Clinical Signs in Humans and Animals Associated with Minerals, Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements
- 1st Edition - October 23, 2021
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Author: Mike Davies
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 9 9 7 6 - 5
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 2 1 6 - 8
The first book to compile the clinical signs associated with deficiencies, toxicities, imbalances, or exposures to minerals, trace elements, and rare earth elements in humans an… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe first book to compile the clinical signs associated with deficiencies, toxicities, imbalances, or exposures to minerals, trace elements, and rare earth elements in humans and animal species, Clinical Signs in Humans and Animals Associated With Minerals, Trace Elements, and Rare Earth Elements aims to increase awareness to improve diagnosis and to encourage further investigation based on comparative data. Written by an experienced veterinary clinician having worked in private practice, academia, and pharmaceutical and pet food industries, this book includes data on humans and primates, as well as companion animals, horses, rabbits, reptiles, ruminants, poultry, fish, and species typical in zoo populations. The subject material is divided into three sections to provide easy access to information on clinical signs, specific elements, or species.
This book is written for medical and veterinary researchers, clinicians, and practitioners, specifically those working with animal nutrition and animal feed health. Academics and public health scientists will also benefit from the book’s information and data on rehabilitating and maintaining animal health.
- Includes data for a wide range of animal specimens, such as mammal and poultry species
- Provides concise and accessible summary tables of clinical signs and the species in which they are seen
- Offers relevant references and other useful information, such as management strategies
Veterinary and animal science researchers and clinicians, specifically those involved in animal nutrition and animal health work
- Cover
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Author biography
- Preface
- Introduction
- Historical perspective
- Role of minerals in the body
- Human foods
- Animal foods
- Deficiencies
- Toxicities
- Carcinogenicity, embryotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity
- Species differences
- Exotic/Zoo species
- Lack of awareness in the professions
- Limitations in standards of scientific evidence
- Objectives of this book
- References
- Key features
- Section 1: Clinical signs
- Abstract
- Key to tables
- 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)—High levels
- Abdominal cramps
- Abdominal distension
- Abdominal pain (colic)
- Abnormal/unusual thoughts
- Abortion
- Abasia
- Acetonemia
- Achlorhydria
- Achromotrichia
- Acne
- Acrodynia
- Acroparesthesia
- Acute airway obstruction
- Acute kidney injury (AKI)/acute renal failure
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Adrenal hypertrophy
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease; hypoadrenocorticism)
- Agitation
- Aggressive behavior
- Alanine transaminase (ALT)—Elevation
- Albuminuria (proteinuria)
- Aldolase—Reduced levels
- Alkaline phosphatase—Activity reduced
- Alkaline phosphatase—Increased blood concentrations
- Alkalosis—Metabolic
- Allergic reaction
- Alopecia
- Alveolitis
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Amblyacousia
- Aminoaciduria
- Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD)
- Amyloidosis
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Anemia
- Anesthesia
- Androgenic receptor protein expression reduced
- Angiedema
- Angular deformity of long bones
- Anhydremia
- Ankylosis
- Anorexia (decreased food intake; inappetence)
- Anosmia
- Antler abnormalities
- Antral stenosis
- Anuria
- Anxiety
- Aortic aneurysm/rupture
- Aortic calcification
- Aortic wall thickening/plaques
- Apathy
- Apnoea—Obstructive sleep apnoea
- Appetite increased
- Arched back
- Arginase activity increased
- Argyria
- Arrhythmia
- Arthralgia
- Arthropathy
- Ascites
- Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels—Low
- Aspartate aminotransferase—AST—High
- Astasia
- Asthma
- Ataxia
- Atelectasis
