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Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology
- 6th Edition
- Authors: Richard J. Johnson, John Feehally, Jurgen Floege, Marcello Tonelli
- Language: English
Written and edited by world leaders in nephrology, Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology, 6th Edition, by Drs. John Feehally, Jurgen Floege, Richard J. Johnson, and Marcello Tonelli,… Read more
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Written and edited by world leaders in nephrology, Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology, 6th Edition, by Drs. John Feehally, Jurgen Floege, Richard J. Johnson, and Marcello Tonelli, provides current information on clinical procedures and conditions as well as the scientific facts and pathophysiology that are foundational to nephrology practice. Ideal for practicing nephrologists, fellows, residents, and internists, it thoroughly covers fluids and electrolytes, hypertension, diabetes, dialysis, and transplantation, and more – all in a single convenient volume.
- Popular, color-coded algorithms provide easy access to key content: yellow boxes for general information, green boxes for therapeutic intervention, and blue boxes for necessary investigations.
- A "just right" amount of basic science and practical clinical guidance helps you make efficient and informed decisions.
- More than 1,500 full-color illustrations highlight key topics and detail pathogenesis for a full range of kidney conditions and clinical management.
- Cover image
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Preface
- List of Contributors
- Dedication
- Section I Essential Renal Anatomy and Physiology
- 1 Renal Anatomy
- Structure of the Kidney
- Collecting Duct System
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- Renal Interstitium
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 2 Renal Physiology
- Glomerular Structure and Ultrastructure
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Measurement of Renal Plasma Flow
- Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Tubular Transport
- Transport in Specific Nephron Segments
- Glomerulotubular Balance
- Countercurrent System
- Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone) and Water Reabsorption
- Integrated Control of Renal Function
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section II Investigation of Renal Disease
- 3 Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Measurement and Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Clearance Measurements
- Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Creatinine
- Cystatin C
- Urea and Other Metabolites
- Other Low-Molecular-Weight Serum Proteins
- Clinical Application of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Living Kidney Donor Candidates
- Drug Dosing
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 4 Urinalysis
- Definition
- The Urine Sample
- Physical Characteristics
- Chemical Characteristics
- Urine Microscopy
- Interpretation of Urine Sediment Findings
- Automated Analysis of Urine Sediment
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 5 Imaging
- Ultrasound
- Plain Radiography and Intravenous Urography
- Retrograde Pyelography
- Antegrade Pyelography
- Imaging Ileal Conduits
- Cystography
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Angiography
- Renal Venography
- Nuclear Scintigraphy
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Molecular Imaging
- Radiologic Contrast Agents
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 6 Renal Biopsy
- Indications for Renal Biopsy
- Value of Renal Biopsy
- Prebiopsy Evaluation
- Renal Biopsy Technique
- Complications of Renal Biopsy
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section III Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
- 7 Disorders of Extracellular Volume
- Extracellular Fluid Compartment
- Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Homeostasis
- Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction
- Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 8 Disorders of Water Metabolism
- Physiology of Water Balance
- Vasopressin
- Quantitation of Renal Water Excretion
- Serum Sodium Concentration, Osmolality, and Tonicity
- Estimation of Total Body Water
- Hyponatremic Disorders
- Hypernatremic Disorders
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 9 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
- Normal Physiology of Potassium Metabolism
- Hypokalemia
- Hyperkalemia
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 10 Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism
- Calcium Homeostasis and Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Phosphate Homeostasis
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Hypophosphatemia
- Magnesium Homeostasis and Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism
- Hypomagnesemia and Magnesium Deficiency
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 11 Normal Acid-Base Balance
- Definition
- Net Acid Production
- Buffer Systems in Regulation of pH
- Respiratory System in Regulation of pH
- Renal Regulation of pH
- Renal Transport Mechanisms of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate Ions
- Regulation of Renal Acidification
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 12 Metabolic Acidosis
- Definition
- Non–Anion Gap (Normal Anion Gap) Metabolic Acidosis
- Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
- Alkali Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 13 Metabolic Alkalosis
- Definition
- Bicarbonate Transport Along the Nephron
- Factors Affecting Bicarbonate Reabsorption and Secretion
- Pathophysiology of Metabolic Alkalosis
- Etiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Special Problems in Management
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 14 Respiratory Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis, and Mixed Disorders
- Respiratory Acidosis (Primary Hypercapnia)
- Respiratory Alkalosis (Primary Hypocapnia)
- Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances
- References
- Self-assessments Questions
- Section IV Glomerular Disease
- 15 Introduction to Glomerular Disease
- Definition
- Clinical Evaluation of Glomerular Disease
- Asymptomatic Urine Abnormalities
- Macrohematuria
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Nephritic Syndrome
- Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
- Etiology
- Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease
- Treatment of Glomerular Disease
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 16 Introduction to Glomerular Disease
- Histologic Classification
- Histopathology
- General Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury
- Pathogenesis of Specific Glomerular Syndromes
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 17 Minimal Change Disease
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Laboratory Findings
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 18 Primary and Secondary (Non-Genetic) Causes of Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Natural History and Prognosis
- Treatment
- Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 19 Inherited Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
- Clinical Features of Nephrotic Syndrome
- Monogenic Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome Elucidate Its Pathogenesis
- Genotype Phenotype Correlations
- Syndromic Proteinuric Renal Disease
- Genetic Testing by Whole Exome Sequencing
- Specific Therapies for Hereditary Nephrotic Syndrome
- Future Directions
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 20 Membranous Nephropathy
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology and Genetics
- Clinical and Serologic Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Treatment Summary
- References
- 21 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis
- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 22 Glomerulonephritis Associated With Complement Disorders
- C3 Glomerulopathy
- References
- 23 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
- IgA Nephropathy
- IgA Vasculitis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 24 Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease and Goodpasture Disease
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- Transplantation
- Alport Syndrome Post-Transplant Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 25 Renal and Systemic Vasculitis
- Definition
- Small-Vessel Pauci-Immune Vasculitis
- Polyarteritis Nodosa
- Kawasaki Disease
- Takayasu Arteritis and Giant Cell Arteritis
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 26 Lupus Nephritis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Renal Biopsy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, and Pregnancy in Lupus Nephritis
- End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 27 Renal Amyloidosis and Glomerular Diseases With Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition
- Renal Amyloidosis
- Dialysis and Transplantation
- Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease
- Nonamyloid Fibrillary and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies
- Glomerular Lesions Associated With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia and Other Monoclonal Immunoglobulin M-Secreting B Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Other Types of Glomerulonephritis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 28 Rare Glomerular Disorders
- Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Without IgA Deposits
- Glomerulonephritis With Rheumatic Disease
- Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
- Other Uncommon Glomerular Disorders
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 29 Thrombotic Microangiopathies, Including Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- Definitions
- Laboratory Signs
- Pathology
- Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Management of Specific Forms of Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- Section V Diabetic Kidney Disease
- 30 Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Natural History of Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Definitions
- Pathogenesis of Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations and Natural History
- Renal Pathology
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 31 Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Glycemic Control
- Emerging Treatments for Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists
- References
- 32 Management of the Diabetic Patient With Chronic Kidney Disease
- Diagnostic Considerations
- General Management Considerations
- Monitoring Diabetic Renal Disease (Stage CKD3b-5)
- Management of Diabetes in Subjects With Stage 3B-5 CKD
- Management of Hypertension in the Diabetic Subject With Chronic Kidney Disease
- Cardiovascular Complications
- Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
- Complications From Chronic Kidney Disease
- End-Stage Renal Disease
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VI Hypertension
- 33 Normal Blood Pressure Control and the Evaluation of Hypertension
- Normal Blood Pressure Control
- Definition and Classification of Hypertension
- Evaluation of Hypertension
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 34 Primary Hypertension
- Definition
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- What Initiates the Renal Inflammatory Response?
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Diagnosis
- Natural History
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 35 Nonpharmacologic Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension
- Prevention
- Weight Loss
- Physical Activity
- Diet
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
- Psychological Stress
- Adopting Lifestyle Modifications
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 36 Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension
- Defining Who Should Receive Pharmacologic Treatment
- Blood Pressure Treatment Goals
- Guide to Selection of Antihypertensive Agents
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 37 Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertensive Emergencies and Urgencies
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Treatment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 38 Endocrine Causes of Hypertension
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 39 Other Endocrine Causes of Hypertension
- Cushing Syndrome
- Pheochromocytoma
- Adrenal Incidentaloma
- Renin-Secreting Tumor
- Acromegaly
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 40 Neurogenic Hypertension, Including Hypertension Associated With Stroke or Spinal Cord Injury
- Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Specific Syndromes
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- Section VII Renovascular Disease
- 41 Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy
- Normal Renovascular Anatomy
- Clinical Syndromes Associated With Renal Vascular Disease
- Renovascular Hypertension
- Ischemic Renal Disease
- Heart Failure and Unstable Cardiac Conditions
- Imaging Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Artery Stenosis
- Treatment of Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis and Fibromuscular Dysplasia
- Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis
- Renal Infarction
- Atheroembolic Renal Disease
- Renal Vein Thrombosis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VIII Pregnancy and Renal Disease
- 42 Renal Physiology and Complications in Normal Pregnancy
- Renal Physiology in Normal Pregnancy
- Anatomy
- Hemodynamic Changes
- Renal Tubular Changes
- Renal Complications in Normal Pregnancy
- Urinalysis and Microscopy
- Urinary Tract Infection
- Renal Calculi
- Hypertension in Pregnancy
- Preeclampsia
- Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
- Thrombotic Microangiopathy
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 43 Pregnancy With Preexisting Kidney Disease
- The Adverse Effects of Chronic Kidney Disease on Pregnancy
- Management Common to All Pregnancy With Preexisting Kidney Disease
- Renal Biopsy in Pregnancy
- Superimposed Preeclampsia
- Assessment of Fetal Well-Being
- Timing of Delivery
- Course of Chronic Kidney Disease During and After Pregnancy
- Management of Specific Renal Disorders During Pregnancy
- Dialysis in Pregnancy
- Renal Transplantation and Pregnancy
- Pregnancy in the Kidney Donor
- Summary
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- Section IX Hereditary and Congenital Diseases of the Kidney
- 44 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Definition
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Phenotypic Variability
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Novel Therapies
- Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 45 Other Cystic Kidney Diseases
- Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Nephronophthisis: Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
- Medullary Sponge Kidney
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
- Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
- Simple Cysts
- Solitary Multilocular Cysts
- Renal Lymphangiomatosis
- Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease
- Acquired Cystic Disease
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 46 Alport Syndrome and Other Familial Glomerular Syndromes
- Alport Syndrome
- Hereditary Angiopathy with Nephropathy, Aneurysms, and Cramps (HANAC Syndrome)
- Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy
- Fabry Disease (Anderson-Fabry Disease)
- Nail-Patella Syndrome
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 47 Inherited Disorders of Sodium and Water Handling
- Physiology of Sodium and Water Reabsorption
- Disorders of Sodium Handling
- Conditions With Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis, and Low-Normal Blood Pressure
- Conditions With Hypokalemia, Metabolic Alkalosis, and Hypertension
- Conditions With Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, and Normal/Low Blood Pressure
- A Condition With Hyperkalemia, Metabolic Acidosis, and Hypertension
- Inherited Disorders of Water Handling
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 48 Fanconi Syndrome and Other Proximal Tubule Disorders
- Fanconi Syndrome
- Inherited Causes of Fanconi Syndrome
- Acquired Causes of Fanconi Syndrome
- Familial Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption and Hereditary Renal Glycosuria
- Aminoacidurias
- Hereditary Defects in Uric Acid Handling
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 49 Sickle Cell Diseases and the Kidney
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Sickle Cell Nephropathy
- Clinical Manifestations of Sickle Cell Nephropathy
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Clinical Syndromes of Renal Impairment
- Investigation and Management of Sickle Cell Nephropathy
- Renal Replacement Therapy
- Sickle Cell Trait and Chronic Kidney Disease
