Corrections in Canada

Preface to Second Edition

Preface to First Edition

List of Tables

List of Figures


1. Introduction

What is Corrections

Corrections as a Social Concept

Corrections as a Legal Entity

Corrections as a Range of Programs

Corrections as a Subsystem within the Criminal Justice System

Notes

References


2. History of Canadian Corrections

Introduction

The Process of Correctional Change

Crime and Punishment in Early Canada

Development of the Local Gaols

Corrections on the Frontier

The Creation of the Penitentiary

The Penitentiary in America

The Origins of the Penitentiary in Canada

The Construction of the Kingston Penitentiary

The Early Years of Kingston

The Brown Commission: 1848-1849

Confederation and the Late 1800s

The Split in Correctional Jurisdiction

The Early 1900s

Post-World War II Corrections

The Shift in Correctional Policy

The Legacy of Community Corrections: Probation and Parole

A Note on the Emergence of Community-Based Corrections

Canadian Correctional History in Retrospect

Notes

References


3. The Canadian Correctional Enterprise

The Nature of the Correctional Enterprise

Models of Correctional Policy and Practice

The Canadian Milieu

The Current Model of Canadian Correctional Practice

Social, Political and Economic Factors Associated with the Reintegration Model

Correctional Institutions

Community-Based Corrections

Probation

Parole

An Overview of Offender Populations, Program Distribution and Costs

Correctional Institutions

Probation/Parole Services

Expenditures

Notes

References


4. Policy Making in Canadian Corrections

The Nature of Policy

The Activity of Policy Making

The Origins of Correctional Policy

External Influences on Correctional Policy

Internal Influences on Correctional Policy

Conclusion

Notes

References


5. Correctional Planning

Organizing the Data Base

The Relationship Between Planning and Research

Models of Evaluative Research

Non-Experimental Studies

Quasi-Experimental Studies

Controlled Experiments

Cost Analysis and Systems Analysis

Structuring the Planning Process

Notes

References


6. Structures of Management and Administration in Corrections

The Distinction Between Management and Administration

Policy Management

Executive Administration

The Management of Operations

Supervision of Operations

Management Styles

Training and Education of Correctional Personnel

Summary

Notes

References


7. Correctional Treatment Programs

The Classification Process

Prison Education Programs

Vocational Training Programs

Correctional Treatment Modalities

Creation of the Therapeutic Community

The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment

Robert Martinson and "Nothing Works"

Challenging the "Nothing Works" Verdict

Measuring Treatment Success

Problems in Evaluation

Recidivism Rates

Differential Treatment Effectiveness

Notes

References


8. The Delivery of Correctional Treatment

The Organizational Context of Correctional Treatment

The Prison as a Total Institution

The Inmates and the Staff

The Conflicting Mandates of the Prison

Custody vs. Treatment: The Therapeutic Community

The Integrity of Correctional Treatment Programs

The Conceptual Basis of Treatment: Reconsidering the Medical Model

The Delivery of Correctional Treatment

The Appropriateness of Correctional Treatment

The Ethics of Correctional Treatment

Notes

References


9. Community-Based Corrections

Community Corrections: Concept and Controversy

Probation

The Pre-Sentence Report

Probation Supervision

The Effectiveness of Probation

Pre-Release Programs: Temporary Absence and Day Parole

Temporary Absences

Day Parole

Work Release Programs

Cost Effectiveness

Impact on Recidivism

Community-Based Facilities

Cost Effectiveness

Impact on Recidivism

Humaneness

Problems of Community-Based Facilities

Parole

Parole Board Decision Making

Decision-Making Criteria

Parole Supervision

Effectiveness of Parole

A Note on Mandatory Supervision

Notes

References


10. Correctional Reform

Issues in Correctional Reform

Jurisdictional Reform in Canada

Correctional Investigations and Inquiries

Summary of Major Canadian Correctional Investigations and Inquiries

Federal/Provincial Initiatives Related to Correctional Reform

The Structure of Correctional Dialog

Internal Investigations and Studies

Initiatives Taken to Reform Correctional Programs

Special Issues in Canadian Correctional Reform

Natives

The Female Offender

Diversion

Services to Victims

Summary and Conclusion

Notes

References

Addendum to Chapter 10: The Proud-foot Commission — Reaction and Response to Correctional Reform


11. The Future of Corrections in Canada

Perspectives on the Future of Corrections Policy and Practice

The Influence of Social and Economic Restraint

Social Policy and Criminal Law Reform

Planning and Research

Indicators of Change: Portents for the Future

Privatization

Technological Innovations

The Capital Punishment Debate

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Conclusion

References

Appendix A: Chronology of Events in Canadian Corrections

Index