- Atherosclerosis
- ATPase activity—Reduced
- Attention span loss
- Autism (ASD)
- Autoimmune disease—Increased prevalence
- Azotemia
- Balance loss/vestibular syndrome
- Baritosis
- Basophil stippling
- Beak abnormalities
- Behavioral changes
- Bilirubin—High blood levels
- Bipartite sternebrum
- Birth rate—Low
- Birth weight—Low
- Blackouts
- Blanching of ears
- Blindness
- Blink reflex loss
- Blisters—Skin
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)—High
- Blood volume expansion
- Blood volume loss (severe)
- Blurred vision
- Body fat content—Increased
- Body righting reflexes—Delayed development
- Bone damage
- Bone fragility
- Bone loss
- Bone marrow depression
- Bone marrow hyperplasia
- Bone marrow hypoplasia
- Bone pain
- Bone tumors
- Bone undermineralization (metabolic bone disease, osteomalacia; osteoporosis; osteopenia, rickets)
- Bone—Increased mineralization (osteopetrosis)
- Bowel obstruction
- Bradycardia
- Brain degeneration
- Brain development impaired
- Brain hemorrhage
- Brain edema
- Brain spongiosis
- Breathlessness
- Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)—Positive findings
- Bronchitis—Chronic
- Bronchial obstruction
- Bronchiectasis
- Bronchopneumonia
- Bronchospasm
- Cachexia
- Cadmiuria—Increase
- Calcinosis: Soft tissue calcification
- Calcium absorption reduced from intestinal tract
- Calcium metabolism—Impaired
- Calculi (urinary)
- Cannibalism
- Carcinogenic effect
- Cardiac arrest
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Cardiac atrophy
- Cardiac deformities (fetal)
- Cardiac enlargement (cardiomegaly)
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Cardiac failure/heart failure
- Cardiac murmurs
- Cardiomyopathy
- Cardiovascular abnormalities
- Caries
- Carpal hyperextension
- Cartilage development compromised
- Catalase activity (reduced)
- Cataracts
- Cecal enlargement
- Central nervous system lesions
- Cerebellar agenesis
- Cerebellar ataxia
- Cerebellar coning (herniation)
- Cerebral edema
- Cerebral palsy
- Cerebrovascular infarction
- Ceruloplasmin (serum)—Reduced
- Cheilitis
- Chest pain
- Chest tightness
- Chewing constantly
- Chewing uncoordinated
- Cholangitis
- Cholesterol ratio change
- Cholinesterase—Reduced activity
- Chondrodystrophy
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Chvostek sign
- Circling
- Circulatory failure
- Cirrhosis
- Choreoathetosis
- Cleft palate/lip
- Cloacal prolapse
- Club foot
- Clumsiness worsens
- Coagulation/clotting time—Prolonged
- Coagulopathy
- Cognitive impairment/deficits
- Collagen synthesis reduced
- Collapse/fainting/syncope
- Colloid depletion
- Color vision loss (color blindness)
- Coma
- Concentration loss
- Conception rate—Low
- Confusion
- Congenital malformations
- Congestion (eyes)
- Congestion (internal organs)
- Congestion (pulmonary)
- Conjunctivitis
- Conjunctival edema (chemosis)
- Consciousness changes
- Consolidation (lungs)
- Constipation
- Convulsions (fits)
- Copper accumulation in body tissues
- Copper—Low plasma concentrations
- Copper—Low liver concentrations
- Corneal lesions
- Coronary band inflammation
- Cough
- Cracks on palms of hands and soles of feet
- Cranial nerve palsies
- Creatine kinase (CK)
- Creatinine—High blood concentrations
- Cretinism
- Crystalluria
- Curled toe paralysis
- Cyanosis
- Cytochrome C in tissues (decreased amounts)
- Cytochrome CYT P450 change
- Cytokine—Increased activity
- Cytokine suppression
- Cytotoxic effects
- Deafness/hearing loss
- Death
- Decubital ulcers
- Defecation frequency reduced
- Dehydration
- Delayed gastric emptying
- Delirium
- Delusions
- Dementia
- Demyelination nervous tissue
- Dendriform pulmonary ossification
- Dental abnormalities
- Depression
- Depth perception—Loss
- Dermatitis
- Dexterity loss
- Diarrhea/scours
- Dilated pupils/miosis
- Diplopia
- Disorientation (directional)
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- Dizziness
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage
- Dropped wings
- Drowsiness
- Dry mouth
- Dullness
- Duodenal ulcers
- Dwarfism
- Dysarthria
- Dysgeusia
- Dysmenorrhoea
- Dysphagia
- Dysphonia
- Dyspnoea
- Dyspraxia (speech impediment)
- Dystocia
- Ear drooping
- ECG changes
- Eczema
- Edema
- Egg production—Poor quality/reduced
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Emaciation
- Embolism