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 50 Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
- Clinical Principles
- Development of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Renal Malformations
- Ureteral Abnormalities
- Bladder and Outflow Disorders
- General Management of Congenital RenalTract Abnormalities
- Complications
- End-Stage Renal Disease and Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section X Infectious Diseases and the Kidney
- 51 Urinary Tract Infections in Adults
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Etiologic Agents
- Clinical Syndromes
- Imaging of the Urinary Tract
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 52 Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract
- Definition
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 53 Fungal Infections of the Urinary Tract
- Candida
- Other Yeasts
- Aspergillus and Other Molds
- Endemic Fungi
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 54 The Kidney in Schistosomiasis
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Coinfection
- Diagnosis
- Schistosoma mansoni Glomerulonephritis
- Treatment
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 55 Glomerular Diseases Associated With Infection
- Bacterial Infections
- Viral Infections
- Parasitic Infections
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 56 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Kidney
- Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chronic Kidney Disease
- Glomerular Disorders
- Other Glomerular Disorders
- Systemic Inflammation and Arterionephrosclerosis
- Tubular Disorders
- Antiretroviral Therapy Dosing in Chronic Kidney Disease
- End-Stage Renal Disease
- Evaluation for Kidney Disease
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XI Urologic Disorders
- 57 Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
- Nephrolithiasis
- Specific Types of Stones
- Nephrocalcinosis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 58 Urinary Tract Obstruction
- Definitions
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Histopathologic Changes
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 59 Urologic Issues for the Nephrologist
- Advances in Management of Kidney Stones
- Urinary Tract Obstruction
- Specific Types of Obstruction
- Investigation of Hematuria
- Investigation and Management of a Renal Mass
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- Section XII Tubulointerstitial and Vascular Diseases
- 60 Acute Interstitial Nephritis
- Definition
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis Secondary to Infectious Diseases
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Systemic Diseases
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Malignant Neoplasms
- Idiopathic Acute Interstitial Nephritis
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis in Renal Transplants
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 61 Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy
- Definition
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Natural History of Vesicoureteral Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy
- Treatment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 62 Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
- Definition
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment
- Drug-Induced Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
- Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Metabolic Disorders
- Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Caused by Hereditary Diseases of the Kidney
- Chronic Interstitial Nephritis Associated With Heavy Metal Exposure
- Radiation Nephritis
- Interstitial Nephritis Mediated by Immunologic Mechanisms
- Obstructive Uropathy
- Vascular Diseases
- Infection-Associated Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 63 Endemic Nephropathies
- Mesoamerican Nephropathy
- Sri Lankan Nephropathy
- Other Endemic Nephropathies
- Potential Role of Climate Change and Global Warming
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 64 Myeloma and the Kidney
- Etiology and Pathogenesis of Myeloma
- Etiology and Pathogenesis of Renal Disease in Myeloma
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathology
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- Dialysis and Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIII Renal Disease and Cancer
- 65 Onconephrology
- Cancer and Kidney Disease
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Mortality in Cancer Patients With Kidney Disease
- Important Malignancies Associated With Kidney Disease
- Anticancer Drugs and Kidney Disease
- Metabolic Complications
- Cancer-Related Glomerulonephritis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Cancer Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIV Acute Kidney Injury
- 66 Pathophysiology and Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury
- Definition
- Etiology Overview
- Pathophysiology and Etiology of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury
- Pathophysiology and Etiology of Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury
- Pathophysiology of Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Nephrotoxic Agents and Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Other Specific Etiologies of Acute Kidney Injury
- Specific Clinical Situations
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 67 Acute Kidney Injury in the Tropics
- Snakebite
- Arthropods
- Natural Medicine
- Malaria
- Leptospirosis
- Hemorrhagic Fevers
- References
- 68 Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury
- Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury
- Diagnostic Approach to Acute Kidney Injury
- Clinical Assessment
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Acute Kidney Injury in Specific Settings
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 69 Epidemiology and Prognostic Impact of Acute Kidney Injury
- Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury
- Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury
- Association Between Acute Kidney Injury and Adverse Outcomes
- Acute Kidney Injury as a Public Health Issue
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 70 Prevention and Nondialytic Management of Acute Kidney Injury
- Risk Assessment
- Primary Preventive Measures
- Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury
- Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury Complications
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 71 Dialytic Management of Acute Kidney Injury and Intensive Care Unit Nephrology
- Organizational Aspects of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Programs
- Overview of Acute Renal Replacement Therapies
- Intermittent Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
- Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
- Vascular Access
- Anticoagulation in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
- Modality Choice and Outcomes in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
- Acute Renal Replacement Therapy During Mechanical Circulatory Support
- Drug Dosage in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 72 Dialytic Management of Refractory Heart Failure
- Definition and Scope of the Problem
- Pathogenesis
- Treatment
- Summary
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 73 Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Definition
- Pseudohepatorenal Syndrome
- Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Prevention and Treatment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XV Drug Therapy in Kidney Disease
- 74 Principles of Drug Therapy, Dosing, and Prescribing in Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Replacement Therapy
- Pharmacokinetic Principles
- Prescribing Principles for Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Replacement Therapy
- Methods of Dose Reduction
- Extracorporeal Drug Losses
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 75 Common Issues in Prescribing in Kidney Disease and Renal Replacement Therapy
- Analgesics
- Antimicrobial Agents
- Antivirals
- Immunosuppressants
- Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet Agents, Thrombolytics, and Hemostatics
- Diuretics
- Antihypertensives
- Antianginal Agents
- Antiarrhythmics
- Lipid-Lowering Agents
- Diabetes
- Drugs for Thyroid Disorders
- Mineral and Bone Disorders
- Dyspepsia, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Peptic Ulcers
- Antiemetics
- Aperients and Laxatives
- Antidiarrheals
- Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction
- Musculoskeletal Drugs
- Antiepileptics
- Antiparkinsonian Drugs
- Antimigraine Drugs
- Psychotropic Drugs
- Anemia Drugs
- Antihistamines
- Vaccines
- Vitamin Supplementation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 76 Herbal and Over-the-Counter Medicines and the Kidney
- Herbal Medications and the Kidney
- Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy
- Kidney Injury Caused by Other Medicinals
- Acute Kidney Injury
- Other Renal Complications of Herbal Remedies
- Over-the-Counter Medicines and the Kidney
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XVI Chronic Kidney Disease and the Uremic Syndrome
- 77 Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis
- Defining Chronic Kidney Disease
- Global Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
- Issues With Identifying Chronic Kidney Disease
- Outcomes of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Dialysis Epidemiology
- Epidemiologic Concepts
- Evidence Quality
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 78 Pathophysiology of Disease Progression in Proteinuric and Nonproteinuric Kidney Disease
- From Glomerular Hypertension to Loss of Size-Selective Properties
- Proximal Tubular Cell Injury
- Interstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis
- Primary Chronic Tubulointerstitial Injury
- Conclusions
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 79 Retarding Progression of Kidney Disease
- Level of Glomerular Filtration Rate and the Risk for Natural Progression
- Proteinuria Magnitude and the Risk for Natural Progression
- Diagnosis of Natural Progression
- Monitoring Kidney Disease Progression
- Therapy for Natural Progression
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 80 Clinical Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Definitions
- Clinical Presentation
- Predicting Prognosis
- Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
- Management of Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Care of the Patient With Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 81 Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Risk Factors
- Clinical Manifestations and Natural History
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 82 Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology and Natural History
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Treatment
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 83 Other Blood and Immune Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Immune Dysfunction
- Inflammation
- Immune Cell Abnormalities
- Platelet Dysfunction and Platelet Inhibitors in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Recombinant Activated Factor VII
- Estrogens
- Implications for Antiplatelet Agent Therapy
- Circulating Coagulation Factors
- Therapeutic Intervention
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 84 Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Osteitis Fibrosa: Hyperparathyroidism—High-Turnover Renal Bone Disease
- Low-Turnover Renal Bone Disease
- Osteoporosis in Chronic Kidney Disease
- β2-Microglobulin–Derived Amyloid
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 85 Neurologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Uremic Encephalopathy
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Autonomic Neuropathy
- Cranial Neuropathies
- Sleep Disorders
- Restless Legs Syndrome (Ekbom Syndrome)
- Neurologic Syndromes Associated With Renal Replacement Therapy
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 86 Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Gastrointestinal Problems in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Gastrointestinal Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- Combined Gastrointestinal and Renal Diseases
- Drugs and Gastrointestinal Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
- Specific Gastrointestinal Complications of Renal Replacement Therapy
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 87 Dermatologic Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease
- Uremic Pruritus
- Bullous Dermatoses
- Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy (Calciphylaxis)
- Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 88 Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease and Malignant Neoplasms
- Definition
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Treatment
- Cancer in Dialysis Patients
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XVII Geriatric and Palliative Nephrology
- 89 Geriatric Nephrology
- Aging-Associated Structural Changes
- Aging-Associated Changes in Renal Function
- Assessment of Renal Function in the Elderly
- Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly
- Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly
- Pathogenesis of Age-Related Chronic Kidney Disease
- Fluid and Electrolytes in Aging
- Endocrine Function and Renal Hormones
- Clinical Manifestations
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XVIII Dialytic Therapies
- 90 Approach to Renal Replacement Therapy
- Prediction of End-Stage Renal Disease
- Multidisciplinary Care in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
- When Should Dialysis Be Started?
- The Choice Between Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis
- Home Hemodialysis
- Patient Choice of Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis
- The Importance of Dialysis Access
- The Decision Whether to Offer Renal Replacement Therapy
- Advising Patients About Prognosis on Dialysis
- Conservative Kidney Care
- The Patient Who Does Not Want Dialysis
- Disagreement About a Decision to Dialyse
- Management of Disruptive Patients on Dialysis
- Resuscitation and Withdrawal of Dialysis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 91 Vascular Access for Dialytic Therapies
- Evaluation of the Patient for Vascular Access
- Primary Autogenous Vascular Access
- Secondary Autogenous Vascular Access
- Nonautogenous Prosthetic Vascular Access
- Pharmacologic Approaches for Access Patency
- Lower Limb Vascular Access
- Vascular Access Complications
- Central Venous Catheter Access
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 92 Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology
- Ultrasound
- Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters
- Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters
- Procedures on Arteriovenous Fistulas and Grafts
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 93 Hemodialysis
- Dialysis System
- Dialyzer Designs and Membranes
- Safety Monitors
- Anticoagulation
- Dialysate Fluid
- Biocompatibility
- Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration
- Uremic Toxins and Their Removal by Hemodialysis
- Additional Devices and Technologies
- Home Hemodialysis
- Dialysis Machine Choice and Other Equipment
- Water Preparation, Standards, and Plumbing
- Safety
- Wearable Artificial Kidney
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 94 Hemodialysis
- Assessment of Dialysis Dose
- Middle Molecule Removal
- Prescription of Hemodialysis
- Dialysis Adequacy
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 95 Acute Complications During Hemodialysis
- Cardiovascular Complications
- Neuromuscular Complications
- Hematologic Complications
- Pulmonary Complications
- Technical Malfunctions
- Dialysis Reactions
- Miscellaneous Complications
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 96 Peritoneal Dialysis
- Advantages and Limitations of Peritoneal Dialysis
- Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis
- Peritoneal Access
- Techniques of Peritoneal Dialysis
- Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids
- Assessments of Peritoneal Solute Transport and Ultrafiltration
- Adequacy
- Outcome of Peritoneal Dialysis
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 97 Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
- Catheter Malfunction
- Fluid Leaks
- Pain Related to Peritoneal Dialysis
- Infectious Complications
- Reduced Ultrafiltration and Ultrafiltration Failure
- Changes in Peritoneal Structure and Function
- Nutritional and Metabolic Complications
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 98 Extracorporeal Therapies for Drug Overdose and Poisoning
- When Should Extracorporeal Removal Be Considered?
