Comprehensive Textbook of Clinical Radiology Volume VI: Musculoskeletal System

Cover image

Title page

Table of Contents

Copyright

Foreword

Foreword

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

    List of Illustrations

    List of Tables

SECTION 14. Musculoskeletal Radiology

PART I. General MSK Radiology and Imaging

14.1.  Radiography and imaging techniques

14.1.1.  RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES: THE BASIC ART OF MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY

14.1.2.  DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

14.1.3.  MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND: GENERAL PRINCIPLES, EQUIPMENT AND REPORTING TERMINOLOGY

14.1.4.  COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL APPLICATIONS

14.1.5.  MYELOGRAPHY AND DISCOGRAPHY

14.1.6.  ANGIOGRAPHY (ARTERIOGRAPHY AND VENOGRAPHY)

14.1.7.  SKELETAL SCINTIGRAPHY

14.1.8.  MRI IN MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING

14.1.9.  PET-CT TECHNIQUES

14.2.  Embryology, bone formation and growth

14.3.  Peripheral nerve anatomy – USG and MRI

14.4.  Radiologic approach to musculoskeletal lesions

14.4.1.  BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING

14.4.2.  APPROACH TO BONE TUMOURS: BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT TUMOURS

14.4.3.  APPROACH TO GENERALISED ACCELERATED SKELETAL MATURATION

14.4.4.  APPROACH TO RETARDED SKELETAL MATURATION

14.4.5.  APPROACH TO PREMATURE CLOSURE OF GROWTH PLATE

14.5.  Bone marrow disorders

14.5.1.  BONE MARROW IMAGING: NORMAL ANATOMY, CONVERSION, RECONVERSION, VARIANTS AND POST TREATMENT CHANGES

14.5.2.  BONE MARROW OEDEMA PATTERNS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE

14.5.3.  OSTEONECROSIS

14.5.4.  IMAGING OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS

14.6.  Bone tumours and tumour like conditions

14.6.1.  INTRODUCTION

14.6.2.  OSTEOGENIC TUMOURS

14.6.3.  CARTILAGE-FORMING TUMOURS

14.6.4.  FIBROUS TUMOURS OF BONE

14.6.5.  OTHER OSSEOUS TUMOURS

14.6.6.  TUMOUR LIKE CONDITIONS

14.7.  Arthritis

14.7.1.  ARTHRITIS: OVERVIEW AND IMAGING APPROACH

14.7.2.  RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

14.7.3.  SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHRITIS

14.7.4.  IMAGING IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

14.7.5.  OSTEOARTHRITIS

14.7.6.  CRYSTAL-ASSOCIATED ARTHRITIS

14.7.7.  ARTHROPATHIES OF NEUROPATHIC ORIGIN

14.7.8.  ULTRASOUND IN ARTHRITIS

14.8.  Synovial diseases

14.8.1.  THE SYNOVIUM, IMAGING, ASPIRATION AND BIOPSY

14.8.2.  INFLAMMATORY SYNOVITIS

14.8.3.  INFECTIVE SYNOVITIS

14.8.4.  OSTEOARTHRITIC, CRYSTAL AND PROSTHETIC SYNOVITIS

14.8.5.  HAEMOSIDERIC AND TRAUMATIC SYNOVITIS

14.8.6.  BENIGN SYNOVIAL TUMOURS

14.8.7.  MALIGNANT SYNOVIAL TUMOURS

14.9.  Soft tissue tumours

14.9.1.  INTRODUCTION, APPROACH, BIOPSY AND MANAGEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE TUMOURS

14.9.2.  ADIPOCYTIC TUMOURS

14.9.3.  FIBROBLASTIC AND MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOURS

14.9.4.  FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMOURS

14.9.5.  SMOOTH MUSCLE TUMOURS

14.9.6.  PERICYTIC TUMOURS

14.9.7.  SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMOURS

14.9.8.  CHONDRO-OSSEOUS TUMOURS

14.9.9.  TUMOURS OF UNCERTAIN DIFFERENTIATION

14.9.10.  PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOURS

14.9.11.  SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS LESIONS

14.9.12.  SOFT-TISSUE TUMOUR MIMICS

14.9.13.  PAEDIATRIC SOFT-TISSUE TUMOURS

14.10.  Musculoskeletal infections

14.10.1.  OSTEOMYELITIS

14.10.2.  JOINT AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS

14.10.3.  SPECIFIC PATHOGENS AND SITUATIONS IN MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTIONS

14.10.4.  MUSCULOSKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS

14.10.5.  CONDITIONS OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY

14.11.  Stress fractures

14.12.  Imaging in sports medicine

PART II. Paediatric MSK

14.13.  Congenital and developmental conditions