- Embryotoxicity
- Emotional lability
- Emphysema
- Encephalopathy
- Endomyocarditis
- Endurance activity reduced
- Enteropathy
- Eosinophilia
- Epigastric pain
- Epiphyseal dysplasia
- Epiphyseal plate widened
- Epistaxis
- Erectile dysfunction
- Erythema
- Erythrocyte abnormalities
- Erythrocytopenia
- Erythropoiesis impaired
- Eschar
- Esophageal impaction
- Esophagitis
- Esophageal perforation
- Estradiol hormone—Reduced synthesis
- Estrus abnormalities
- Excitability
- Exhaustion
- Exophthalmia
- Exostosis
- Expectoration
- Extensor rigidity
- Exudate formation
- Eye irritation
- Eyelid drooping
- Facial deformity
- Facial expression changes
- Falling off perch
- Falling to recumbency
- Falls
- Fanconi syndrome
- Fasciculations
- Fatigue
- Fatty liver
- Fat infiltration of muscle
- Feather abnormalities
- Fetal abnormalities
- Fetal death rate increased
- Fetal resorption
- Fetal size reduced
- Fever
- Fibrosis—Tissue
- Fibrous osteodystrophy (replacement bone with fibrous tissue)
- Fin and skin erosions
- Fingernail changes
- Flatus
- Fluid losses
- Flushes
- Folic acid—Low in serum
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)—Increased production
- Food conversion efficacy reduced
- Food intake decreased (anorexia; inappetence)
- Food intake increased
- Food utilization—Decreased
- Foot pad changes
- Forgetfulness
- Fractures
- Free radical formation
- Fur chewing
- Gait abnormalities
- Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increased activity
- Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- Gangrene
- Garlic smell on breath/alliaceous breath
- Gastric achlorhydria
- Gastric atrophy
- Gastric carcinoma
- Gastric hemorrhage
- Gastric hyperkeratosis
- Gastric hyperplasia
- Gastrointestinal obstruction
- Gastric pain
- Gastric perforation
- Gastric ulcers
- Gastritis
- Gastrointestinal dysfunction
- Gastrointestinal fibrosis
- Gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration
- Gastrointestinal tract desquamation/necrosis
- Giant cell infiltration
- Giddiness
- Gill filament degeneration
- Gingivitis
- Gliosis
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)—Reduced
- Glomerulonephritis
- Glossitis—Inflamed tongue
- Glucose-6-phosphatase—Decreased
- Glucose tolerance—Impaired
- Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in serum (SGOT)
- Glutamic pyruvic transaminase in serum (SGPT)—Increased
- Glutathione peroxidase—In serum decreased activity
- Glutathione peroxidase—In serum increased activity
- Glycosuria
- Goiter
- Gout
- Granulocytopenia
- Granuloma formation
- Growth impairment/retardation/poor weight gain
- GSH-px blood concentration—Decreased
- GSH-R blood concentration—Decreased
- Gum disease
- Hair coat changes
- Halitosis
- Hallucinations
- Headaches
- Head pressing
- Head retention
- Head shaking
- Head tilt
- Head tremors
- Hearing loss
- Heart failure (congestive)/cardiac failure
- Heat sensitivity
- Heme oxygenase activity increased
- Heme synthesis impaired
- Hematemesis
- Hematochezia
- Hematocrit (PCV)—High
- Hematocrit (PCV)—Low
- Hematoma
- Hematopoiesis—Impaired
- Hematuria
- Hemochromatosis
- Hemoglobin—High
- Hemoglobin—Low
- Hemoglobinuria
- Hemolysis
- Hemorrhage
- Hemosiderosis—Siderosis
- Hemianopsis
- Hemiplegia
- Hepatic atrophy
- Hepatic fibrosis
- Hepatic (hepatocellular) necrosis
- Hepatitis
- Hepatomegaly
- Hepatorenal disease
- Hepatotoxicity
- Histamine (serum) increased
- Hives with angioedema
- Hoarseness
- Hoof abnormalities
- Horn abnormalities
- Hydrocephalus
- Hydronephrosis
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Hyperammonemia
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypercalciuria
- Hyperchloridemia
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hyperesthesia
- Hyperexcitability
- Hyperextension of carpi
- Hyperflexion—Hock
- Hyperflexion—Phalanges
- Hyperglobulinemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperinsulinemia
- Hyperkalemia
- Hyperkaluria
- Hyperkeratinization
- Hyperkeratosis
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypermagnesemia
- Hypermineralization of bone
- Hypernatremia
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Hyperpigmentation
- Hyperpnoea/tachypnoea
- Hyperproteinemia
- Hyperreactive to external stimuli
- Hyperreflexia
- Hypersalivation
- Hypersomnia
- Hypertension
- Hyperthermia
- Hypertonia
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperuricemia
- Hyperuricuria
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypochloridemia
- Hypocholesterolemia
- Hypocupremia
- Hypodynamia
- Hypoglycemia
- Hypogonadism
- Hypoinsulinemia
- Hypokalemia
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hyponatremia
- Hypophosphatemia
- Hypoproteinemia
- Hyporeflexia
- Hypotension
- Hypothermia
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypotonia
- Hypouricemia
- Hypouricuria
- Hypovolemia
- Icterus/Jaundice
- Ileus
- Immune humoral (antibody) response reduced
- Immune response impaired
- Immunoglobulin—Impairment
- Impotence
- Incoordination—Neurological
- Infarction
- Infection risk increased
- Infertility
- Inflammation
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Inflammatory nodule formation
- Injection site necrosis
- Injection site pain
- Insomnia
- Insulin-binding reduced
- Insulin receptor numbers reduced
- Insulin resistance—Increased
- Insulin synthesis reduced
- Intellectual disability
- Internal hemorrhage
- Internal organ congestion/hemorrhages
- Internal organ discoloration
- Interstitial nephritis
- Intestinal distension
- Intestinal inflammation
- Intracranial pressure—Increased
- Intraocular pressure—Increased
- Intravascular coagulation
- Iron in serum—Low
- Iron in serum—High
- Iron-binding capacity (total) (TIBC)—High result
- Irregular menses
- Irritability
- Ischemic heart disease
- Itchiness
- Jaundice/icterus
- Jaw swelling
- Jejunal stricture
- Joint enlargement/swelling
- Joint pain/arthralgia
- Junctionopathy
- Kallikrein—Urine concentration increased
- Keratinization—Poor
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- Ketonuria
- Kidney disease
- Kinked tail (congenital effect)
- Koilonychia—Spoon nail
- Lachrymation
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)—Activity increased
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)—Activity decreased
- Lameness
- Laryngeal edema
- Laryngeal spasm
- Lassitude
- Learning difficulties
- Lens luxation
- Lethargy/listlessness/apathy/tiredness
- Leukocyte activity reduced
- Leukocytosis
- Leukoderma/achromoderma
- Leukopenia
- Libido loss
- Licking objects (similar to pica)
- Life expectancy (longevity; lifespan)—Extended
- Life expectancy (longevity; lifespan)—Reduced
- Ligament mineralization
- Light-headedness
- Limb movements (uncontrolled jerks, cycling, paddling)
- Limb edema
- Limb stretching while walking
- Lip cracks/fissures
- Lipid peroxidase activity increased
- Lipofuscinosis
- Listlessness
- Litter size—Low
- Liver copper content increased
- Liver disease/lesions
- Liver iron content decreased
- Liver iron content increased
- Liver zinc content decreased
- Lung compliance—Decreased
- Lung disease
- Lung tumors
- Luteinizing hormone—Reduced synthesis
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)—Increased production
- Lymphadenopathy
- Lymphocytic aneuploidy
- Lymphocytopenia
- Lymphoid hyperplasia
- Lysozymuria
- Macrophagic myofasciitis
- Magnesium in tissues (low)
- Malabsorption
- Malondialdehyde (MDA)—High
- Male infertility
- Manganese accumulation in body organs
- Mean corpuscular volume—Decreased
- Meat production reduced
- Melena
- Melanin synthesis reduced
- Memory loss
- Meningitis
- Menkes syndrome
- Mental derangement
- Mental retardation
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Metal fume fever
- Metallic taste in mouth
- Metamorphosis delayed
- Metritis
- Micrognathia
- Micromelia
- Microcytosis
- Microphthalmia
- Milk fever/parturient paresis
- Milk production—Reduced
- Mineralization of soft tissue (not necessarily calcium)
- Mitochondrial damage
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Mood swings
- Monoamine oxidase activity reduced
- Monocytopenia
- Morbidity increased
- Motor coordination lost
- Motor neurone disease
- Motor neuropathy
- Motor speed reduced
- Movement resisted (reluctance to move)
- Mucosal lesions
- Mucous membranes dry and tacky
- Multiple organ system failure
- Multiple sclerosis
- Muscle disease
- Muscle cramps/spasms (dystonia)
- Muscle fasciculations
- Muscle movements (uncontrolled)
- Muscle necrosis
- Muscle pain
- Muscle strength loss/weakness
- Muscle tone—Loss (hypotonia)
- Muscle tremors/twitches
- Muscle wastage/sarcopenia
- Muscular dystrophy
- Myalgia
- Myasthenia
- Mydriasis
- Myelination delayed
- Myelodysplastic syndromes
- Myocardial degeneration
- Myocardial depression
- Myocardial fibrosis
- Myocardial hypokinesia
- Myocardial hypoxic contracture—Reduced
- Myocardial infarction
- Myocardial mineralization
- Myocardial necrosis
- Myocarditis
- Myoclonus
- Myofasciitis
- Myoglobin concentrations: Decreased
- Myokymia
- Myopathy
- Myxedema
- N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)—Activity reduced
- Nail/hoof abnormalities
- Nasal discharge
- Nasal lesions
- Nasal papilloma
- Nausea
- Neck extension
- Neck pain
- Nephrocalcinosis
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Nervousness
- Neurasthenic signs
- Neuropathy
- Neuropsychiatric signs
- Neuropsychological changes
- Neurotoxic effects
- Neutropenia
- Neutrophil activity—Inhibition
- Neutrophilia
- Night blindness
- Nitric oxide—High
- Nitrogen balance reduced
- Nodule formation
- Nucleated erythrocytes
- Numbness
- Nystagmus
- Ocular discharge
- Oliguria
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Opisthotonos
- Optical atrophy
- Oral lichen planus
- Oral pain
- Oral ulcers
- Organ of corti damage
- Organic brain syndrome
- Osteoarthritis
- Osteoblast activity—Reduced
- Osteochondrosis
- Osteodystrophy
- Otolith malformation
- Ovarian cysts
- Ovarian necrosis
- Ovulation—Abnormal
- Packed cell volume (PCV)—Low
- Packed cell volume (PCV)—High
- Pain—Peripheral
- Pain sensation loss
- Pain—Substernal
- Pallor
- Palpitations
- Pancreatic aplasia/hypoplasia
- Pancreatic atrophy
- Pancreatic islet cell necrosis
- Pancreatic lesions
- Pancreatitis
- Pancytopenia
- Panting/gasping
- Papilledema
- Paresthesia
- Parakeratosis
- Paralysis
- Paralytic ileus
- Parasitism—Increased risk
- Paresthesia
- Paresis
- Pericardial effusion
- Parkinsonism
- Parosmia
- Performance reduction
- Peritonitis
- Perosis
- Petechial hemorrhages
- Pharyngitis
- Phospholipid concentrations in blood increased
- Phosphorus absorption reduced from intestinal tract
- Phosphorus deficiency
- Phosphorus—Plasma low
- Pica
- Placental abruption
- Placental retention
- Plasma cell hyperplasia
- Platelet count—High
- Platelet count—Reduced
- Pleural effusion
- Pneumoconiosis
- Pneumomediastinum
- Pneumonia
- Pneumonitis
- Pneumothorax
- Polioencephalomalacia
- Polioencephalomalacia-like syndrome
- Poliomyelomalacia
- Polyarthritis
- Polycythemia
- Polydipsia
- Polyneuritis
- Polyneuropathy
- Polyuria
- Poor survivability of young
- Postural reflexes—Abnormal
- Premature birth
- Progesterone levels—Low (in serum)
- Prolonged labor
- Prolonged recovery after exercise
- Proprioceptive deficits
- Prostate problems
- Prostration
- Protein—Total in blood—Increased
- Protein losing enteropathy (gastroenteropathy)
- Proteinuria
- Prothrombin time—Prolonged
- Protoporphyria IX
- Pruritus
- Psychiatric abnormalities
- Psychomotor disturbance
- Psychosis
- Pterygium
- Ptosis
- Puberty—Onset delayed
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
- Pulmonary congestion
- Pulmonary edema
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Pulmonary granulomatosis
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulse weak
- Pupillary constriction (miosis)
- Pupillary dilation
- Pupillary reflex loss
- Pyloric ceca epithelium degeneration
- Pyloric stenosis
- Pyramidal signs
- Quick temperedness
- Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS)
- Recumbency
- Red cell fragility
- Reflexes depressed or lost
- Regurgitation
- Renal failure (acute)
- Renal failure (chronic)
- Renal hypertension
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Renal tubular necrosis
- Reproductive performance—Reduced
- Respiratory distress/failure/labored breathing
- Respiratory tract inflammation (mucous membranes)
- Respiratory noise
- Respiratory quotient reduced
- Restlessness
- Retained placenta
- Retching
- Reticulocytopenia
- Reticulocytosis
- Retinol-binding protein in urine
- Retrobulbar neuritis
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Rhinitis
- Rhinorrhoea
- Riboflavinuria
- Rickets
- Rigidity—Trunk
- Rumen papille degeneration
- Ruminal stasis
- Salivation (ptyalism)/hypersalivation
- Sarcopenia/muscle wastage
- Screwneck
- Seborrhoea
- Sedation
- Seizures (fits)
- Selenosis
- Sensory disturbances
- Sensory polyneuritis
- