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Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks, and Disasters

1st Edition - November 11, 2014

Editors: John F. Shroder, Jean Ellis, Douglas J. Sherman

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 6 4 8 3 - 0

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 6 5 3 8 - 7

Sea and Ocean Hazards, Risks and Disasters provides a scientific approach to those hazards and disasters related to the Earth's coasts and oceans. This is the first book to… Read more

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Sea and Ocean Hazards, Risks and Disasters provides a scientific approach to those hazards and disasters related to the Earth's coasts and oceans. This is the first book to integrate scientific, social, and economic issues related to disasters such as hazard identification, risk analysis, and planning, relevant hazard process mechanics, discussions of preparedness, response, and recovery, and the economics of loss and remediation. Throughout the book cases studies are presented of historically relevant hazards and disasters as well as the many recent catastrophes.

Chapter 1. Perspectives on Coastal and Marine Hazards and Disasters

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Geophysical Hazards
1.3. Biological/Ecological Hazards
1.4. Conclusions

Chapter 2. Tsunami Dynamics, Forecasting, and Mitigation

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Significant Advances in Tsunami Science before the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
2.3. Developments since the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami
2.4. Mitigation Measures
2.5. Conclusions

Chapter 3. Paleotsunami Research—Current Debate and Controversies

3.1. Introduction
3.2. Current Research Subjects under Debate
3.3. Future Research Directions
3.4. Conclusions/Outlook

Chapter 4. Tsunami Case Studies

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Earthquake-Generated Tsunamis
4.3. Landslide-Generated Tsunami
4.4. Volcano-Generated Tsunami

Chapter 5. Palaeostorm Surges and Inundations

5.1. Coral Rubble Ridges
5.2. Cheniers and Shelly Beach Ridges
5.3. Sand Beach Ridge Plains
5.4. Shell Ridges
5.5. Gravel Ridges
5.6. Pumice Ridges
5.7. Sand Splays
5.8. Washover Deposits
5.9. Prehistoric TC Intensity
5.10. Gaps in Chronology
5.11. Deriving Robust Return Periods from PalAeostorm Deposits
5.12. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Storm Surge Warning, Mitigation, and Adaptation

6.1. Mitigation and Adaptation
6.2. Storm Surge Barriers
6.3. Storm Surge Warning
6.4. Storm Surge Disaster Risk Reduction

Chapter 7. Storm Surge Case Studies

7.1. Introduction
7.2. The Case of Qingdao, China
7.3. The Case of Hamburg and the Elbe Estuary
7.4. The Case of the Southern Baltic Sea Coast
7.5. Concluding Remarks

Chapter 8. Sea-Level Rise: Causes, Impacts, and Scenarios for Change

8.1. Introduction
8.2. Sea-Level Definitions, Measurements, and Causes
8.3. Human Links and Drivers: Impacts of SLCs on People
8.4. Sea-Level Patterns, Trends, and Models
8.5. Conclusions, Global Warming, and Future Sea Levels

Chapter 9. Adapting to Sea Level Rise

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Coastal Systems
9.3. Global-Mean and RSLR
9.4. Sea-Level Rise and Resulting Impacts
9.5. Recent Impacts of Sea-Level Rise
9.6. Future Impacts of Sea-Level Rise
9.7. Mitigation of Sea-Level Rise
9.8. Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise
9.9. Discussion/Conclusions

Chapter 10. Storm-Induced Morphology Changes along Barrier Islands and Poststorm Recovery

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Factors Controlling Storm Impact on Barrier-Island Morphology
10.3. Morphologic Response of Barrier Islands to Storm Impact
10.4. Poststorm Recovery by Natural Processes
10.5. Summary

Chapter 11. Extreme Waves: Causes, Characteristics, and Impact on Coastal Environments and Society

11.1. What Are “Extreme” Waves?
11.2. Types of Extreme Waves and the Conditions That Produce Them
11.3. Impact of Extreme Waves on the Coastal Environment
11.4. Impact of Extreme Waves on Society and Infrastructure
11.5. Conclusion

Chapter 12. Rip Currents

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Rip Current Definition and Formation
12.3. Rip Current Occurrence, Type and Identification
12.4. Rip Current Flow and Beach Safety
12.5. Rip Current Monitoring, Modeling, Prediction, and Forecasting
12.6. Rip Current Mitigation and Outreach
12.7. Summary