- Treatment Modalities
- Extracorporeal Therapy for Specific Drugs and Poisons
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 99 Plasma Exchange
- Techniques
- Complications
- Mechanisms of Action
- Indications for Plasma Exchange
- Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIX Transplantation
- 100 Immunologic Principles in Kidney Transplantation
- Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
- Antigen Presentation
- T Cell Activation
- Effector Functions
- Allograft Rejection
- Transplantation Tolerance
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 101 Immunosuppressive Medications in Kidney Transplantation
- Small-Molecule Drugs
- Biologic Agents
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 102 Evaluation and Preoperative Management of Kidney Transplant Recipient and Donor
- Recipient Evaluation
- Donor Evaluation
- Compatibility and Immunologic Considerations
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 103 Kidney Transplantation Surgery
- Sources of Kidneys for Transplantation
- Donation Before Cardiac Death Donors
- Donation After Cardiac Death Donors
- Living Kidney Donors
- Renal Preservation
- Renal Transplantation Procedure
- Surgical Complications of Renal Transplantation
- Transplant Nephrectomy
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 104 Prophylaxis and Treatment of Kidney Transplant Rejection
- Definition
- Clinical Manifestations
- Prophylaxis and Prevention
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Summary and Recommendations
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 105 Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient
- Infectious Diseases
- Management and Prophylactic Therapy for Selected Infections
- Gastrointestinal Disease
- Transplant-Associated Malignancy
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 106 Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Conventional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
- Post-Transplantation Diabetes Mellitus (New-Onset Diabetes After Transplantation)
- Unconventional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
- Common Laboratory Abnormalities
- Bone and Mineral Metabolism After Kidney Transplantation
- Gout
- Outpatient Care
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 107 Chronic Allograft Injury
- Definitions and Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis: Nonimmunologic Factors
- Pathogenesis: Immunological Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathology
- Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 108 Recurrent Disease in Kidney Transplantation
- Definitions
- Recurrent Glomerulonephritis
- Recurrence of Specific Glomerular Diseases
- Amyloid, Light-Chain Disease, and Fibrillary and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathies
- Recurrence of Metabolic Diseases Affecting the Kidney Transplant
- Recurrence of Virus-Associated Nephropathies and Tumors in the Transplanted Kidney
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 109 Outcomes of Renal Transplantation
- Methods of Measurement and Analysis
- Variables Affecting the Outcomes of Transplantation
- Outcomes Inform the Recipient Decision
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 110 Pancreas and Islet Transplantation
- Patient Selection Criteria for Pancreas or Islet Transplantation
- Medical Evaluation
- Pancreas Transplantation
- Impact of Pancreas Transplantation on Diabetic Complications
- Islet Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- 111 Kidney Disease in Liver, Cardiac, Lung, and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Generic Issues of Kidney Disease in Nonrenal Solid Organ Transplantation
- Kidney Disease in Liver Transplantation
- Kidney Disease Before Cardiac Transplantation
- Kidney Disease in Lung Transplantation
- Kidney Disease in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- References
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XX Palliative Nephrology
- 112 Palliative Nephrology
- Prognosis
- Communication and Shared Decision Making
- Conservative Care
- Dialysis Withdrawal
- Symptom Control and Management of Last Days
- References
- Self-Assessment Questions
- Answers
- Index
- Language: English
- Edition: 6
- Published:
- Imprint: Elsevier
RJ
Richard J. Johnson
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, Division Chief, Tomas Berl Professor of Nephrology, University of Colorado–Denver, Denver, Colorado, USAJF
John Feehally
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Renal Medicine, The John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United KingdomJF
Jurgen Floege
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, GermanyMT
Marcello Tonelli
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Vice President of Health Research, University of Calgary, Senior Associate Dean of Clinical Research, Cumming School of Medicine, Professor of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada