Conn's Current Therapy 2025
- 1st Edition - November 29, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Editors: Rick D. Kellerman, Joel J. Heidelbaugh
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 2 1 8 1 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 2 2 5 1 - 4
Trusted by clinicians for more than 75 years, Conn’s Current Therapy presents today’s evidence-based information along with the personal experience and discernment of expert… Read more
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Request a sales quoteTrusted by clinicians for more than 75 years, Conn’s Current Therapy presents today’s evidence-based information along with the personal experience and discernment of expert physicians. The 2025 edition is a helpful resource for a wide range of healthcare providers, including primary care physicians, subspecialists, and allied health professionals, providing current treatment information in a concise yet in-depth format. Nearly 350 topics have been carefully reviewed and updated to bring you state-of-the-art content in even the most rapidly changing areas of medicine.
- Offers personal approaches from recognized leaders in the field, covering common complaints, acute diseases, and chronic illnesses along with the most current evidence-based clinical management options.
- Follows a consistent, easy-to-use format throughout, with diagnosis, therapy, drug protocols, and treatment pearls presented in quick-reference boxes and tables for point-of-care answers to common clinical questions.
- Contains a new chapter on artificial intelligence, while extensively revised chapters with new author teams cover autism; constipation; depressive, bipolar and related mood disorders; medical toxicology; obsessive-compulsive disorder; osteoporosis; premenstrual syndrome; keloids; rosacea; and Q fever.
- Features thoroughly reviewed and updated information from multiple expert authors and editors, who offer a fresh perspective and their unique personal experience and judgment.
- Provides current drug information thoroughly reviewed by PharmDs.
- Features nearly 300 images, including algorithms, anatomical illustrations, and photographs, that provide useful information for management.
- An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. Additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.
Family medicine
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section 1. Symptomatic Care Pending Diagnosis
- Chest Pain
- Acute Coronary Syndrome
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Thoracic Aortic Dissection
- Pneumonia
- Constipation
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Cough
- Acute Cough
- Chronic Cough
- Upper Airway Cough Syndrome
- Cough Variant Asthma and Nonasthmatic Eosinophilic Bronchitis
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Other Causes of Chronic Cough
- Dizziness and Vertigo
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Fatigue
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Fever
- Definitions
- Pathophysiology
- Risks and Benefits of Fever
- Diagnostic Evaluation of Fever
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Gaseousness, Indigestion, Nausea, and Vomiting
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Hematuria
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy, Monitoring, and Complications
- Hiccups
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- History
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory/Diagnostic Workup
- Treatment
- Nonpharmacologic Interventions
- Pharmacologic Interventions
- Physical Interventions
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Hoarseness and Laryngitis
- Normal Laryngeal Function
- Evaluation of Dysphonia
- History
- Physical Examination
- Laryngeal Examination
- Other Testing
- Types of Dysphonia
- Acute Laryngitis
- Chronic Laryngitis
- Vocal Fold Paralysis
- Phonotraumatic Lesions: Nodules, Polyps, and Cysts
- Reinke’s Edema
- Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
- Vocal Cord Cancer
- Neurologic Disorders and the Voice
- Functional Voice Disorders
- Presbylaryngis
- Conclusion
- Leg Edema And Venous Stasis
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Pain
- Acute Pain
- Chronic Pain
- Quality
- Severity
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nonpharmacologic
- Pharmacologic
- Nonopioid Analgesics
- Opioids (Table.1)
- Adjuvant Drugs
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Palliative and End-of-Life Care
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Pain
- Pain of All Types
- Bone Pain
- Neuropathic Pain
- Visceral Pain
- Dyspnea
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Constipation
- Anxiety
- Delirium
- Hiccups
- Monitoring
- Palliative Sedation
- Physician-Assisted Suicide
- Complications
- Palpitations
- Epidemiology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Increased Likelihood of Underlying Arrhythmia
- Decreased Likelihood of Underlying Arrhythmia
- Clinical Assessment
- Diagnostic Testing
- Treatment
- Pharyngitis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcus
- Gonococcal Pharyngitis
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Acute HIV
- COVID-19
- Influenza
- Coxsackie Virus Infections
- Herpes Gingivostomatitis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcus
- Gonococcal Pharyngitis
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Acute HIV Infection
- COVID-19
- Influenza
- Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococcus
- Gonococcal Pharyngitis
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- COVID-19
- Influenza
- Pruritis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Classification
- Differential Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Therapy
- Topical Therapies
- Corticosteroids
- Capsaicin
- Coolants
- Doxepin
- Calcineurin Inhibitors
- Anesthetics
- Systemic Therapies
- Antihistamines
- Immunosuppressants
- Anticonvulsants
- Antidepressants
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Rhinitis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology/Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Allergic
- Nonallergic Rhinitis
- Infectious Rhinitis
- Clinical History
- Physical Examination
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Overall
- Avoidance
- Oral Medications
- Oral Antihistamine
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
- Oral Decongestants
- Systemic Corticosteroids
- Intranasal Medications
- Topical Decongestants.
- Surgery and Procedures for Allergic and Nonallergic Rhinitis
- Anti-IgE Therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Alternative Treatments
- Acupuncture.
- Monitoring
- Spine Pain
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Acute (3–6 Weeks)
- Chronic (3–12 Weeks)
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Tinnitus
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Risk Factors and Etiologies
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- History
- Examination
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Section 2. Allergy
- Allergic Reactions to Insect Stings
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy and Monitoring
- Anaphylaxis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- COVID-19 Vaccines and Anaphylaxis
- Conclusion
- Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Epidemiology
- Classifications
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors for Hypersensitivity Drug Reactions
- Clinical Manifestations
- Dermatologic Symptoms
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms
- Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis
- Evaluation
- Management
- Anaphylaxis
- Angioedema
- Specific Drugs
- Antibiotics
- Penicillin
- Penicillin and Cephalosporin Cross-Reactivity
- Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
- Aspirin and NSAIDs
- Corticosteroids
- Local Anesthetics
- Radiocontrast Media
- Other Medications
- Chlorhexidine
- Herbal Supplements
- Conclusion
- Serum Sickness
- Pathophysiology
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Section 3. Cardiovascular System
- Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Diagnosis
- Electrocardiogram
- Serum Biomarkers
- Imaging
- Management of STEMI
- Prehospital Phase
- Absolute Contraindications
- Relative Contraindications
- In-Hospital Reperfusion Strategy
- Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
- Fibrinolysis
- Percutaneous Intervention After Fibrinolysis
- Facilitated Percutaneous Intervention
- Patients With STEMI and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease
- Patients With ACS Older Than 75 Years
- Patients With STEMI Who Present Later Than 12 Hours After Symptom Onset
- Adjunct Therapy
- Antiplatelet Therapy
- Aspirin
- P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists
- Anticoagulants
- Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy
- Beta Blockers
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
- Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor
- 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
- Aldosterone Antagonists
- Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
- Other Medical Therapy
- Morphine
- Nitrate
- Complications of STEMI
- Cardiogenic Shock
- Immediate Stabilization of Patients to Prevent End-Stage Organ Damage
- Early Coronary Angiography and Revascularization
- Electrical Complications
- Ventricular Arrhythmia
- Supraventricular Arrhythmia
- Bradycardia and Heart Block
- Angina Pectoris
- Stable Angina Pectoris
- Aggressive Cholesterol Treatment Based on the American College of Cardiology (ACC)-American Hearth Association (AHA) Blood Cholesterol Guidelines
- Unstable Angina
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Testing
- Risk Factor Management
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Smoking
- Diet
- Other Lifestyle Changes
- Approach to Treatment
- Medical Therapy
- Nitrates
- β-Blockers
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Ranolazine (Ranexa)
- Ivabradine (Corlanor)1
- Medication Combinations
- Antiplatelet Therapy
- Oral Anticoagulation
- Invasive Assessment
- Novel Therapies
- External Counterpulsation
- Spinal Cord Stimulation
- Acupuncture
- Other Causes of Angina
- Syndrome X
- Vasospastic or Prinzmetal Angina
- Newer Imaging Techniques
- Calcium Scoring
- Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiography
- Summary
- Aortic Disease:: Aneurysm and Dissection
- Indications for Repair of Aneurysm
- Indications for Repair of Aortic Dissection
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
- Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms
- Thoracic Aortic Dissection
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Rate Control
- Rhythm Control
- Stroke Prophylaxis
- Oral Anticoagulants
- Left Atrial Appendage Closure
- Risk Factor Management and Lifestyle Modification
- Weight Loss
- Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering
- Exercise Training
- Complications
- Special Considerations
- Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Acyanotic Cardiac Defects
- Cyanotic Cardiac Defects
- Acyanotic Conditions
- Atrial Septal Defect
- Ventricular Septal Defect
- Atrioventricular Canal Defect
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- Aortic Stenosis
- Pulmonic Stenosis
- Aortic Coarctation
- Cyanotic Conditions
- Ebstein’s Anomaly
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Eisenmenger Syndrome
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Heart Failure Definition
- Epidemiology
- Heart Failure Classification Based on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
- Functional Capacity
- Left Ventricular Physiology and Hemodynamic Profile
- Major Criteria
- Minor Criteria
- Major or Minor Criterion
- Neurohormone and Sympathetic Nervous System Activation
- Diagnosis
- Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests
- Therapy for HFrEF
- Diuretics (High-Dose IV Diuretic Is Important)
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI)
- Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB)
- Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitor (ARNI)
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRA)
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate Combination
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT2 Inhibitors)
- Ivabradine
- Digoxin
- Device Therapies
- Therapy for HFpEF
- Advanced Heart Failure
- Heart Block
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Conclusions
- Hypertension
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Diet and Sodium Intake
- Sedentary Lifestyle and Obesity
- Alcohol Intake
- Smoking
- Sleep Apnea
- Age
- Gender
- Race
- Family History
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Screening
- Clinical Diagnosis
- Primary (Essential) Hypertension
- Secondary Hypertension
- Looking for Secondary Causes
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment Approaches
- JNC 8 Guidelines
- Recommendation 1
- Recommendation 2
- Recommendation 3
- Recommendation 4
- Recommendation 5
- Recommendation 6
- Recommendation 7
- Recommendation 8
- Recommendation 9
- ACC/AHA 2017 Hypertension Guidelines
- Nonpharmacologic
- Pharmacologic
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Asymptomatic Disease
- Symptomatic Disease
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Imaging
- Treatment
- Asymptomatic Disease
- Symptomatic Disease
- Pharmacologic Management
- Invasive Therapies
- Role of Implantable Devices
- Participation in Sports
- Monitoring
- Future Research
- Infective Endocarditis
- Definition
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
- Definite Infective Endocarditis:
- Possible Infective Endocarditis:
- Major Criteria
- Minor Criteria
- Differential Diagnosis
- Laboratory Evaluation and Blood Cultures
- Imaging
- Treatment
- Complications and Surgical Indications
- Conclusion
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Prevalence
- Classification
- Pathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Use of Echocardiography
- Medical Management
- Surgical Management
- Percutaneous Management
- Pericarditis
- Pathophysiology
- Acute Pericarditis
- Diagnosis
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Etiology
- Treatment
- Complications
- Recurrent Pericarditis
- Constrictive Pericarditis
- Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
- Peripheral Artery Disease
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention and Screening Recommendations
- Clinical Manifestations
- Physical Examination
- Diagnosis
- Ankle-Brachial Index
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Risk-Factor Control
- Tobacco Cessation
- Glycemic Control
- Antithrombic Therapy
- Lipid-Lowering Therapy
- Hypertension Therapy
- Cilostazol
- Exercise Rehabilitation
- Revascularization/Vascular Interventions
- Critical Limb Ischemia
- Acute Limb Ischemia
- Monitoring
- Premature Beats
- Premature Atrial Contractions
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention and Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Premature Ventricular Contractions
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention and Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Premature Junctional Contractions
- Tachycardias
- Definition
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis for Narrow Complex Tachycardias
- Differential Diagnosis for Wide Complex Tachycardias
- Specific Tachycardias and Their Treatment
- Sinus Tachycardia
- Atrioventricular-Nodal Reentry Tachycardia
- Pathway-Mediated Tachycardias (Orthodromic AVRT, Antidromic AVRT, WPW Syndrome)
- Atrial Tachycardias
- Junctional Tachycardia
- Atrial Flutter
- Ventricular Tachycardias
- Artifact
- Valvular Heart Disease
- Aortic Stenosis
- Etiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis and Management
- Treatment
- Invasive Treatment
- Mitral Regurgitation
- Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Management and Treatment
- Venous Thrombosis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Deep Venous Thrombosis
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Axillary and Subclavian Vein Thrombosis
- Treatment
- Standard Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism
- Duration of Treatment
- Complications
- Nonpharmacologic Treatments
- Aggressive Therapies for Venous Thromboembolism
- Inferior Vena Cava Filters
- Section 4. Digestive System
- Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- At Admission