14.13.1.  ARTHROGRYPOSIS

14.13.2.  AMNIOTIC BAND SEQUENCE

14.13.3.  CEREBRAL PALSY

14.13.4.  MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DOWN SYNDROME

14.13.5.  FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA

14.13.6.  IMAGING OF CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES

14.13.7.  NEUROFIBROMATOSIS: MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS

14.13.8.  OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

14.13.9.  TURNER SYNDROME: MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS

14.13.10.  GLENOID HYPOPLASIA

14.13.11.  MADELUNG DEFORMITY

14.13.12.  ULNAR VARIANCE

14.13.13.  DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP

14.13.14.  SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS

14.13.15.  PROXIMAL FEMORAL FOCAL DEFICIENCY

14.13.16.  OSGOOD–SCHLATTER DISEASE

14.13.17.  SINDING–LARSEN–JOHANSSON DISEASE

14.13.18.  BLOUNT DISEASE

14.13.19.  PES PLANUS

14.13.20.  PES CAVUS

14.13.21.  CONGENITAL TALIPES EQUINOVARUS

14.13.22.  CONGENITAL VERTICAL TALUS

14.13.23.  TARSAL COALITION

14.13.24.  OSSICLES OF THE FOOT

14.13.25.  BONE AGE ESTIMATION

14.14.  Skeletal dysplasia

14.15.  Physeal, epiphyseal and apophyseal lesions

PART III. Systemic Diseases with MSK Involvement

14.16.  Systemic diseases with MSK involvement

14.16.1.  MUSCULOSKELETAL COMPLICATIONS OF PARAPLEGIA

14.16.2.  ACRO-OSTEOLYSIS

14.16.3.  SICKLE CELL DISEASE

14.16.4.  THALASSEMIA

14.16.5.  MYELOFIBROSIS

14.16.6.  HAEMOPHILIA

14.16.7.  DIABETES

14.16.8.  HIV-AIDS

14.16.9.  SARCOIDOSIS

14.16.10.  MASTOCYTOSIS

14.16.11.  RICKETS, OSTEOMALACIA AND SCURVY

14.16.12.  TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS

14.17.  Imaging in multisystem lysosomal storage disorders and lipogranulomatous disorder

14.17.1.  GAUCHER DISEASE

14.17.2.  MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING IN MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES (MPS): UNFOLDING CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS

14.17.3.  ERDHEIM–CHESTER DISEASE

14.18.  Connective tissue disorders

14.18.1.  SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

14.18.2.  PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA)

14.18.3.  INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY

14.18.4.  MIXED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDER

14.19.  Metabolic bone disease

14.19.1.  INTRODUCTION TO METABOLIC BONE DISEASE

14.19.2.  DISORDERS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

14.19.3.  OSTEOPOROSIS

14.19.4.  PITUITARY-RELATED BONE ABNORMALITY

14.19.5.  THYROID BONE DISEASE

14.19.6.  MISCELLANEOUS METABOLIC BONE CONDITIONS

14.19.7.  NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY AND BONE HEALTH

14.19.8.  DRUG-INDUCED BONE DISORDERS

PART IV. Arthroplasties, Orthopedic Implants and Arthrodesis

14.20.  Arthroplasties and arthrodesis

14.20.1.  INTRODUCTION TO ARTHROPLASTIES

14.20.2.  HIP ARTHROPLASTY

14.20.3.  KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

14.20.4.  ANKLE ARTHROPLASTY AND ANKLE ARTHRODESIS

14.20.5.  SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

14.20.6.  ELBOW ARTHROPLASTY

14.21.  Orthopaedic hardware and hallux valgus deformity

14.21.1.  SMALL JOINT IMPLANTS AND ARTHRODESIS: HANDS AND FEET

14.21.2.  HALLUX VALGUS: PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND CORRECTIONS

14.21.3.  INTRAMEDULLARY RODS AND NAILS

14.21.4.  FIXATION PLATES

PART V. Spine

14.22.  The spine

14.22.1.  SPINE ANATOMY

14.22.2.  NORMAL VARIANTS IN SPINE

14.22.3.  IMAGING OF SPINE

14.22.4.  NORMAL MEASUREMENTS IN SPINE

14.22.5.  DEGENERATIVE SPINE I

14.22.6.  DEGENERATIVE SPINE II

14.22.7.  IMAGING IN SPINAL TRAUMA

14.22.8.  BONE TUMOURS OF THE SPINE

14.22.9.  SPINE INFECTIONS

14.22.10.  SCOLIOSIS

14.22.11.  IMAGING IN POST-OPERATIVE SPINE

14.22.12.  ULTRASOUND OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

14.22.13.  MR IMAGING OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS AND LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS

14.22.14.  INFLAMMATORY SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY

14.22.15.  IMAGING PATHOLOGIES OF SACRUM AND SACROILIAC JOINTS

14.22.16.  APPROACH TO LOW BACK PAIN IN ADULTS

PART VI. Shoulder (including Arm)

14.23.  Shoulder imaging

14.23.1.  SHOULDER JOINT (GLENOHUMERAL JOINT) ANATOMY

14.23.2.  ANATOMY OF THE ARM (MUSCLE AND NERVE)

14.23.3.  SHOULDER – NORMOGRAM

14.23.4.  ANATOMICAL VARIANTS OF THE SHOULDER

14.23.5.  SHOULDER IMAGING TECHNIQUES

14.23.6.  SHOULDER TRAUMA

14.23.7.  ULTRASOUND OF SHOULDER, TECHNIQUE

14.23.8.  ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT, CLAVICLE, STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT AND SCAPULOTHORACIC ARTICULATION

14.23.9.  IMAGING OF LABRAL INJURIES

14.23.10.  ROTATOR CUFF

14.23.11.  SHOULDER NEUROPATHIES

14.23.12.  POSTOPERATIVE SHOULDER

PART VII. Elbow (including Forearm)

14.24.  The elbow

14.24.1.  NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE ELBOW AND FOREARM

14.24.2.  NORMAL VARIANTS: ELBOW

14.24.3.  NOMOGRAM OF THE ELBOW

14.24.4.  IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN THE ELBOW

14.24.5.  TRAUMA AROUND THE ELBOW JOINT: BONES AND LIGAMENTS

14.24.6.  ELBOW TENDINOPATHY

14.24.7.  NEUROPATHY AROUND THE ELBOW JOINT

PART VIII. Wrist

14.25.  The wrist

14.25.1.  ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF THE WRIST

14.25.2.  NAMED RADIOLOGY SIGNS IN THE WRIST

14.25.3.  NORMAL VARIANTS IN THE WRIST

14.25.4.  NORMOGRAMS IN WRIST

14.25.5.  IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR THE WRIST

14.25.6.  OSSEOUS TRAUMA

14.25.7.  TRIANGULAR FIBROCARTILAGE COMPLEX AND DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT

14.25.8.  TENDON PATHOLOGIES IN THE WRIST

14.25.9.  WRIST LIGAMENTS AND INSTABILITY

14.25.10.  NEUROPATHY: COMPRESSIVE AND NON-COMPRESSIVE PATHOLOGIES OF NERVES IN WRIST

14.25.11.  MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS IN THE WRIST

PART IX. Hand and Fingers

14.26.  Sonoanatomy and sonopathology of the finger

14.26.1.  ANATOMY (INCLUDING NORMAL VARIANTS)

14.26.2.  ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE HAND AND FINGER (PATHOLOGIES)

14.26.3.  NORMOGRAM

14.26.4.  IMAGING TECHNIQUES

14.26.5.  TRAUMA (RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA IN FINGERS)

14.26.6.  LIGAMENTOUS PATHOLOGIES OF THE FINGER AND THUMB

14.26.7.  TENDINOUS PATHOLOGIES OF THE FINGER AND THUMB

14.26.8.  MISCELLANEOUS

PART X. Hip and Pelvis (including Thigh)

14.27.  Hip and pelvis (including thigh)

14.27.1.  ANATOMY OF HIP JOINT, SACROILIAC JOINT AND THIGH

14.27.2.  PAEDIATRIC HIP

14.27.3.  USG HIP, NORMAL TECHNIQUE AND SPECIFIC INDICATIONS

14.27.4.  IMAGING OF HIP VARIANTS

14.27.5.  HIP NORMOGRAMS

14.27.6.  IMAGING TECHNIQUES OF THE HIP JOINT

14.27.7.  CT OF PELVIC RING INJURIES

14.27.8.  ACETABULAR FRACTURE AND HIP DISLOCATIONS

14.27.9.  PROXIMAL FEMORAL FRACTURES

14.27.10.  MUSCLE PATHOLOGIES OF THIGH

14.27.11.  MUSCULOTENDINOUS CAUSE FOR HIP PAIN

14.27.12.  ACETABULAR LABRAL PATHOLOGIES

14.27.13.  FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT IMAGING

14.27.14.  IDIOPATHIC CHONDROLYSIS OF HIP

14.27.15.  TRANSIENT SYNOVITIS OF HIP

14.27.16.  PERTHES DISEASE

14.27.17.  IMAGING OF NEUROPATHIES AROUND HIP

14.27.18.  POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING OF HIP

PART XI. Imaging of the Knee Joint

14.28.  The knee

14.28.1.  IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE KNEE JOINT

14.28.2.  IMAGING TECHNIQUES

14.28.3.  ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF KNEE

14.28.4.  ANATOMICAL VARIANTS OF THE KNEE

14.28.5.  KNEE NORMOGRAM (ANGLES AND MEASUREMENTS)

14.28.6.  TRAUMA

14.28.7.  CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE

14.28.8.  CORNER INJURIES

14.28.9.  MENISCAL PATHOLOGIES

14.28.10.  TENDON PATHOLOGIES

14.28.11.  ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN AND PATELLOFEMORAL INSTABILITY

14.28.12.  MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS

PART XII. Ankle and Foot

14.29.  Ankle and foot

14.29.1.  ANKLE ANATOMY

14.29.2.  ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE ANKLE: IMAGING TECHNIQUES

14.29.3.  ANATOMICAL VARIANTS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE

14.29.4.  NORMOGRAMS OF ANKLE JOINT

14.29.5.  IMAGING OF SESAMOIDS OF FIRST METATARSAL JOINT

14.29.6.  IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN THE ANKLE JOINT

14.29.7.  ANKLE TRAUMA

14.29.8.  ANKLE LIGAMENT PATHOLOGY

14.29.9.  ANKLE MUSCULOTENDINOUS PATHOLOGIES

14.29.10.  ANKLE IMPINGEMENT

14.29.11.  MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF FOOT PAIN

14.29.12.  IMAGING OF POSTOPERATIVE ANKLE JOINT

PART XIII. MSK Interventions

14.30.  MSK interventions

14.30.1.  COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY–GUIDED BONE BIOPSY

14.30.2.  IMAGE-GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS CEMENTOPLASTY

14.30.3.  CT-GUIDED MUSCULOSKELETAL INTERVENTIONS

14.30.4.  ULTRASONOGRAPHY (USG) GUIDED MUSCULOSKELETAL (MSK) INTERVENTIONS IN UPPER LIMB AND LOWER LIMB

14.30.5.  FLOUROSCOPY GUIDED MUSCULOSKELETAL INTERVENTIONS

14.30.6.  IMAGE-GUIDED SOFT TISSUE BIOPSY

14.30.7.  RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMOURS

PART XIV. Recent Advances and Future Developments

14.31.  Recent advances and future developments

14.31.1.  HIGH-FIELD MRI IN MSK APPLICATIONS: RECENT ADVANCES AND EMERGING FRONTIERS

14.31.2.  MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN ORTHOPAEDIC HARDWARE

14.31.3.  DECODING WHOLE-BODY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING-APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL MSK PRACTICE

14.31.4.  PARALLEL IMAGING AND ITS INNOVATIONS IN MSK PRACTICE: PEARLS AND PITFALLS

14.31.5.  DUAL-ENERGY CT (DECT) APPLICATIONS IN MSK

14.31.6.  DIFFUSION IMAGING AND ITS INNOVATIVE FACETS: APPLICATIONS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS

14.31.7.  ADVANCES IN IMAGING OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

14.31.8.  MR IMAGING IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE REGENERATION

14.31.9.  DYNAMIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED MRI: PERFUSION IMAGING IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MSK LESIONS

14.31.10.  DIRECT AND INDIRECT ARTHROGRAPHY

14.31.11.  PROTON MR SPECTROSCOPY IN MSK PRACTICE: CURRENT AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS AT A GLANCE

14.31.12.  DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE AND CARTILAGE

14.31.13.  UPRIGHT WEIGHT BEARING AND KINEMATIC MRI: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS IN MSK PRACTICE

14.31.14.  ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY

14.32.  Rarer diseases and syndromes in musculoskeletal radiology

14.33.  Optimizing information from musculoskeletal tissue specimens