Chapter 13. Sea Ice: Hazards, Risks, and Implications for Disasters

13.1. Introduction: Environmental Hazards, Disasters and Sea Ice
13.2. Geographic Distribution of Sea Ice and Key Processes and Properties
13.3. Sea Ice as Natural Hazard
13.4. Case Study: Ice Hazards in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas
13.5. Sea-Ice Hazards and Disasters: Prevention, Mitigation, and Response

Chapter 14. Mangroves, Tropical Cyclones, and Coastal Hazard Risk Reduction

14.1. Introduction
14.2. Storm Surges
14.3. Evidence for Reduction of Storm Surge Impacts by Mangroves
14.4. Factors Affecting Storm Surge Water Level Reduction in Mangroves
14.5. Reduction of Surface Winds by Mangroves
14.6. Discussion, Data Gaps, and Conclusions

Chapter 15. Coral Reef Systems and the Complexity of Hazards

15.1. Introduction
15.2. Structure and Function of Coral Reefs
15.3. Identifying Hazards and Key Stresses on Coral Reef Systems
15.4. The Complexity of Multiple Hazards and Implications for Coral Reef Resilience
15.5. Conclusions

Chapter 16. Threats to Marsh Resources and Mitigation

16.1. Introduction
16.2. Ecosystem Services
16.3. Land Use Change
16.4. Climate Change
16.5. Pollution
16.6. Invasive Species
16.7. Measuring Salt-Marsh Function
16.8. Strategies Moving Forward

Chapter 17. Living with Harmful Algal Blooms in a Changing World: Strategies for Modeling and Mitigating Their Effects in Coastal Marine Ecosystems

17.1. Introduction
17.2. Environmental Forcing of HABs
17.3. Bloom Control and Prevention
17.4. Monitoring and Modeling Habs
17.5. Regional Earth System Framework
17.6. Living with Habs

John F. Shroder

Dr. John (Jack) F. Shroder received his bachelor’s degree in geology from Union College in 1961; his masters in geology from the University of Massachusetts – Amherst in 1963, and his Ph.D. in geology at the University of Utah in 1967. He has been actively pursuing research on landforms and natural resources in the high mountain environments of the Rocky Mountains, the Afghanistan Hindu Kush, and the Karakoram Himalaya of Pakistan for over a half century. His teaching specialties have been primarily geomorphology, but also physical and historical geology and several other courses at the University of Nebraska at Omaha where he was the founding professor of the Geology major. While there he was instrumental in founding the Center for Afghanistan Studies in 1972, and he was the lead geologist for the Bethsaida Archaeological Project in Israel in the 1990s. He taught geology as an NSF-, USAID, and Fulbright-sponsored professor at Kabul University in 1977-78, as well as a Fulbright award to Peshawar University in 1983-84. He has some 63 written or edited books to his credit and more than 200 professional papers, with emphases on landslides, glaciers, flooding, and mineral resources in Afghanistan. He is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science and has received Distinguished Career awards from both the Mountain and the Geomorphology Specialty Groups of the Association of American Geographers. In the recent decade as an Emeritus Professor, he served as a Trustee of the Geological Society of America Foundation where he set up a research scholarship, the Shroder Mass Movement award for masters and doctoral candidates. For the past two decades, he has been the Editor-in-Chief for the Developments in Earth Surface Processes book series of Elsevier Publishing, as well as the 10-volumes of the Treatise on Geomorphology, and the Hazards, Risks, and Disasters book series, both in second editions. Recently, Dr. Shroder was ranked among the top 2 percent of researchers worldwide by the October study conducted by Stanford University.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Research Scholar, Center for Afghanistan Studies, Emeritus Professor of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

Jean Ellis

Jean Taylor Ellis is an Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Geography and the School of Earth, Ocean and Environment at the University of South Carolina. She is interested in coastal and aeolian geomorphology and the impact of humans on the coastal environment. She and her students approach research from a field and instrument-intensive perspective and work with community members to bridge the gap between science and the public. Dr. Ellis has published over 30 scholarly articles, is on the editorial board of international journals (including Elsevier’s Aeolian Research), and was a Fulbright Scholar.

Affiliations and expertise

Marine Science Program and Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA

Douglas J. Sherman

Douglas Sherman is Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography at the University of Alabama. His research interests are in coastal and aeolian geomorphology and sedimentation. He has published more than one hundred scholarly articles, and edited volumes of the Treatise on Geomorphology on Coastal Geomorphology and Aeolian Geomorphology, and co-edited Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks and Disasters. Much of his recent research involves human impacts on coastal sedimentation and the physics of sediment transport, especially wind-blown sand. He is an AAAS Fellow and has twice been a Fulbright Senior Scholar.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor and Chair, Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, USA