- At 48 Hours
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Acute Diarrhea
- History
- Examination
- Laboratory Testing
- Symptomatic Therapy
- Antibiotic Therapy
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Parasites
- Bacterial Toxins
- History
- Physical Examination
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Therapy
- Bleeding Esophageal Varices
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Primary Prophylaxis
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Endoscopic Therapy
- Management of Acute Variceal Hemorrhage
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Endoscopy
- Balloon Tamponade/SEMS
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt/Variceal Occlusion
- Surgery
- Secondary Prophylaxis
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Endoscopy
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
- Surgery
- Cost-Effectiveness of Available Therapies
- Summary
- Calculous Biliary Disease
- Cholelithiasis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Biliary Sludge
- Treatment
- Complications
- Choledocholithiasis
- Predictors of Choledocholithiasis
- High Risk
- Intermediate Risk
- Low Risk
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Acute Cholecystitis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acute Acalculous Cholesystitis
- Gangrenous Cholecystitis, Emphysematous Cholecystitis, and Gallbladder Perforation
- Gallbladder Disease in Pregnancy
- Chronic Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment
- Complications
- Cirrhosis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Findings
- Natural History of Cirrhosis and Prognostic Models
- Major Complications of Cirrhosis
- Portal Hypertension
- Gastroesophageal Variceal Hemorrhage
- Ascites
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Portopulmonary Hypertension
- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
- Hepatic Hydrothorax
- Liver Transplantation
- Diverticula of the Alimentary Tract
- Esophagus
- Zenker Diverticulum
- Traction Diverticulum
- Epiphrenic Diverticulum
- Stomach
- Gastric Diverticula
- Small Intestine
- Duodenal Diverticula
- Jejunal and Ileal Diverticula
- Meckel Diverticulum
- Colon
- Diverticulosis
- Colonic Diverticular Bleeding
- Diverticulitis
- Dysphagia and Esophageal Obstruction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Testing
- Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
- Esophageal Dysphagia
- Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management
- Esophageal Dysphagia
- Differential Diagnosis: Mechanical Obstruction (Table 2)
- Stricture
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- Rings/Webs
- Malignancy
- Management for Esophageal Obstruction
- Differential Diagnosis: Motility Disorders (Table 3)
- Achalasia
- Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction
- Absent Peristalsis
- Distal Esophageal Spasm
- Jackhammer
- Borderline Motor Abnormalities
- Monitoring
- Acknowledgment
- Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Noninvasive Testing
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd)
- Pathophysiology
- Complications
- Stimulants
- Inhibitors
- Preepithelial
- Epithelial Structures
- Cellular
- Postepithelial
- Erosive Esophagitis
- Strictures
- Barrett Esophagus
- Adenocarcinoma
- Diagnosis
- Esophageal
- Symptomatic Syndromes
- Syndromes With Tissue Injury
- Extraesophageal
- Established Association
- Proposed Association
- Management
- Hemorrhoids, Anal Fissure, and Anorectal Abscess And Fistula
- History
- Diagnosis
- Hemorrhoids
- Anal Fissure
- Anorectal Abscess and Fistula
- Hepatitis A, B, D, and E
- Hepatitis A Virus
- Introduction
- Natural History
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Hepatitis E
- Introduction
- Natural History
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Hepatitis B
- Introduction
- Natural History
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Hepatitis D
- Introduction
- Natural History
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acknowledgments
- Financial Disclosure
- Hepatitis C
- Virology, Pathogenesis, and Natural History
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
- Introduction and Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Natural History and Complications of Disease
- Crohn’s Disease
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Defining Disease Severity and Prognosis
- Crohn’s Disease
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Diagnosis
- History and Physical
- Diagnostics
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management of Disease
- Medical Management
- 5-Aminosalicylates
- Corticosteroids
- Biologics
- Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor–α agents
- Anti-integrins
- Anti–IL-12/23
- Anti–IL-23
- Biosimilars
- Small Molecules
- JAK Inhibitors
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator
- Immunomodulators
- Thiopurines
- Methotrexate
- Cyclosporine
- Surgical Management
- Supplemental Therapies
- Nutrition and Diet
- Pain Management
- Special Populations
- Pregnancy
- Aging IBD Population
- Preventive Care
- Intestinal Parasites
- Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections
- Protozoa: Amoebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardiasis
- Blastocystis
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Balantidium coli
- Spore-Forming Protozoa and Microsporidia
- Cryptosporidium
- Cyclospora
- Cystoisospora
- Microsporidia
- Helminths
- Nematodes
- Ascaris
- Whipworm (Trichuris)
- Hookworm
- Toxocara
- Strongyloides
- Enterobius
- Anisakiasis
- Trematodes
- Schistosoma
- Cestodes
- Taenia
- Diphyllobothrium
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Introduction and Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Prevalence
- Causality: A Biopsychosocial Model of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Such as IBS
- Impact on Population Health
- Direct Healthcare Costs
- Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Tests of Unproven Value
- Treatment
- Dietary Modifications
- Pharmacologic Agents
- Behavioral Therapy
- Malabsorption
- Diagnosis
- Symptoms and Signs
- Tests
- Routine Laboratory Tests
- Tests for Malabsorption
- Endocrine Diseases
- Collagen-Vascular and Miscellaneous Diseases
- Complete Blood Count
- Biochemistry Tests
- Blood Levels of Potentially Malabsorbed Substances
- Fat absorption
- Protein Absorption and Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Carbohydrate Absorption
- Vitamin B12 Absorption
- Bile Acid Malabsorption
- Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth
- Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
- Serologic Testing for Celiac Disease
- Evaluation of Suspected Malabsorption
- Specific Disorders Associated With Malabsorption
- Malabsorption of Specific Nutrients
- Disaccharidase Deficiency
- Transport Defects at the Brush Border
- Generalized Malabsorption
- Celiac Disease
- Inflammatory Diseases
- Infiltrative Disorders
- Infectious Diseases
- Luminal Problems Causing Malabsorption
- Postoperative Malabsorption
- Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)
- Lifestyle Modifications
- Dietary Modification
- Exercise
- Pharmacotherapeutics
- Surgery
- New Nomenclature
- Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
- Epidemiology of MASLD
- Risk Factors for MASLD
- Pathophysiology of MASLD
- Clinical Manifestations of MASLD
- Diagnosis of MASLD
- Role of Liver Biopsy in MASLD
- Noninvasive Testing in MASLD
- Hepatic Steatosis
- Assessing Fibrosis
- Therapy of MASLD
- Lifestyle Modifications in MASLD
- Pharmacotherapeutics in MASLD
- Prevention of MASLD
- Monitoring of MASLD
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Epidemiology
- Types of Pancreatic Cancer
- Risk Factors for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
- Screening
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Resectable
- Borderline Resectable and Locally Advanced
- Adjuvant Therapy
- Radiation
- Unresectable Disease
- Advanced Therapies
- Managing Symptoms and Complications
- Summary
- Tumors of the Colon and Rectum
- Background, Epidemiology, and Etiology
- Adenomatous Polyps
- Familial Colorectal Cancer Syndromes
- Amsterdam I Criteria, 1990
- Amsterdam II Criteria, 1999
- Revised Bethesda Guidelines, 2002
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Screening the Average-Risk Patient
- Screening the High-Risk Patient
- Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Preoperative Management
- Surgery for Colonic Tumors
- Surgery for Rectal Tumors
- Complicated Disease
- Surgery for High-Risk Conditions
- Pathologic Staging and Adjuvant Therapy
- Metastatic Disease
- Surveillance
- Tumors of the Stomach
- Adenocarcinoma
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
- Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Gastric Lymphoma
- Gastric Adenocarcinoma
- Classification
- Risk Factors
- Screening
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Staging
- Treatment
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- Palliation
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
- Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Gastric Lymphomas
- Section 5. Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
- Acromegaly
- Clinical
- Biochemical
- Imaging
- Physiology, Biochemistry, and Regulation of the GH/IGF-1 Axis
- Etiopathogenesis of Growth Hormone–Secreting Tumors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Local Tumor Effects
- Consequences of the GH/IGF-1 Excess
- Skeletal Growth and Skin Changes
- Musculoskeletal System
- Cardiovascular System
- Respiratory Abnormalities
- Abnormalities in Glucose Metabolism
- Abnormalities in Lipid Metabolism
- Bone and Calcium Metabolism
- Neoplasia
- Associated Endocrine Abnormalities
- Mortality
- Biochemical Diagnosis
- Imaging
- Treatment
- Surgery
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Radiation Therapy
- Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Autoimmune
- Infectious
- Bilateral Adrenal Infarction
- Neoplastic
- Infiltrative Diseases
- Bilateral Adrenalectomy
- Familial or Genetic
- Treatment
- Iatrogenic/Medication
- Pituitary Injury
- Tumors of the Sella
- Infiltrative/Inflammatory Diseases
- Congenital
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Acknowledgments
- Cushing’s Syndrome
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Confirmation of the Diagnosis
- High-Dose Dexamethasone Testing
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Testing
- Inferior Petrosal Sinus Sampling
- Imaging Studies
- Pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Adrenal Imaging
- Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome
- Treatment
- Treatment of Pituitary Corticotropinomas
- Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery
- Radiotherapy
- Medical Treatment to Control Secretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Bilateral Adrenalectomy
- Treatment of Adrenal Disease
- Adrenocortical Tumors
- Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
- Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasias
- Treatment of Ectopic Corticotropin Syndrome
- Medical Adrenalectomy
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Physiology of Antidiuretic Hormone
- Pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus
- Clinical Causes
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Diabetes Mellitus in Adults
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes and Prediabetes
- Diabetes Categories
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Gestational Diabetes
- Specific Types of Diabetes due to Other Causes
- Clinical Manifestations of Diabetes
- Prevention and Reversal of Diabetes
- General Medical Management of Diabetes
- Comprehensive Management Plan
- Patient Education
- Glucose Measurement and Glycemic Targets
- Hemoglobin A1C
- Fingerstick Glucose
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring
- Comprehensive Medical Management and Risk Reduction
- Cardiometabolic Complications
- Microvascular Complications
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
- Mental Health
- Lifestyle Interventions for Diabetes
- Diet
- Exercise
- Weight Loss
- Drugs That Are Associated With Weight Loss
- Pharmacotherapy
- Bariatric Surgery
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Noninsulin Agents
- Metformin
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists
- Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
- Thiazolidinediones
- Secretagogues
- Other Agents
- Insulin
- Basal Insulin
- Multiple Daily Injections and Basal-Bolus Therapy
- Insulin Pumps
- Other Considerations With Insulin
- Insulin Management in Type 1 Diabetes
- Hypoglycemia
- Special Populations
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Prevention
- Gender-Affirming Care
- Epidemiology
- Structural Determinants of Health Outcomes
- Evaluation
- Treatment
- Preventive Health
- Hormone Therapy
- Gender Affirming/Confirmation Surgery
- Youth
- Other Considerations
- Detransitioning
- Voice Training
- Fertility Counseling, Gamete Preservation, and Contraception
- Hair Removal
- Legal Considerations
- Gout and Hyperuricemia
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
- Hyperuricemia
- Diagnosis
- Indications for Treatment
- Treatment
- Acute Gout
- Intercritical Gout
- Long-Term Urate-Lowering (Antihyperuricemic) Therapy
- Uricosurics
- Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
- Pegloticase
- New Therapies
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Evaluation
- Screening
- Confirmatory Tests of Primary Hyperaldosteronism
- Causes of Primary Hyperaldosteronism: ↓ PRA and ↑ PAC (>5–10 ng/dL); ARR >20–40
- Most Common
- Less Common
- Causes of Secondary Hyperaldosteronism: ↑ PRA and ↑ PAC; ARR ≈10
- Causes of Conditions That Mimic Mineralocorticoid Excess: ↓ PRA and ↓ PAC
- Subtype Classification of Primary Hyperaldosteronism
- Imaging
- Adrenal Vein Sampling
- Ancillary Tests
- Treatment
- Unilateral Hypersecretion
- Bilateral Hypersecretion
- Hyperlipidemia
- Pathophysiology
- Exogenous Pathway
- Endogenous Pathway
- Reverse Cholesterol Transport
- Plasma Lipids and Atherosclerosis
- Plasma Lipid and Pancreatitis
- Evaluation
- Measurement of Lipid Profiles
- Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
- Risk-Enhancing Factors
- Risk Reclassifying With Coronary Artery Calcium Score
- Differential Diagnosis of Hyperlipidemia
- Treatment
- Overview
- Treatment Targets
- Lifestyle Therapy
- Pharmacologic Agents
- Statins
- Ezetimibe
- PCSK9 Inhibitors
- Bempedoic Acid
- Bile Acid Sequestrants
- Fibrates
- Niacin
- Omega-3 Fatty Acid Prescriptions
- Evinacumab
- Hyperparathyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation
- Evaluation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Surgical Treatment
- Nonsurgical Management
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation
- Evaluation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acute Hypoparathyroidism
- Chronic Hypoparathyroidism
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Hyperprolactinemia
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Prolactin
- Pathophysiology of Hyperprolactinemia
- Mammary Glands
- Female Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System
- Adrenal Glands
- Skeletal System
- Metabolic Effects of Hyperprolactinemia
- Etiology of Hyperprolactinemia
- Epidemiology and Natural History of Prolactinoma
- Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms of Hyperprolactinemia
- Mass Effects of Prolactinomas
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Prolactin Assay and Pitfalls
- Other Supporting Laboratory Tests
- Neuroimaging
- Visual Field Testing
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management of Secondary Hyperprolactinemia
- Management of Prolactinoma
- Observation
- Hormone Replacement
- Dopamine Agonists
- Surgery
- Radiotherapy
- Management of Prolactinoma During Pregnancy
- Management of Resistant and Malignant Prolactinoma
- Hyperthyroidism
- Background
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Management of Symptomatic Thyrotoxicosis
- Decreasing Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
- Antithyroid Drugs
- Radioactive Iodine
- Surgery
- Thyroid Storm
- Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Hyponatremia
- Clinical Presentation
- Regulation of Water Balance
- Renal Handling of Water
- Renal Handling of Sodium
