Tests and Results Summary References16. Degradation of Ceramic Cutting Tools Introduction Brief History of Cutting Tool Materials Degradation Mechanisms Taylor's Tool Life Equation Ceramic Cutting Tool Materials Combating Degradation The Future References17. Degradation of TZP Ceramics in Humid Atmospheres Introduction Zirconia Ceramics Environment-Induced Phase Transformation Effect of Environmental Factors on Phase Transformation The Effect of Material Parameters on Phase Transformation Effect of Aging on Material Properties Proposed Methods to Avoid Phase Transformation Proposed Mechanism for Degradation Summary References18. High Temperature Corrosion of Engineering Ceramics Introduction Test Methods Thermodynamics of Corrosion Kinetics of Corrosion Microstructural and Mechanical Property Effects Composites Protective Coatings Summary and Conclusions ReferencesSection 4. Corrosion of Ceramic Superconductors19. Corrosion of Ceramic Superconductors: An Overview Introduction Weathering in Moisture-Containing Environments Decomposition upon Contact with Liquid Water Inherent Mechanism of Attack by Water: Ionic Mobility and Matrix Dissolution Effects of Starting Materials Acid/Base Aspects of the Interaction of Ceramic Superconductors with Aqueous Environments Oxidation/Reduction Aspects of the Interaction of Ceramic Superconductors with Aqueous Environments Effects of Presence of Moisture During Synthesis Interaction of Superconducting Oxides with Nonaqueous Solvents Effects of Microstructure: Porosity and Grain Boundaries Protection Against Environmental Attack Summary References20. Role of Processing in the Corrosion of Ceramic Superconductors Introduction Reactivity with Water Sample Preparation and Characterization Effect of Particle Size on the Stability of YBa2Cu3O7-x in a Humid Environment Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Stability of YBa2Cu3O7-x in a Humid Environment Proposed Model for the Role of Processing in the Corrosion of Ceramic Superconductors References21. Corrosion of YBa2Cu3O7-x in High and Low Humidity Environments Introduction YBa2Cu3O7-x in Liquid Water Reaction of YBa2Cu3O7-x in Saturated or High Humidity Reaction of YBa2Cu3O7-x in Low Humidity Summary References22. Surface Science Techniques for Analysis of Corrosion of the Ceramic Superconductors Introduction X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Application of XPS to 123 Compounds Measurement of Surface Contamination Using XPS Summary and Conclusions References23. Reducing Corrosion of Ceramic Superconductors with Sol-Gel Coatings Introduction Moisture Degradation Methods of Surface Passivation Sol-Gel Coating of Powders Experimental Procedure Characterization Results and Discussion Conclusions References24. Summary Introduction Zeta Potential and Its Role in Glass Corrosion Surface Passivation Stress Corrosion Glass and Ceramic Electrodes Electrochemical Corrosion References Index