- Central Nervous System Response to Hyponatremia/Hypoosmolality
- Classification and Differential Diagnosis of Hyponatremia
- Hypovolemic Hyponatremia
- Hypervolemic Hyponatremia
- Euvolemic Hyponatremia
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
- Other Causes of Euvolemic Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia
- Management
- Acute Severe Symptomatic Hyponatremia
- Chronic Hyponatremia
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
- Cerebral Salt Wasting
- Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists
- Overcorrection of Hyponatremia
- Summary
- Hypopituitarism
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Detailed Diagnosis
- Corticotropin (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
- Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
- Gonadotropins (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone)
- Growth Hormone
- Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone)
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Glucocorticoid Replacement
- Thyroid Deficiency
- Sex Hormone Deficiency
- Growth Hormone Deficiency
- Arginin Vasopressin Deficiency
- Monitoring
- Special Circumstances
- Fertility and Pregnancy
- Complications
- Conclusion
- Hypothyroidism
- Thyroiditis
- Iatrogenic Hypothyroidism
- Secondary Hypothyroidism (Pituitary Dysfunction)
- Other Causes
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Common Symptoms
- Physical Examination Findings
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Obesity in Adults
- Epidemiology
- Obesity and Health Disparity
- Diagnosis
- Assessing the Patient With Obesity in the Office
- Comorbidities Associated With Obesity
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Thyroid Dysfunction
- Reproductive Dysfunction
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Fatty Liver Disease
- Mechanical Complications From Weight
- Risk of Cancer
- Psychosocial Functioning
- Treatment
- Lifestyle Intervention Program
- Pharmacotherapy for Weight Loss
- Monitoring Patients on Weight Loss Medications
- Procedural Interventions for Weight Loss
- Endoscopic Interventions
- Bariatric Surgery
- Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
- Sleeve Gastrectomy
- Monitoring After Bariatric Surgery
- Nutrition
- Physical Activity
- Weight
- Specific Complications of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
- Nephrolithiasis
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Parenteral Nutrition in Adults
- Indications and Contraindications
- Assessment of Nutritional Status
- History
- Physical (for each trait specify: 0 = normal, 1+ = mild, 2+ = moderate, 3+ = severe)
- SGA Rating (select one)
- Estimating Nutritional Requirements
- Energy Requirements
- Nutrient Requirements
- Composition of Central and Peripheral Venous Solutions
- Administration and Venous Access
- Infusion and Patient Monitoring
- Patients With Special Needs
- Glucose Intolerance
- Pancreatitis
- Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
- Hepatic Dysfunction and Liver Failure
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Critically Ill Patients With Obesity
- Other Conditions and Nutritional Treatments
- Common Complications and Management
- Catheter Sepsis
- Other Complications
- Pheochromocytoma
- Epidemiology
- Genetics
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Biochemical Evaluation
- Localization of Pheochromocytoma
- Treatment
- Preoperative Medical Preparation
- Perioperative Management
- Hypertensive Crisis
- Metastatic Pheochromocytoma
- Prognosis and Monitoring
- Thyroid Cancer
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Conclusion
- Thyroiditis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Section 6. Hematology
- Acute Leukemia in Adults
- Current Therapy
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
- Immune-Based Therapies in Acute Leukemia
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Blood Component Therapy And Transfusion Reactions
- Therapeutic Use of Blood Components
- Red Blood Cells
- Indications
- Transfusion Triggers
- Dosage
- Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
- Special Situation
- Platelets
- Indications
- Transfusion Triggers
- Dosage
- Out of ABO Group Platelet Transfusion
- Unresponsiveness to Platelet Transfusion
- Special Situations
- Transfusion Triggers
- Dosage
- Special Situations
- Plasma
- Cryoprecipitate
- Indications
- Transfusion Triggers
- Dosage
- Special Situation
- INR Higher Than Therapeutic but <5, No Significant Bleeding
- INR >5 but <9, No Significant Bleeding
- INR >9, No Significant Bleeding
- Serious Bleeding at Any Elevation of INR
- Life-Threatening Hemorrhage
- Transfusion Reactions
- Most Common Reactions
- Febrile Nonhemolytic Reaction
- Allergic Reaction of Mild Severity
- Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload
- Most Dangerous Reactions
- Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
- Allergic Reaction of Marked Severity (Anaphylaxis)
- Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury
- Bacterial Contamination of a Blood Component
- Other Reactions
- Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
- Allergic Reaction of Moderate Severity
- Hypotensive Transfusion Reaction
- Transfusion-Associated Dyspnea
- Chronic Leukemias
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: Chronic Phase
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Monitoring Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy
- Treatment
- Other Therapeutic Options
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Treatment
- First-Line Therapy
- Other Therapeutic Options
- Complications
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Hemochromatosis
- Definition and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis and Disease Staging
- Transferrin Saturation or Unbound Iron-Binding Capacity
- Ferritin
- Transferrin or Total Iron-Binding Capacity
- Genetic Testing
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Fibrosis Assessment
- Liver Biopsy and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance
- Family Screening
- Treatment
- Phlebotomy
- Second-Line Treatment
- Dietary Recommendations
- Summary
- Hemolytic Anemias
- Pathophysiology
- Congenital
- Acquired
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Inherited
- Acquired
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Management of Complications
- Hemophilia and Related Conditions
- Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B
- Pathophysiology
- Role of Factors VIII and IX in Coagulation
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Novel Therapies for the Treatment of Hemophilia
- Complications of Treatment
- Von Willebrand Disease
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Special Situations
- Pregnancy
- Acquired von Willebrand Disease
- Rare Bleeding Disorders
- General Hemostatic Agents
- General Measures
- Hodgkin Disease
- Introduction and Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring and Survivorship
- Monitoring
- Survivorship
- Prognosis
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Laboratory Findings
- Oral Replacement
- Parenteral Replacement
- Unstable Patient
- Treatment Endpoint
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Megaloblastic Anemias
- Introduction and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Pathophysiology
- Pathophysiology of Pernicious Anemia.
- Diagnosis
- Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia.
- Therapy
- Therapy for Pernicious Anemia.
- Complications
- Multiple Myeloma
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Initial Therapy for Transplant-Eligible Patients
- Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
- Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
- Multiple Myeloma
- Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
- Maintenance Therapy Following Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
- Allogeneic Transplantation
- Initial Therapy for Patients Who Are Ineligible for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
- Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma
- Thalidomide
- Bortezomib
- Lenalidomide
- Carfilzomib
- Pomalidomide
- Elotuzumab
- Daratumumab
- Ixazomib
- Selinexor
- Bispecific Antibodies
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell Therapy
- Isatuximab
- Other New Drugs
- Supportive Therapy
- Radiotherapy
- Hypercalcemia
- Renal Insufficiency
- Anemia
- Skeletal Lesions
- Infections
- Hyperviscosity Syndrome
- Extradural Myeloma (Cord Compression)
- Venous Thromboembolism
- Emotional Support
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Classification and Risk Stratification
- Treatment
- Supportive Care
- Immunomodulatory Drugs
- Luspatercept (Reblozyl)
- Imetelstat
- Hypomethylating Agents
- Immunosuppressive Therapy
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Conclusion and Future Direction
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Current Therapy
- Epidemiology
- Geographic Distribution
- Age
- Race and Ethnicity
- Etiology and Risk Factors
- Chromosomal Translocations and Molecular Rearrangements
- Environmental Factors
- Viruses
- Bacterial Infections
- Immunodeficiency
- Autoimmunity
- Genetic Susceptibility
- Signs and Symptoms
- Low-Grade or Indolent Lymphomas
- High-Grade or Aggressive Lymphomas
- Screening
- Diagnosis
- Classification
- Prognosis
- International Prognostic Index
- Molecular Profiling
- Factors/Scoring
- One Point Assigned for Each of the Following:
- Risk Categories and 3-Year PFS and 3-Year OS:
- Treatment
- Indolent B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
- General Principles
- Special Considerations
- Aggressive or High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
- General Principles
- Special Considerations
- Novel Treatment Options and Modalities
- Follow-Up of Long-Term Survivors
- Relapse
- Secondary Malignancies
- Late Treatment Complications
- Platelet-Mediated Bleeding Disorders
- Platelet Physiology
- Clinical Features
- Platelet Testing
- Functional Disorders
- Acquired Functional Disorders
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytopenia Due to Increased Destruction
- Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
- Special Subsets of ITP
- Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytopenia Due to Microvascular Consumption
- Thrombocytopenia Due to Sequestration
- Thrombocytopenia Due to Inadequate Production
- Congenital Disorders
- Congenital Microthrombocytopenias
- Congenital Macrothrombocytopenias
- Congenital Thrombocytopenia With Normal Platelet Size
- Congenital Functional Defects of Normal-Sized Platelets Without Thrombocytopenia
- Declaration of AI and AI-Assisted Technology in the Writing Process
- Polycythemia Vera
- Major Criteria
- Minor Criterion
- Normal Red Cell Mass
- Elevated Red Cell Mass
- Primary Polycythemia
- Secondary Polycythemia
- Appropriately elevated EPO (hypoxia driven)
- Inappropriately elevated EPO
- Other causes
- Low Risk
- High Risk
- Presentation
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Prognosis
- Treatment
- Aspirin
- Cytoreductive Therapy
- JAK Inhibitors
- Other Treatment Issues
- Porphyrias
- Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Acute Hepatic Porphyrias
- Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
- Erythropoietic Porphyrias
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Bacterial Infections
- Neurologic Events
- Clinical Manifestations
- Hematology
- Baseline or Steady-State Hematologic Abnormalities
- Hematologic Indices During Vaso-occlusive Episodes
- Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization
- Iron Overload
- Hemostatic Activation and Thrombosis
- Neurology
- Ophthalmology
- Nephrology
- Leg Ulcers
- Gastroenterology
- Infectious Disease
- Pulmonology
- Cardiology
- Endocrinology
- Priapism
- Diagnosis
- Neonatal Screening
- Late Diagnoses and Misdiagnoses
- Treatment
- Vaso-occlusive Episodes
- Chronic Pain
- Transfusional Therapy
- No Indication
- Unclear Indication
- Simple Transfusion
- Exchange Transfusion
- Iron Chelation
- Erythropoietic Stimulating Agents
- Nutritional Considerations
- Hydroxyurea
- Therapy of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- New and Experimental Therapies
- Antioxidant Strategies
- Modulation of Cellular Adhesion
- Modulation of Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity
- Modulation of Nitric Oxide
- Gene Therapy
- Surgical Issues
- Thalassemia
- Globin Gene Arrangements
- Pathophysiology
- β-Thalassemia Major
- Laboratory Features
- Clinical Features
- Management of β-Thalassemia Major
- Transfusion
- Splenectomy
- Iron Chelation Therapy
- Novel Agents Targeting Iron Homeostasis
- Management of Osteoporosis
- Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
- Gene Therapy
- Pharmacologic Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin
- Novel Agents Targeting Ineffective Erythropoiesis
- Antioxidants
- β-Thalassemia Intermedia
- β-Thalassemia Minor
- α-Thalassemia
- Laboratory and Clinical Features
- Management
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
- Pathophysiology
- Classification
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Prognosis
- Section 7. Head and Neck
- Dry Eye Syndrome
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Glaucoma
- Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
- Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
- Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
- Acute Angle Glaucoma
- Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
- Treatment
- Topical Glaucoma Medications
- Oral Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
- Laser Trabeculoplasty
- Surgery
- Visual Impairment and Blindness
- Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
- Mechanism of Acute Angle Closure: Pupillary Block
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Ménière’s Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Definite Ménière’s Disease
- Probable Ménière’s Disease
- Treatment
- Medical Management
- Bilateral Ménière’s Disease
- Serviceability of Hearing
- Injections and Surgical Treatments
- Intratympanic Gentamicin
- Endolymphatic Sac Surgery
- Intratympanic Steroids
- Vestibular Neurectomy
- Labyrinthectomy
- Meniett Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Conclusion
- Otitis Externa
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Otitis Media
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Treatment Options
- Observation
- Antibiotic Therapy
- Surgery
- Analgesia
- Conclusion
- Red Eye
- Physical Examination
- Conjunctivitis
- Viral Conjunctivitis
- Common Causes
- Less Common Causes
- Less Serious
- More Serious
- Bacterial Conjunctivitis
- Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
- Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
- Conjunctivitis of the Newborn
- Conjunctivitis–Otitis Media Syndrome
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Conjunctivitis
- Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
- Corneal Abrasion
- Other Causes of Red Eye
- Blepharitis
- Hordeolum (Stye)
- Episcleritis
- Scleritis
- Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
- Anterior Uveitis
- Rhinosinusitis
- Epidemiology of Acute Rhinosinusitis and Predisposing Factors
- Predisposing Factors
- Pathogenesis and Etiology of Rhinosinusitis
- Diagnosis of Acute Rhinosinusitis
- Imaging
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis
- Symptomatic Treatment
- Antibiotic Treatment
- Complications and Referral
- TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
- Epidemiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Primary symptoms
- Secondary symptoms
- Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- Pathophysiology of Intracapsular Temporomandibular Joint Pain Disorders
- Pathophysiology of Masticatory Muscle Pain Disorders
- Etiology
- History and Examination
- Treatment
- Patient Education
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Physical Therapy
- Other Therapeutic Considerations
- Uveitis
- Current Diagnosis
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Current Therapy
- Anterior Uveitis
- Intermediate Uveitis
- Posterior Uveitis and Panuveitis
- Drug-Induced Uveitis
- Complications of Uveitis
- Disease-Specific Recommendations
- Systemic Drug Use in Pregnancy and in Children
- Vision Rehabilitation
- Four Aspects of Vision Loss
- Comprehensive Vision Rehabilitation
- How Blind Is Blind?
- Vision Rehabilitation Techniques and Devices
- Optical Problems
- Retinal Problems
- Neural Processing Problems
- Patient-Centered Functional Priorities
- Section 8. Infectious Diseases
- Amebiasis
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Acquisition
- Pathophysiology and Susceptible Host Factors to Invasive Diseases
- Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Amebiasis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Asymptomatically Infected Individuals
- Mild to Severe Intestinal and Extraintestinal Disease
- Monitoring After Treatment and Disease Prevention
- Anthrax
- Cutaneous Anthrax
- Gastrointestinal
- Inhalational
- Injection
- Systemic Anthrax With Possible/Confirmed Meningitis
- Systemic Anthrax When Meningitis Has Been Excluded
- Oral Treatment for Cutaneous Anthrax Without Systemic Involvement
- Background
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Cutaneous Anthrax
- Inhalation Anthrax
- Gastrointestinal Tract Anthrax
- Injection Anthrax
- Meningitis
- Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection
- Treatment
- Supportive Care
- Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Disease with Possible Meningitis
- Antimicrobial Treatment for Systemic Disease when Meningitis is Ruled Out
- Treatment for Cutaneous Anthrax without Systemic Involvement
- Antitoxins
- Pregnancy
- Prognosis
- Prevention
- Babesiosis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Therapy
- Bacterial Meningitis
- Patient Age Often Determines Clinical Presentation:
- Neonates Younger Than 2 Months
- Infants and Children Older Than 2 Months
- Adults
- Adults Older Than 50 Years
- Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Management
- Adjunctive Therapy
- Vaccination Prevention
- Outcomes/Sequelae
- Brucellosis
- History
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Prevention
- Clostridioides Difficile Colitis
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Microbiology and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications and Recurrence
- Prevention
- Cat Scratch Disease
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Typical Cat Scratch Disease
- Atypical Cat Scratch Disease
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Prevention
- Chikungunya
- CURRENT DIAGNOSIS
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Cholera
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acceptable
- Unacceptable
- First-Line Drug (If Susceptibility Report Is Not Available)
- Adults
- Children
- Second-Line Drug (Not Recommended for Children < 5 Years or Pregnant Women)
- Adults
- Children
- Third-Line Drugs
- Prevention
- COVID-19
- Current Therapy
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nonhospitalized Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Who Do Not Require Supplemental Oxygen
- Adults Hospitalized for Reasons Other Than COVID-19
- Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 But Do Not Require Supplemental Oxygen
- Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 Requiring Conventional Oxygen
- Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 Requiring High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen or Noninvasive Ventilation
- Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Requiring Mechanical Ventilation or Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
- Critically Ill Adults With COVID-19
- Miscellaneous Therapies
- Nonhospitalized Children With COVID-19
- Children Hospitalized With COVID-19
- Complications
- Ebola Virus Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors/Transmission
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Findings
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Long-Term Follow-up
- Prevention
- Monitoring
- Foodborne Illnesses
- Classification of Foodborne Illnesses
- Bacteria
- Aeromonas Species
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Bacillus cereus
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Clostridium botulinum
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Clostridium perfringens
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cronobacter sakazakii
- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Shigella Species
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Yersinia Species
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis
- Viruses
- Noroviruses
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Rotavirus
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cryptosporidium
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Other Pathogens
- Trichinosis
- Neurocysticercosis
- Dinoflagellate toxins
- Tetrodotoxin poisoning
- Group B Sreptococcus (GBS)
- Newer Trends in Foodborne Illness
- Miscellaneous
- Giardiasis
- Background
- Organism
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis
- Prevention
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Diet
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Treatment and Prevention
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Natural History
- Diagnosis
- Consent
- Screening
- Approach to the Patient with HIV Infection
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- When to Initiate Antiretroviral Therapy
- Current Recommendations for Antiretroviral Therapy
- Selection of an Antiretroviral Regimen
- Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Therapy
- Monitoring Response to Antiretroviral Therapy
- Treatment Failure
- Drug Resistance and Resistance Testing
- Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug-Drug Interactions
- Viral Hepatitis Coinfection
- Complications
- Diagnosis and Management of Opportunistic Infections
- Neurologic Complications
- Respiratory Complications
- Gastrointestinal Complications
- Other Conditions
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
- Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnancy and Women of Childbearing Potential
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Pregnant Women
- Preexposure Prophylaxis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Initiating Preexposure Prophylaxis
- Preexposure Prophylaxis Monitoring and Follow-Up
- Postexposure Prophylaxis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- Occupational Exposure
- Initial Laboratory Evaluation
- Initiating Postexposure Prophylaxis/Choosing Appropriate Postexposure Prophylaxis Therapy
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Influenza
- Microbiology
- Prevention
- Evaluation
- Community Prevalence of Influenza
- History and Physical Examination
- Testing
- Complications
- Chemoprophylaxis
- Treatment
- Leishmaniasis
- Current Diagnosis
- Current Therapy
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Mucosal Leishmaniasis
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Visceral Leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Treatment
- Local Therapies
- Systemic Therapies
- Amphotericin B Drugs
- Pentavalent Antimonials
- Second-Line Drugs
- Oral Drugs for Leishmaniasis
- Monitoring
- Monitoring Response to Treatment
- Complications
- When to Refer
- Note
- Leprosy
- Paucibacillary Leprosy (6 Months)
- Adult (50–70 kg)
- Child (Younger Than 10 Years)
- Multibacillary Leprosy (12 Months)
- Adult (50–70 kg)
- Child (Younger Than 10 Years)
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Prevention
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Indeterminate Leprosy
- Tuberculoid Leprosy
- Borderline-Tuberculoid Leprosy
- Borderline-Borderline Leprosy
- Borderline-Lepromatous (Virchowian) Leprosy
- Lepromatous (Virchowian) Leprosy
- Variations of Lepromatous Leprosy
- Histoid Lepromatous Leprosy (or Wade’s Lepromatous)
- Diffuse Lepromatous Leprosy
- Pure Neural Leprosy
- Leprosy Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Perspectives on the Use of a Uniform Treatment for All Forms, Regardless of Clinical or Laboratory Classification
- Leprosy Reactions and Control
- Type 1 Reaction or Reversal Reaction
- Type 2 Reaction
- Lucio Phenomenon
- Differential Diagnosis Between Relapse and Reaction
- Complications
- Acknowledgment
- Lyme Disease and Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome
- Epidemiology and Ecology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Relapse Versus Reinfection
- Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and “Chronic” Lyme Disease
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Malaria
- Epidemiology
- Parasite Life Cycle
- Malaria Immunity
- Clinical Manifestations
- Severe or Complicated Malaria
- Cerebral Malaria
- Respiratory Failure/Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Differential Diagnosis
- Malaria During Pregnancy
- Vertical Transmission
- Non-falciparum Malaria
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antimalarial Drugs
- Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria
- Treatment of Severe Malaria
- Antimalarial Drugs in Pregnancy
- Treatment of Pediatric Patients
- Prevention of Malaria
- Measles (Rubeola)
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Signs and Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Mpox
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Vaccinations
- JYNNEOS
- ACAM2000
- Vaccination Prior to Exposure
- Postexposure Prophylaxis
- Pregnancy/Breastfeeding
- Children
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Mumps
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
- CURRENT TREATMENT
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Tests to Perform
- Do Not Routinely Perform
- Treatment
- Things the Clinician Should Do
- Things the Patient Should Do
- Things That Should Not Be Done
- Prognosis
- Monitoring
- Necrotizing Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Osteomyelitis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Microbiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis/Confirmation
- Treatment
- Medical Treatment
- Surgical Treatment
- Outcomes
- Conclusion
- Plague
- Epidemiology
- Modes of Transmission
- Bioterrorism Threat
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Syndromes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention and Control
- Post-Acute COVID Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Pulmonary
- Self-Management and Supported Self-Management
- Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation
- Support for Older Adults and Children
- Cardiac
- Fatigue
- Dysautonomia
- Neurologic
- Mental Health
- Hematologic
- Gastrointestinal
- Renal
- Endocrine
- Dermatologic
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Acknowledgment
- Psittacosis
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Q Fever
- Current Therapy
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Rabies
- Rabies Prophylaxis
- Rabies Cases
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Management of Human Rabies
- Rat-Bite Fever
- Bite Site
- Established and Suspected Cases
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Relapsing Fever
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Diagnosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
- Outcome
- Prevention
- Rubella and Congenital Rubella
- Pathophysiology and Virology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Acquired Rubella
- Sequelae
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Rubella Vaccine
- Preconception Counseling and Prenatal Care
- Eradication and Future Goals
- Salmonellosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Prevention
- Sepsis
- Sepsis
- Septic Shock
- Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score
- Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score
- Laboratory Findings
- Physical Findings
- Initial 3 Hours of Triage (or Within 1 Hour of Presumptive Diagnosis)
- Subsequent Interventions
- Definitions
- Pathophysiology
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Biomarkers in Sepsis
- Treatment
- Screening and Early Treatment
- Initial Resuscitation
- Antimicrobial Therapy
- Monitoring Treatment Response
- Vasopressor Support
- Source Control
- Steroid Use
- Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient
- Glycemic Control
- Summary
- Smallpox
- The Agent
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Complications
- Differential Diagnosis (Figure 2)
- Diagnosis
- Maculopapular Stage
- Vesicular/Pustular Stage
- Treatment
- Vaccines and Vaccination
- Complications
- Contraindications to Vaccination
- Use in Warfare
- Tetanus
- Microbiology and Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Non-neonatal Tetanus
- Neonatal Tetanus
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Neutralization of Toxin
- Active Immunization
- Use of Antibiotics
- Control of Muscle Spasms
- Airway Management
- Control of Autonomic Disturbances
- Nursing and Other Supportive Measures
- Prevention
- Primary Immunization Series
- Pregnancy Consideration
- Postexposure Prophylaxis
- Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever And Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, And Anaplasmosis)
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring and Complications
- Prevention
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Introduction
- Historical Aspects
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Management
- New Research and Developments
- Toxoplasmosis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Clinical Presentation in the Normal Host
- Clinical Presentation in the Immunocompromised Host
- Toxoplasmosis of the Eye
- Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Typhoid Fever
- Abdominal
- Extra Abdominal
- Long-term
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
- Current Pattern of Antimicrobial Susceptibility
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Herpes Zoster
- Vaccination
- Treatment
- Postherpetic Neuralgia
- Viral Meningitis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
- Epidemiology
- Transmission
- Microbiology and Pathophysiology
- Immunity
- Clinical Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Yellow Fever
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Zika Virus Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Section 9. Neurological System
- Acute Facial Paralysis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors and Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- When to Communicate With a Specialist
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Medical
- Nonmedical
- Surgical
- Prognosis
- Monitoring and Complications
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Screening
- Risk Factors and Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Differential Diagnoses
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- History
- Cognitive Status Examination
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory Testing
- Neuroimaging
- When to Refer
- Treatment
- Counseling
- Caregiver Support
- Management of Cognitive Symptoms
- Management of Behavioral Symptoms
- Monitoring
- Central Nervous System Neoplasms
- Introduction
- Metastatic Tumors
- Primary Tumors
- Meningioma
- Gliomas
- High-Grade Glioma
- Low-Grade Glioma
- Ependymomas
- Primary CNS Lymphoma
- Pituitary Adenomas
- Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome
- Clinical Manifestations
- Comorbidities
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications
- Summary
- Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Emergency Medical Treatment
- Surgical Management
- Inpatient Medical Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Prognostication
- Acute Neurologic Deterioration
- Long-Term Complications
- Prevention
- Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Ongoing Research
- Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
- Prevention
- Antithrombotic Therapy
- Management of Carotid Stenosis
- Management of Patent Foramen Ovale
- Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
- Thrombolysis
- Endovascular Thrombectomy
- Antithrombotic Drugs
- Treatment of Stroke Complications
- Migraine
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis and Workup
- Treatment
- Acute Treatment
- Mechanism of Acute Migraine Medications
- New Acute Migraine Treatment: Ditans and Gepants
- Ditans for Acute Migraine Treatment
- Gepants for Acute Migraine Treatment
- Triptans
- Ditans
- Gepants
- Level A Therapies, Established as Effective and FDA Approved for EM
- Specific Preventive Migraine Therapies FDA Approved for EM and CM
- Level B Therapies, Probably Effective for EM, not FDA Approved for EM
- Level C Therapies, Possibly Effective for EM, not FDA Approved
- Neuromodulation Therapies for Migraine
- Preventive Treatment
- Anti–Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies for Preventive Treatment
- Gepant Anti–Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists for Migraine Prevention
- Chronic Migraine Treatment
- Monitoring
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Symptomatic Therapy
- Corticosteroids
- Thymectomy
- Other Immunomodulatory Therapies
- Treatment Considerations in Pregnancy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Neurofibromatosis (Type 1)
- Introduction and Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Surveillance and Therapy
- Management of Complications
- Nonmigraine Headache
- Evaluation and Diagnosis
- Headache Type and Therapy
- Migraine
- Tension-Type Headache
- Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
- Cranial Neuralgias
- Optic Neuritis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Complications
- Parkinson Disease
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Current Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient
- Hemiplegia
- Joint Contracture
- Gait and Balance Impairment
- Spasticity
- Pain
- Depression
- Dysphagia
- Communication
- Cognitive Dysfunction
- Visual and Perceptual Impairment
- Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
- Conclusions
- Seizures and Epilepsy in Adolescents and Adults
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Definition of Epilepsy
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Characteristics of Specific Antiseizure Drugs
- Phenytoin
- Carbamazepine
- Phenobarbital
- Valproic Acid
- Ethosuximide
- Felbamate
- Gabapentin
- Pregabalin
- Lamotrigine
- Levetiracetam
- Brivaracetam
- Oxcarbazepine
- Tiagabine
- Topiramate
- Zonisamide
- Vigabatrin
- Rufinamide
- Lacosamide
- Clobazam
- Perampanel
- Eslicarbazepine
- Cannabidiol
- Fenfluramine
- Everolimus
- Special Populations
- Women
- Older Adults
- Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
- Sleep Disorders
- The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
- Clinical Approach to the Sleep Medicine Patient: The Interview and Examination
- Insomnia
- Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) disorders
- Central sleep apnea syndromes
- Sleep-related hypoventilation disorders
- Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
- Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Parasomnias
- NREM-related parasomnias
- REM-related parasomnias
- Other parasomnias
- Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
- Isolated symptoms and normal variants
- Other Sleep Disorders
- Diagnostic Tools in the Sleep Laboratory
- Polysomnography
- Home Sleep Apnea Testing
- Multiple Sleep Latency and Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing
- Actigraphy Monitoring
- Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Common Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia
- Sleep-Disordered Breathing
- Obstructive SDB: Snoring and OSA
- Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome
- Treatment-Emergent Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome
- Sleep-Related Hypoventilation
- Narcolepsy and Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
- Circadian Rhythm Sleep Wake Disorders
- Parasomnias and Other Nocturnal Events
- Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
- RLS and PLMS
- Sleep-Related Leg Cramps
- Sleep-Related Bruxism
- Other Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
- Isolated Symptoms and Normal Variants
- Other Sleep Disorders
- Sleep-Related Medical and Neurologic Disorders
- Conclusions
- Sports-Related Head Injuries
- Introduction and Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Assessment and Diagnosis of Sports-Related Head Injury
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment
- Monitoring Concussions
- Management of Concussion Complications
- Prevention
- Targeted Temperature Management (Therapeutic Hypothermia)
- Introduction
- Initiation
- Maintenance
- Rewarming
- Post-Therapeutic Hypothermia/Prognosis
- Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Section 10. Psychiatric Disorders
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Classification
- Low Risk Use, Including No Use
- Hazardous Use
- Hazardous Consumption
- Hazardous Context
- Harmful Use
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Step 1: Single-Question Screener (SQS)
- Management
- Step 2: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
- Management
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Goals
- Counseling
- Medications
- Acamprosate
- Naltrexone
- Comorbidities
- Uncertainties and Controversies
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Screening and Surveillance
- Management
- Pharmacotherapy
- Newer Approaches
- Delirium
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Monitoring
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Complications
- Depressive (Major) and Bipolar Disorder
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Drug Use Disorders
- Current Therapy
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Tobacco and Nicotine
- Cannabis
- Cocaine, Methamphetamine, and Other Stimulants
- Opioids
- Sedative-Hypnotics
- Conclusion
- Eating Disorders
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Treatment
- Binge-Eating Disorder
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Treatment
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Treatment
- Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Treatment
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Cardiopulmonary
- Endocrine
- Gastrointestinal
- Neurologic
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Complications
- Conclusion
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Monitoring
- Treatment
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Clomipramine
- Antipsychotics
- Benzodiazepines
- Psychotherapy
- Other Treatments
- Panic Disorder
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Complications
- Conclusion
- Schizophrenia
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Comorbidity
- Conclusions
- Section 11. Respiratory System
- Acute Bronchitis and Other Viral Respiratory Infections
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Common Cold/Upper Respiratory Infections (URI)
- Croup
- Pertussis
- Bronchiolitis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Decreasing Antibiotic Use
- Recommended Cough Treatment
- Cough Treatments that are not Recommended
- Acute Respiratory Failure
- Definitions and Pathophysiology
- Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
- Acute Hypercapneic Respiratory Failure
- Treatment
- Oxygen Therapy
- Increased Carbon Dioxide Production (V˙CO2)
- Decreased Ventilation (VE)
- Increased Dead Space (VD/VT)
- Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Lobar Collapse or Atelectasis
- Pneumonia
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Status Asthmaticus
- Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Acute Respiratory Muscle Weakness (e.g., myasthenic crisis)
- Drug Overdose
- Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Status Asthmaticus
- Toxin (e.g., botulinum toxin)
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Noninvasive Ventilation
- Invasive Ventilation
- Specific Causes of Acute Respiratory Failure
- Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Etiology and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Required Criteria
- Additional Criteria (optional criteria)
- Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Etiology and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
- Asthma in Adolescents and Adults
- Diagnosis
- Assessment
- Current Status
- Aggravating Factors
- Long-Term Management
- Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Pharmacologic Step Therapy
- Allergens
- Animal Dander
- Dust Mites
- Recommended
- Desirable
- Cockroaches
- Pollens (from Trees, Grass, or Weeds) and Outdoor Molds
- Indoor Mold
- Tobacco Smoke
- Indoor and Outdoor Pollutants and Irritants
- Follow-Up
- Treatment of Exacerbations
- Home Management
- Emergency Department and Hospital Management
- Summary
- Atelectasis
- Etiology
- Compression Atelectasis
- Surfactant Impairment
- Gas Resorption
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Bacterial Pneumonia
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Risk Factors
- Community-Acquired Pneumonia Pathogens
- Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
- Diagnosis
- Community-Acquired Pneumonia
- Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
- Treatment Setting
- Treatment
- Community-Acquired Pneumonia
- Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
- Prevention
- Blastomycosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Blastomycosis in Special Populations
- Lung
- Acute Pneumonia
- Chronic Pneumonia
- Skin
- Bone and Joint
- Genitourinary Tract
- Central Nervous System
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Direct Examination
- Histopathologic Examination
- Culture
- Serology
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antigen Detection
- Skin Testing
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment of Stable COPD
- Smoking Cessation
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation
- Vaccinations
- Medications
- Noninvasive Ventilation
- Surgical Remedies
- Supplemental Oxygen
- Opiate Therapy in Patients with COPD
- Treatment of Exacerbations of COPD
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Pulmonary Infection
- Disseminated Disease
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator
- Genotypes and Phenotypes
- Mechanism
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pulmonary
- Sinuses
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Intestines
- Sweat Glands
- Genitourinary
- Other
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pulmonary Treatment
- Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Chronic Pharmacologic Therapy
- Acute Pharmacologic Therapy
- Nutritional/Gastrointestinal Treatment
- Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Chronic Pharmacologic Therapy
- Acute Pharmacologic Therapy
- Monitoring
- Management of Other Complications
- Sinusitis
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
- Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
- Hepatobiliary Disease
- Histoplasmosis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Mycology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
- Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
- Disseminated Histoplasmosis
- Mediastinal Manifestations of Histoplasmosis
- Central Nervous System Histoplasmosis
- Other Manifestations of Histoplasmosis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Legionellosis (Legionnaire’s Disease and Pontiac Fever)
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Lung Abscess
- Definition and Classification
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Lung Cancer
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Prevention
- Early Detection
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnostic Techniques
- Staging
- Imaging
- Assessing Treatment Candidacy
- Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk
- Assessment of Pulmonary Function
- Surgical Approach to Lung Cancer
- Open Lobectomy
- Video-Assisted Lobectomy
- Robot-Assisted Lobectomy
- Extent of Resection: Lobar Versus Sublobar Resection
- Treatment: Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Stage I and II Lung Cancers
- Neoadjuvant Therapy
- Locally Advanced Lung Cancer
- T3N1 Tumors
- Stage IIIA Tumors
- N2 Disease
- T4 Tumors
- Superior Sulcus Tumors
- Stage IIIB
- Stage IV
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted Therapy
- Second-Line Therapy and Beyond
- Oligometastatic Disease
- Treatment for Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Monitoring
- Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Summary
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Symptoms
- Clinical Signs and Risk Factors
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
- Oral Appliances
- Surgical Procedures
- Nasal Obstruction
- Retropalatal Obstruction
- Retrolingual Obstruction
- Monitoring
- Pleural Effusion and Empyema
- Pleural Anatomy
- Clinical Presentation
- Imaging
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Pleural Fluid Sampling
- Pleural Manometry
- Light’s Criteria
- Treatment
- Malignant Pleural Effusions
- Pleural Infection
- Pneumoconiosis: Asbestosis and Silicosis
- Asbestosis
- Criteria for Diagnosis
- Asbestos-Related Benign Pleural Disease
- Lung Cancer and Malignant Mesothelioma
- Patients
- Physicians
- Treatment
- Nintedanib and Inhaled Treprostinil
- Silicosis
- Radiographic Patterns of Silicosis
- Silicosis Syndromes
- Criteria for Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Disclaimer
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Definition and Classification
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Group 1: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- Group 2: Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Left Heart Disease
- Group 3: Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Lung Diseases and/or Hypoxia
- Group 4: Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Pulmonary Artery Obstructions
- Group 5: Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear and/or Multifactorial Mechanism
- Risk Stratification
- General Measures
- Supportive Therapies
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Special Situations
- Pregnancy and Birth Control
- Surgical Procedures
- Travel and Altitude
- COVID-19
- Sarcoidosis
- Epidemiology
- Immunopathogenesis
- Clinical Features and Clinical Course
- Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
- Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis
- Diagnosis and Initial Workup
- Treatment
- Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
- Tuberculosis
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Transmissibility
- Pathophysiology
- Primary Initial Infection
- Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- Active Tuberculosis Disease
- Prevention
- Immunization
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Latent Tuberculosis
- Active Tuberculosis
- Treatment
- Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- Active Tuberculosis Disease
- Monitoring
- Latent TB
- Active TB
- Complications
- Special Situations
- Tuberculosis and Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
- Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection
- Tuberculosis and Transplantation
- Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Overview
- Pathogenesis
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Mycobacterium Leprae Complex
- Overview
- Transmission
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Venous Thromboembolism
- Pathophysiology/Risk Factors
- Acquired Risk Factors
- Genetics of Venous Thromboembolism
- Epidemiology and Natural History
- Long-Term Complications of Venous Thromboembolism
- Postthrombotic Syndrome
- Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
- Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis
- Clinical Features
- D-dimer Screening
- Imaging
- Ultrasonography
- Contrast Venography
- Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
- Clinical Features
- Chest X-ray, Electrocardiography, and Troponin
- Ventilation/Perfusion Scanning
- Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography
- Pulmonary Angiography
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- Diagnosis of Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis
- Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
- Anticoagulation Therapy for Venous Thromboembolism
- Choice of Initial Anticoagulant Therapy
- Comparison of Warfarin Versus DOACs
- Cancer-Associated Thrombosis
- Special Considerations in the Acute Management of Venous Thromboembolism
- Massive Pulmonary Embolism With Hemodynamic Instability
- Extensive Proximal Vein Lower Extremity Thrombosis
- Spontaneous Proximal Upper Extremity Thrombosis
- Venous Thromboembolism Presenting With Paradoxical Embolism
- DOACs in End-Stage Renal Disease
- DOACs in Obesity
- Acute Venous Thromboembolism With Contraindication to Anticoagulation
- Isolated Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism and Incidental Venous Thromboembolism
- Special Circumstances for Anticoagulant Monitoring
- Reversal Agents
- Duration of Anticoagulation
- Clinical Presentation
- Thrombus Site
- Standard Versus Indefinite Anticoagulation
- Clinical Decision Making
- Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
- General Surgery
- Orthopedic Surgery
- Acute Medical Illness
- Viral and Mycoplasmal Pneumonias
- Influenza (human, avian, swine)
- COVID-19
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Viral Influenza
- COVID-19
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Influenza (Human, Avian, and Swine)
- Anti-Influenza Therapy
- COVID-19 Therapy
- Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
- M. pneumoniae Therapy
- Viral Respiratory Infections
- Common Colds
- Influenza-Like Illness
- Croup
- Bronchiolitis
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus–2 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Corticosteroids
- Tocilizumab
- Convalescent Plasma
- Neutralizing Antibody Preparations
- Janus Kinase Inhibitors
- Molnupiravir
- Section 12. Rheumatology and the Musculoskeletal System
- Axial Spondyloarthritis
- Definition and Spectrum of the Disease
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nonpharmacologic Interventions
- Pharmacologic Interventions
- Surgical Interventions
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Common Sports Injuries
- Ankle Injuries
- Lateral Ankle Sprain
- Medial Ankle Sprain
- High Ankle Sprain
- Osteochondral Ankle Injuries
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
- PCL Injuries
- MCL Injuries
- Osteochondral Knee Injuries
- Hand Injuries
- Mallet Finger
- Jersey Finger
- Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Dorsal Dislocation
- Scaphoid Fracture
- Overuse Injuries
- Tendinosis
- Stress Fractures
- Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
- Connective Tissue Disorders
- Lupus Erythematosus
- Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
- Scleroderma
- Lupus Erythematosus
- Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
- Scleroderma
- Lupus Erythematosus
- Clinical Features
- Management
- Prevention
- Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
- Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Treatment of Musculoskeletal Manifestations
- Treatment of Hematologic Manifestations
- Treatment of Renal Manifestations
- Treatment of Nervous System Manifestations
- Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Scleroderma
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Treatment of Limited Scleroderma
- Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis: Raynaud’s Phenomenon
- Treatment of Gastrointestinal Manifestations
- Treatment of Pulmonary Manifestations
- Treatment of Renal Manifestations
- Fibromyalgia
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Risk Factors/Prevention
- Pathophysiology
- Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Enthesitis-Related Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Osteoarthritis
- Pathogenesis
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Features
- Current Therapy
- Nonpharmacologic Therapies
- Pharmacotherapy
- Intra-articular Injections
- Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis
- Conclusions
- Osteoporosis
- Epidemiology
- Screening
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Nonpharmacologic Therapy
- Pharmacologic Treatment
- Paget’s Disease of Bone
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis
- Primary Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Giant Cell Arteritis
- Primary Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Giant Cell Arteritis
- Primary Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Giant Cell Arteritis
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Genetics
- Immunopathology
- Infection and Trauma
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Psoriasis
- Nail Dystrophy
- Joint Disease
- Enthesitis
- Dactylitis
- Spondyloarthritis
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Articular Manifestations
- Extraarticular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Analgesics and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Glucocorticoids
- Conventional Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Methotrexate
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Sulfasalazine
- Leflunomide
- Azathioprine
- Synthetic Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors
- Biologics
- TNF Inhibitors
- Interleukin 6 Receptor Inhibitor (Tocilizumab and Sarilumab)
- T Cell Coactivation Inhibition
- B Cell Inhibition
- Interleukin 1 Inhibition
- Combination Therapy
- Choice of Therapy
- Special Scenarios
- Pregnancy
- Breastfeeding
- Malignancy
- Preoperative Management
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Tendinopathy and Bursitis
- Tendinopathy
- Bursitis
- Tendinopathy
- Bursitis
- Tendinopathy
- Background
- Evaluation
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Bursitis
- Background
- Evaluation
- Treatment
- Section 13. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Chlamydia Trachomatis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Recommended Regimen for Non-Pregnant Adolescents and Adults With Chlamydial Infection
- Alternative Regimens
- Recommended Regimen for Pregnant Patient With Chlamydial Infections
- Alternative Regimens
- Recommended Regimen for Neonates With Chlamydial Infection
- Recommended Regimen for Infants and Children Who Weigh <45 kg With Chlamydial Infection
- Alternative Regimen
- Recommended Regimen for Children Who Weigh ≥45 kg but Who Are <8 Years Old
- Recommended Regimens for Children Aged ≥8 Years
- Inpatient and Outpatient PID
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Condylomata Acuminata
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Genital Ulcer Disease: Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinale, and Lymphogranuloma
- Chancroid
- History
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
- History
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Lymphogranuloma Venereum
- History
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Management of Sex Partners
- Gonorrhea
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Screening and Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Non-Gonococcal Urethritis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy/Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Syphilis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Screening
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Congenital Syphilis
- Complications
- Section 14. Skin Disease
- Acne Vulgaris
- Epidemiology
- Prevention
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Topical Retinoids
- Benzoyl Peroxide
- Topical Antibiotics
- Azelaic Acid
- Salicylic Acid
- Topical Dapsone
- Topical Androgen Receptor Inhibitor
- Combination Topical Therapy
- Systemic Antibiotics
- Oral Isotretinoin
- Combined Oral Contraceptive
- Spironolactone
- Intralesional Corticosteroid Injections
- Physical Treatment Modalities
- Monitoring
- Atopic Dermatitis
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment
- Management of Atopic Dermatitis and Associated Conditions
- Daily Maintenance Care
- Topical and Systemic Medications
- Food Allergies
- Infections
- Inhalant Allergies and Asthma
- Referral to Specialists
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Pemphigus
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Bullous Pemphigoid
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis/Chronic Bullous Disease of Childhood
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment Options
- Dermatitis Herpetiformis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment Options
- Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
- Common Infections
- Cellulitis
- Erysipelas
- Impetigo
- Ecthyma
- Ecthyma Gangrenosum
- Folliculitis
- Abscess
- Furuncle and Carbuncle
- Invasive Infections
- Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection
- Fournier Gangrene
- Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infection with Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
- Tularemia
- Contact Dermatitis
- North American Contact Dermatitis Group
- Mayo Clinic Contact Dermatitis Group
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas, Including Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
- Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
- Classification
- Standard Diagnosis and Staging Methods
- Mycosis Fungoides, Sézary Syndrome, and Variants
- Clinical Features
- Histopathologic and Cytologic Features
- Immunophenotyping
- Molecular Biology
- TNMB Staging
- Treatment
- Phototherapy
- Topical Therapy
- Radiotherapy
- Apheresis-Based Therapy
- Cytokine Therapy
- Tumor-Associated Antigen-Directed Therapies
- Systemic Chemotherapy
- Retinoids
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Miscellaneous Therapies
- Selection of Therapy
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated with Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome
- Types and Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Cutaneous Vasculitis
- Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
- All Forms of Vasculitis
- Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Large-Vessel Vasculitis
- Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
- Small-Vessel Vasculitis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Cutaneous Vasculitis Associated with Systemic Vasculitis
- Diseases of the Hair
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Alopecia
- Trichodystrophy
- Types
- Causes
- Determine Type
- Anagen Effluvium
- Telogen Effluvium
- Diagnosis
- Laboratory Studies
- Biopsy
- Nonscarring types
- Scarring types
- Other Permanent Alopecia
- Hirsutism
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Alopecia
- Hirsutism
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Diseases of the Mouth
- High-risk conditions
- Common conditions
- Oral ulcers
- Oral lesions and masses
- Xerostomia
- Osteonecrosis of the jaw
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures
- Management of painful odontogenic or periodontal infections
- Management of oral ulcers
- Management of oral candidiasis
- Management of xerostomia
- Management of osteonecrosis
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures
- Caries
- Periodontitis
- Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
- Odontogenic Infections
- Oral Ulcers
- Oral Soft Tissue Lesions
- Oral Candidiasis
- Xerostomia
- Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis Before Dental Procedures
- Diseases of the Nail
- Ingrown nail
- Onychomycosis
- Onychomycosis
- Nail Anatomy
- Noninfectious Nail Disorders
- Psoriasis
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Onychogryphosis
- Pincer Nails
- Spoon Nails
- Beau Lines
- Habit-Tic Deformity
- Ingrown Nail
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Subungual Hematoma
- Acute Paronychia
- Chronic Paronychia
- Myxoid Cysts
- Nail Infections
- Fungal Nail Infections
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas Nail Infection
- Periungual Verrucae
- Erythema Multiforme
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring and Complications
- Fungal Infections of the Skin
- Superficial Mycoses Dermatophytes
- Tinea Capitis
- Tinea Faciei and Barbae
- Tinea Corporis
- Tinea Cruris
- Tinea Manuum and Pedis
- Onychomycosis
- Pityriasis Versicolor
- Candidiasis
- Treatment
- Tinea Capitis
- Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, Tinea Pedis, Tinea Mannum, Tinea Faciei, and Tinea Barbae
- Tinea Unguium
- Additional Comments
- Acknowledgment
- Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars
- Etiology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Melanoma
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Nevi
- Benign Melanocytic Lesions
- Malignant Melanocytic Lesions
- Total Body Photography/Dermoscopy/Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
- Acquired Melanocytic Nevi
- Recurrent Melanocytic Nevi
- Halo (Melanocytic) Nevi
- Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
- Blue Nevi
- Spitz Nevi
- Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevi
- Nonmelanoma Cancer of the Skin
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Neoplasms of Adnexal Origin
- Sebaceous Carcinoma
- Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
- Fibrohistiocytic Malignancies
- Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
- Atypical Fibroxanthoma
- Vascular Malignancies
- Kaposi’s Sarcoma
- Angiosarcoma
- Other Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
- Merkel Cell Carcinoma
- Paget’s Disease
- Cutaneous Metastases
- Papulosquamous Eruptions
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Plaque-like
- Guttate
- Erythrodermic
- Pustular
- Inverse
- Differential Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment
- Class 1: Super Potent
- Class 2: Potent
- Class 3: Upper Mid-Strength
- Class 4: Mid-Strength
- Class 5: Lower Mid-Strength
- Class 6: Mild
- Class 7: Least Potent
- Topical
- Oral or Systemic
- Immunomodulators
- Phototherapy
- Complications
- Parasitic Diseases of the Skin
- Cutaneous Amebiasis
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Chagas’ Disease
- African Sleeping Sickness
- Cutaneous Toxoplasmosis
- Ascariasis
- Cutaneous Larva Migrans
- Cysticercosis
- Dracunculiasis
- Filariasis
- Lymphatic Filariasis
- Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
- Loiasis (Calabar Swellings)
- Schistosomiasis (Snail Fever)
- Cercarial Dermatitis (Swimmer’s Itch)
- Human Scabies
- Pediculosis
- Pediculosis Capitis
- Pediculosis Corporis (Vagabond’s Itch)
- Pediculosis Pubis
- Cutaneous Amebiasis
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
- East African Sleeping Sickness
- West African Sleeping Sickness
- Cutaneous Toxoplasmosis
- Ascariasis
- Cutaneous Larva Migrans
- Filariasis
- Lymphatic Filariasis
- Onchocerciasis
- Schistosomiasis
- Human Scabies
- Pediculosis
- Pediculosis Capitis
- Pediculosis Corporis
- Pediculosis Pubis
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa
- Cutaneous Amebiasis
- Leishmaniasis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Cutaneous Toxoplasmosis
- Diseases Caused by Helminths
- Ascariasis
- Cutaneous Larva Migrans
- Filariasis
- Onchocerciasis
- Loiasis
- Schistosomiasis
- Cercarial Dermatitis
- Diseases Caused by Arthropoda
- Human Scabies
- Pediculosis
- Pediculosis Capitis
- Pediculosis Corporis
- Pediculosis Pubis
- Pigmentary Disorders
- Hyperpigmentation
- Hypopigmentation
- Hyperpigmentation
- Hypopigmentation
- Definition
- Evaluation
- General Recommendations for All Pigmentary Disorders
- Hyperpigmentation
- Ephelides
- Description
- Treatment
- Solar Lentigo (Lentigo Senilis Et Actinicus)
- Description
- Treatment
- Melasma
- Description
- Treatment
- Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
- Description
- Treatment
- Hypopigmentation or Depigmentation
- Pityriasis Alba
- Description
- Treatment
- Vitiligo
- Description
- Treatment
- Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis
- Description
- Treatment
- Postinflammatory Hypopigmentation
- Description
- Treatment
- Premalignant Skin Lesions
- Actinic Keratosis
- Actinic Cheilitis
- Human Papillomavirus–Related Disease
- Atypical Nevi
- Actinic Keratosis or Cheilitis
- Human Papillomavirus
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment
- Pressure Injury
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Pruritus Ani and Vulvae
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis of Pruritus Ani and Vulvae
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory Tests
- Procedures
- Differential Diagnosis
- Prevention and Treatment
- General Principles of Treatment
- Pharmacologic Treatments
- Complications
- Referral
- Monitoring and Prognosis
- Pyoderma Gangrenosum
- Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Rosacea
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Medical Therapy
- Adjuvant Mucosal Therapies
- Monitoring
- Sunburn
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring and Complications
- Urticaria And Angioedema
- Classification
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Venous Ulcers
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Evaluation and Diagnosis
- Complications
- Treatment
- Viral Diseases of the Skin
- Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
- Varicella-Zoster Virus
- Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
- Parvovirus B19
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Orf
- Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
- Varicella-Zoster Virus
- Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
- Parvovirus B19
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Orf
- Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
- Orofacial Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
- Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
- Other Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
- Diagnosis
- Varicella Zoster Virus
- Herpes Zoster
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
- Parvovirus B19
- Molluscum Contagiosum
- Orf and Milker’s Nodules
- Warts (Verrucae)
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Risk Factors
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Home Remedies
- Over-the-Counter Treatment
- Office-based Treatment
- Patient Education
- Section 15. Urogenital Tract
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Background/Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Prerenal Causes
- Intrinsic Causes
- Postrenal Causes
- Prerenal
- Intrinsic
- Postrenal
- Approach to Diagnosis
- Approach to Treatment
- Prognosis and Outcomes
- Developing Issues—Biomarkers
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
- Approach to the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Staging
- General Approach to Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Strategies to Slow Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
- Blood Pressure Control
- RAS Blockade: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
- The Effect of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Disease-Specific Therapy
- Dietary Protein Restriction and Plant-Based Diets
- Other Lifestyle Interventions
- Avoiding Nephrotoxic Medications
- Clinical Manifestations of Kidney Failure
- Measures Designed to Treat Comorbidity in Kidney Disease
- Anemia
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Divalent Ion Metabolism
- Hyperkalemia
- Volume Overload
- Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral Bone Disorder
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Malignant Tumors of the Urogenital Tract
- Prostate cancer
- Benign and malignant renal rumors
- Urothelial cell carcinoma
- Primary carcinoma of the prostate and urethra
- Penile cancer
- Testicular cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Benign and malignant renal tumors
- Urothelial cell carcinoma
- Primary urothelial carcinoma of the prostate and urethra
- Penile cancer
- Testicular cancer
- Prostate Cancer
- Background
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Benign and Malignant Renal Tumors
- Background
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Urothelial Cell Carcinoma
- Background
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Bladder
- Upper Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma
- Primary Carcinoma of the Prostate and Urethra
- Background
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Penile Cancer
- Background
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Testicular Cancer
- Background
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nephrolithiasis
- Prevention
- Pathophysiology
- Calcium Stones
- Vitamin D Supplements
- Oxalate
- Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Uric Acid Stones
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Renal Stones
- Ureteral Stones
- Complications
- Monitoring
- Primary Glomerular Disease
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis of the Primary Glomerular Diseases
- General Management of Primary Glomerular Diseases
- Treatment of Primary Glomerulonephritis
- Therapy of Specific Glomerular Diseases
- Minimal-Change Disease
- Primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Primary Membranous Glomerulonephritis
- IgA Nephropathy
- Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis due to Alternate Complement Pathway Abnormalities
- Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology and Microbial Etiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment Considerations
- Outpatient Management
- Inpatient Management
- Complications
- Prevention
- Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract
- Renal Trauma
- Ureteral Trauma
- Bladder Trauma
- Urethral Trauma
- Trauma to the External Genitalia
- Conclusion
- Urethral Stricture Disease
- Diagnosis
- Acute Treatment
- Long-Term Treatment
- Urinary Incontinence
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestation
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Stress Urinary Incontinence
- Urgency Urinary Incontinence
- Mixed Urinary Incontinence
- Overflow Incontinence
- Complications
- Section 16. Men’s Health
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Active Surveillance and Watchful Waiting
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Medical Therapy
- α-Blocker Medications
- 5α-Reductase Inhibitors
- Minimally Invasive Procedures
- Surgical Therapy
- Summary
- Epididymitis and Orchitis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy/Treatment
- Complications
- Erectile Dysfunction
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Prostate Cancer
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Prostatitis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy (or Treatment)
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Urinary Tract Infections in the Male
- Definitions
- Introduction
- Incidence and Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Clinical Evaluation
- Treatment
- Monitoring and Prevention
- Management of Complications
- Special Considerations
- Section 17. Women’s Health
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Amenorrhea
- Etiology
- Evaluation
- History
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory Studies
- Imaging Studies
- Diagnoses and Management
- Anatomic Causes
- Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
- Hyperprolactinemia and Pituitary Causes
- Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- Bacterial Infections of the Urinary Tract in Women
- Acute Cystitis (Urinary Tract Infection)
- Acute Pyelonephritis
- Urethritis
- Asymptomatic Bacteruria
- Recurrent Cystitis
- Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
- Benign Breast Disease
- Presentation and Workup
- Breast Cancer Screening
- Palpable Breast Mass
- Nipple Discharge
- Benign Lesions
- Nonproliferative Lesions
- Proliferative Lesions Without Atypia
- Proliferative Lesions with Atypia
- Miscellaneous Benign Breast Conditions
- High-Risk Evaluation and Management
- Chemoprevention
- Breast Cancer
- Overview
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Risk Reduction
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Treatment
- Monitoring and Survivorship
- Cancer of the Endometrium
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Type I Tumors
- Type II Tumors
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Staging
- Treatment
- Adjuvant Therapy
- Early-Stage Disease
- Advanced-Stage Disease
- Recurrent Disease
- Hormone Therapy
- Targeted Therapy
- Monitoring
- Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention and Screening
- Staging
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- Contraception
- Nonhormonal Methods
- Combined Hormonal Contraception
- Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills
- Contraceptive Patch
- Vaginal Ring
- Progestin-Only Contraceptives
- Pill
- Injectable
- Intrauterine System
- Implant
- Permanent
- Emergency Contraception
- Counseling
- Dysmenorrhea
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- COX-2 Inhibitors
- Oral Contraceptives
- Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
- Topical Heat and Infrared Light
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine Approaches
- Herbal
- Acupressure and Acupuncture
- Yoga and Other Physical Activity
- Spinal Manipulation
- Surgical Treatment
- Treatment of Endometriosis
- Endometriosis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis/Differential Diagnosis
- Medical Therapy
- Surgical Therapy
- Monitoring
- Female Sexual Concerns
- Introduction
- Origins and Etiologies of Sexual Concerns
- Clinical Manifestations and Diagnoses
- Evaluation
- Therapy or Treatment
- Monitoring and Follow-up
- Complications
- Infertility
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Male Factors
- Female Factors
- Ovulatory Dysfunction
- Tubal Factor
- Uterine Factor
- Combined
- Unexplained
- Prior Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Menopause
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Side Effects of Systemic Hormone Therapy
- Safety of Hormone Therapy
- Early/Induced Menopause
- Extended Use/Discontinuation of Systemic Hormone Therapy
- Financial Disclosure
- Ovarian Cancer
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Patient Monitoring and Counseling
- Complications
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pharmacologic Treatments
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
- Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs)
- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Agonists
- Investigational GABA-ergic Neuroactive Steroids
- Estrogens
- Androgens
- Progesterone
- Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator
- Anxiolytics
- Clonidine
- Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options
- Psychotherapy
- Neurofeedback
- Surgery
- Complementary and Integrative Medicine Approaches
- Herbal Preparations
- Vitamins
- Physical Activity
- Diet
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Uterine Leiomyoma
- Pathophysiology
- Epidemiology/Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Anemia
- Bulk Symptoms
- Reproductive and Pregnancy Impact
- Diagnosis
- History and Physical Exam
- Imaging
- Treatment
- Medical Treatment
- Procedural Treatment
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Vulvar Neoplasia
- Benign Cystic Neoplasms
- Benign Solid Neoplasms
- Condyloma Acuminatum
- Intraepithelial Neoplasms of the Vulva
- Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia
- Paget’s Disease
- Invasive Vulvar Lesions
- Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Adenocarcinomas
- Verrucous Carcinoma
- Malignant Melanoma
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Sarcomas
- Vulvovaginitis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Bacterial Vaginosis
- Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
- Trichomonas
- Noninfectious Vaginitis
- Section 18. Pregnancy and Antepartum Care
- Antepartum Care
- Antepartum Care
- Timeline of Routine Antepartum Care
- First Visit and Early Care
- History
- Domestic Violence Screening and Counseling
- Examination
- Laboratory Studies
- Other Studies
- Education
- Follow-up
- 15 to 20 Weeks’ Gestation
- Interval History
- Alpha-Fetoprotein and Aneuploidy Testing
- Physical Findings
- Ultrasonography
- 20 to 35 Weeks’ Gestation
- Interval History
- Physical Findings
- Laboratory Studies
- Follow-up
- 36 to 41 Weeks’ Gestation
- Physical Findings
- Laboratory Studies
- Follow-up
- Late Term and Postterm Gestation
- Common Concerns of the Antenatal Period
- Bleeding
- Nausea
- Nutrition and Weight Gain
- Heartburn
- Urinary Symptoms
- Infection
- Varicose Veins
- Constipation
- Upper Extremity Discomfort
- Backache and Pelvic Discomfort
- Leg Cramps
- Intercourse
- Dental Care
- X-rays, Ionizing Radiation, and Imaging
- Immunization
- Tests of Fetal Well-Being
- Nonstress Test
- Biophysical Profile
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations
- Transvaginal Ultrasonography
- Hormonal Assays
- Uterine Aspiration
- Treatment and Therapeutic Monitoring
- Surgical Management
- Medical Management
- Expectant Management
- Trauma-Informed Care
- Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Chronic Hypertension
- Gestational Hypertension
- Preeclampsia With and Without Severe Features
- Complications
- HELLP Syndrome
- Eclampsia
- Postpartum Care
- Postpartum Hemorrhage
- Postpartum Care After Hospital Dismissal
- Fever and Infection
- Immunization
- Breastfeeding
- Contraception
- Other Considerations
- Postpartum Depression
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Depression Postpartum
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Management of Complications
- Vaginal Bleeding in Pregnancy
- Vaginal Bleeding in Late Pregnancy
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Vaginal Bleeding in Early Pregnancy
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Management
- Section 19. Children’s Health
- Acute Leukemia in Children
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Prognosis
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Not Otherwise Categorized
- Etiology
- Predispositions
- Cellular Pathogenesis
- Bone Marrow
- Reticuloendothelial System
- Thymus
- Bones
- Gums
- Skin
- Central Nervous System
- Kidneys
- Genitourinary
- Molecular Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation
- Medical Emergencies in Childhood Leukemia
- Differential Diagnosis
- Risk Stratification
- Treatment
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia
- Relapse
- Late Effects
- Adolescent Health
- Setting the Stage for the Adolescent Visit
- Consent and Confidentiality Laws—Consent Does Not Equal Confidential
- The HEADS Interview
- Home/Education/Employment/Activities/Accident Prevention
- Diet/Disordered Eating
- Drugs (Substance Use)
- Depression/Anxiety/Suicide/Self-Harm
- Sex
- Sleep/Social Media
- Pandemic/Post-pandemic Screening
- Summary
- Asthma in Children
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Allergens
- Chemical Irritants
- Medications
- Other
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- History
- Physical Examination
- Imaging
- Pulmonary Function Testing
- Bronchial Provocation Testing
- Upper Airway
- Large Airway Obstruction
- Small Airway Obstruction
- Other
- Allergy Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Rescue Medications
- Controller Medications
- Starting Treatment
- Add-On Treatments
- Asthma Exacerbations
- Monitoring
- Asthma Action Plan
- Complications
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Behavioral Interventions
- Pharmacotherapy
- Stimulants
- Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (NRIs)
- Alpha2 Agonists
- Other Agents
- Side Effects
- Monitoring
- Complications
- When to Refer
- Bronchiolitis
- Background
- Epidemiology and Virology
- Coronavirus Disease 2019
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Outpatient Management
- Inpatient Management
- Complications
- Diabetes Mellitus in Children
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes: Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Prediction and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Without Ketoacidosis or After Ketoacidosis Has Resolved)
- Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Diabetes Self-Management Education
- Mental Health Considerations in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Goals of Therapy for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Sick Day Management
- Risk for Additional Autoimmune Disorders
- Screening for Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Technologic Changes in the Care for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 2 Diabetes in Children
- Monogenic or Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth
- Encopresis
- Retentive Encopresis
- Initial Disimpaction
- Older Children—Slow Disimpaction
- Maintenance Therapy
- Nonretentive Encopresis
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- History
- Physical Examination
- Retentive Encopresis
- Nonretentive Encopresis
- Treatment
- Epilepsy in Infants and Children
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Management
- History and Physical Examination
- Diagnostic Studies
- Specific Epilepsy Syndromes
- Neonatal Seizures
- Febrile Seizures
- Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome
- Dravet Syndrome
- Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
- Childhood and Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
- Self-Limited Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes, Self-Limited Epilepsy With Autonomic Seizures, and Childhood Occipital Visual Epilepsy
- Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
- Other Epilepsy Syndromes With a Poor Prognosis
- Tumors
- Cortical Dysgenesis
- Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis
- Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome
- Dravet Syndrome
- Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
- Epilepsy With Myoclonic-Atonic Seizures
- Childhood Absence Epilepsy
- Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
- Self-Limited Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes
- Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
- Coexisting Conditions
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- 1. Trials of Additional Medication
- 2. Surgery
- 3. Diet Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Notice
- Infant and Children Feeding Problems
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Monitoring
- Enteral Feeding
- Complications
- Infant Hyperbilirubinemia
- Background
- Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis
- Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
- Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Phototherapy
- Escalation of Care
- Exchange Transfusion
- Pharmacologic Treatment
- Complications
- Mitochondrial Disease
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Noninvasive Biochemical Analysis
- Neuroimaging
- Genetic Diagnostic Testing
- Invasive Tissue Testing
- Treatment
- Acute Symptom Management
- Chronic Management
- Preventative Therapies
- Future Therapies
- Monitoring
- Considerations
- Conflicts of Interest
- Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children, Post-COVID-19
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Initial Evaluation
- Subsequent Evaluations
- Cardiac Tests
- Coagulation Tests
- Hemophagocytosis Tests
- Treatment
- Immune Modulators
- Antithrombotic Therapy
- Adjunctive Therapies
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Nocturnal Enuresis
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- History
- Onset and Frequency
- Timing, Frequency, and Volume per Episode
- Associated Symptoms
- Volume of First Morning Void
- Soundness of Sleep
- Past Health
- Family History
- Physical Examination
- Laboratory and Imaging Studies
- Treatment
- Obesity in Children
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Associated Comorbidities
- Cardiometabolic and Cardiovascular
- Endocrine
- Pulmonary
- Gastrointestinal
- Musculoskeletal
- Psychosocial
- Dermatologic
- Neurologic
- Clinical Evaluation of the Child With Obesity
- Treatment
- Weight Management Goals
- Lifestyle Interventions
- Physical Activity
- Nutrition
- Pharmacologic Therapy
- Bariatric Procedures
- Types of Bariatric Procedures
- Conclusion
- Parenteral Fluid Therapy for Infants and Children
- Introduction
- Maintenance Intravenous Fluid Therapy
- Resuscitation Intravenous Fluid Therapy
- Replacement Intravenous Fluids
- Sodium Disorders
- Hyponatremia
- Hypernatremia
- Pediatric Failure to Thrive
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Pediatric Sleep Disorders
- Introduction
- Developmental Aspects of Sleep
- Clinical Approach
- Taking a Sleep History
- Past Medical History/Family History
- Focused Physical Examination
- Diagnostic Tools
- Polysomnography
- Overnight Oximetry
- Sleep Logs/Actigraphy
- Multiple Sleep Latency Test
- Common Pediatric Sleep Diagnoses and Treatment
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestation
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Difficulty with Sleep Initiation and Night Wakings
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Restless Legs Syndrome/Willis Ekbom Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Parasomnias
- Risk Factors
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Hypersomnias
- Resuscitation of the Newborn
- Transition From Fetal to Extrauterine Life
- Risk Factors for Newborn Resuscitation
- Reaction to Hypoxia and Asphyxia
- Preparation for Newborn Resuscitation
- Sequence of Newborn Resuscitation
- Initial Steps and Basic Resuscitation
- Respiratory Support and Positive-Pressure Ventilation
- Chest Compressions
- Medications for Newborn Resuscitation
- Special Considerations
- Endotracheal Intubation
- Premature Infants
- Meconium Staining of the Amniotic Fluid
- Crying and Vigorous Infant
- Nonvigorous Infant
- Newborn Resuscitation Outside of the Delivery Room
- Withholding and Withdrawing Newborn Resuscitation
- Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children
- Clinical Diagnosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Imaging
- Treatment
- Voiding Dysfunction
- Prophylaxis
- Section 20. Physical and Chemical Injuries
- Burns
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Prevention
- Pathophysiology
- Burning Tissue
- Clinical Manifestations
- Special Situations
- Ocular Injuries
- Nonaccidental Trauma
- Chemical Burns
- Electrical Injuries
- Therapy and Treatment
- First Aid and Office Management
- Initial Hospital Management
- Management of Inhalation Injury
- Burn Management
- Fluid Resuscitation and Monitoring
- Burn Center Referral Criteria and Transfer
- Complications
- Disturbances Due to Cold
- Mild Hypothermia: 32.2°C to 35°C (90°F to 95°F)
- Moderate Hypothermia: 28°C to 32.2°C (82.4°F to 90°F)
- Severe Hypothermia: Less than 28°C (82.4°F)
- Frostnip
- Frostbite
- Chilblain
- Trench Foot
- Accidental Systemic Hypothermia
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Skin
- Physiologic
- Decreased Heat Production
- Increased Heat Loss
- Impaired Thermoregulation
- Psychological
- Environmental
- Mechanical
- Cardiovascular System
- Renal System
- Respiratory System
- Central Nervous System
- Coagulation
- Clinical Presentation
- Emergency Department Evaluation
- Rewarming Strategies
- Passive External Warming
- Active External Rewarming
- Active Core Rewarming
- Peripheral Cold Injuries
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation of Local Extremity Issues
- Frostnip and Frostbite
- Chilblain
- Trench Foot and Immersion Foot
- Treatment
- Sequelae
- Heat Illness
- Risk Factors
- Heat Edema
- Heat Cramps
- Exercise-Associated Collapse
- Heat Exhaustion
- Heat Stroke and Heat Injury
- Return to Play
- High-Altitude Illness
- Acclimatization
- High-Altitude Headache
- Acute Mountain Sickness
- High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- High-Altitude Headache
- Acute Mountain Sickness
- Prophylaxis
- Mild
- Moderate to Severe
- High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- Prophylaxis (only in patients with history of prior high-altitude pulmonary edema)
- Treatment
- Concurrent High-Altitude Pulmonary and Cerebral Edema
- Physiologic Adaptation and Pathophysiology
- High-Altitude Headache
- High-Altitude Syndromes
- Acute Mountain Sickness
- High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
- Acetazolamide
- Dexamethasone
- Nifedipine
- Tadalafil (Cialis)1 and Sildenafil (Viagra)1
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema
- High-Altitude Retinopathy
- Upper Respiratory Disorders at High Altitude
- Additional Considerations
- Acetazolamide and Sulfa Allergy
- Pregnancy
- Children
- Older Adults
- Sickle Cell Trait and Altitude
- Marine Poisonings, Envenomations, and Trauma
- Ingestions
- Jellyfish
- Trauma
- Ingestions
- Ciguatera Fish Poisoning
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Gastrointestinal Pattern
- Neurologic Pattern
- Cardiovascular Pattern
- Scombroid
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Other Ingested Toxins
- Envenomations
- Jellyfish
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Echinoderms
- Stingrays
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Other Venomous Sea Creatures
- Trauma
- Environmental Hazards
- Sharks
- Management of Marine Trauma
- Medical Toxicology
- Introduction
- Assessment and Maintenance of Vital Functions
- Toxicology Screens
- Use of Antidotes
- Approach to the Patient With Suspected Toxic Ingestion Based on Clinical Manifestations
- Nervous System Manifestations
- Metabolic Abnormalities
- Clues From Anion Gap
- Clues From Serum Osmolal Gap
- Gastrointestinal Decontamination
- Enhancement of Elimination
- Treatment and Monitoring Based Upon Toxin
- Acetaminophen
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Lab Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Amphetamines
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Lab Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Anticholinergics
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Barbiturates
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Benzodiazepines
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Beta Blockers
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Carbon Monoxide
- Toxic Dose and Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Caustics and Corrosives
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Cocaine
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Cyanide
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Digitalis
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Ethanol
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Ethylene Glycol
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Hydrocarbons
- Toxic Dose and Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Iron
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Isopropyl Alcohol
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Lead
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Lithium
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Methanol
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Opioids
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Organophosphates and Carbamates
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Salicylates
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Tricyclic and Cyclic Antidepressants
- Toxic Dose
- Manifestations
- Laboratory Investigations
- Management
- Disposition
- Spider Bites and Scorpion Stings
- Black Widow Bite
- Brown Recluse Bite
- Bark Scorpion Sting
- Black Widow Bite
- Brown Recluse Bite
- Bark Scorpion Sting
- Spider Bites
- Brown Recluse Spider
- Black Widow Spiders
- Tarantulas
- Scorpion Stings
- Venomous Snakebite
- Crotalinae (Rattlesnake, Copperhead, Cottonmouth) Bite
- Coral Snake Bite
- Crotalinae Bite
- Coral Snake Bite
- Diagnostic and Management Overview
- Initial Management
- Snake Identification
- Factors Affecting Toxicity and the Severity of Envenomation
- Crotalid Envenomations
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Effects
- Duration of Clinical Effects
- Severity of Envenomation
- Management
- Determining Whether Envenomation Has Occurred and Its Severity
- Initial Hospital Management
- Indications for Antivenom
- Treatment of Local Tissue Injury
- Maintenance Doses
- Long-Term Local Tissue Effects
- Hematologic Abnormalities and Bleeding
- Late Hematologic Effects
- Disposition
- Coral Snake Envenomations
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Effects
- Management
- Exotic Snakebite
- Epidemiology and Clinical Effects
- Management
- Section 21. Preventive Health
- Immunization Practices
- Definitions and Background
- Physiology of Vaccines
- Immunization Recommendations
- Disease Prevention
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Pneumococcal Vaccine Update
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines
- Mpox Virus Vaccine
- Immunization Responsibility
- General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling
- Route of Administration
- Storage
- Vaccine Safety
- Contraindications and Adverse Events
- Barriers
- Recording Vaccinations
- Special Populations
- Children
- Breastfeeding
- Pregnancy
- Altered Immunocompetence
- Healthcare Personnel
- Travel Medicine
- Vaccinations
- Routine Vaccines
- Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
- Poliovirus Vaccine
- Tetanus-Diphtheria-Pertussis Vaccine
- Varicella Vaccine
- Influenza Vaccine
- Pneumococcal Vaccine
- Recommended Travel Vaccines
- Hepatitis A Vaccine
- Typhoid Vaccine
- Hepatitis B Vaccine
- Cholera Vaccine
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine
- Rabies Vaccine
- Chikungunya Virus Disease Vaccine
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine
- Required Vaccines
- Yellow Fever Vaccine
- Meningococcal Vaccine
- Malaria
- Malaria Chemoprophylaxis
- Post-Travel
- COVID-19
- Personal Protection Measures
- Traveler’s Diarrhea
- Treatment
- High-Altitude Illness
- Prevention of High-Altitude Illnesses
- Treatment
- Summary
- Section 22. Emerging Therapies
- Artificial Intelligence and Primary Care
- Introduction
- Defining Terms, Evolution, and Development
- Defining Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
- Evolution and Development of Artificial Intelligence
- How Artificial Intelligence Works: An Example
- Artificial Intelligence in Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment
- Artificial Intelligence in Screening and Prevention
- Screening for Suicide Risk: An Example
- Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosing
- Image Analysis in Pulmonology: An Example
- Image Analysis in Gynecology: An Example
- Electrocardiogram Image Analysis in Cardiology: A Final Example
- Treating Patients With Vague/Subjective Complaints
- Administrative Medicine and Health Systems Impact
- Artificial Intelligence, Time Demands, and Physician Burnout
- Artificial Intelligence and Electronic Medical Record Progress Notes
- Patient Education/Patient Handouts
- Billing and the Full-Function Electronic Medical Record
- Prior Authorization
- Improving Patient Scheduling With Artificial Intelligence Assistance
- Artificial Intelligence and Health System Impact
- Concerns Associated With Artificial Intelligence
- Energy Use in Artificial Intelligence
- Bias and Other Concerns
- Conclusion
- Genomic Testing
- Genotyping
- Pharmacogenomics
- Direct-To-Consumer Genotyping
- Cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
- Whole Exome Sequencing/Genome Sequencing
- Conclusion
- Genomic Resources
- General
- Education
- Med-Legal
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Introduction
- Properties of Antibodies as Drugs
- Monoclonal Antibody Structure
- Therapeutic Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal Antibody Side Effects
- Monoclonal Antibody Nomenclature
- Examples of Monoclonal Antibodies Used in Clinical Practice
- Oncology
- Rituximab (Rituxan)
- Bevacizumab (Avastin)
- Cetuximab (Erbitux)
- Ipilimumab (Yervoy)
- Nivolumab (Opdivo)
- Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
- Rheumatologic/Autoimmune Diseases
- Infliximab (Remicade)
- Tocilizumab (Actemra)
- Belimumab (Benlysta)
- Basiliximab (Simulect)
- Gastrointestinal Diseases
- Ustekinumab (Stelara)
- Vedolizumab (Entyvio)
- Hematology
- Emicizumab (Hemlibra)
- Caplacizumab (Cablivi)
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Alirocumab (Praluent)
- Pulmonary Disease
- Omalizumab
- Allergic Conditions
- Mepolizumab (Nucala)
- Dupilumab (Dupixent)
- Neurologic Conditions
- Natalizumab (Tysabri)
- Infectious Diseases
- SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
- Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab
- Bebtelovimab
- Sotrovimab
- Casirivimab/Imdevimab (Regen-COV)
- Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (Evusheld)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- Palivizumab (Synagis)
- Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax)
- Raxibacumab
- Clostridium difficile
- Bezlotoxumab (Zinplava)
- Drug-Reversal Agents
- Digoxin Immune Fab (Digifab)
- Idarucizumab (Praxbind)
- Stem Cell Therapy
- Transplantation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Acute Graft Versus Host Disease
- Stem Cell Therapy in Knee Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Diseases
- Stem Cell Therapy for Neurologic Disorders
- Other Promising Indications for Stem Cell Therapy
- Section 23. Appendix
- Biologic Agents Reference Chart
- Popular Herbs and Nutritional Supplements
- Toxic Chemical Agents Reference Chart
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 29, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780443121814
- eBook ISBN: 9780443122514
RK
Rick D. Kellerman
Affiliations and expertise
Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine- Wichita, Wichita, KansasJH
Joel J. Heidelbaugh
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan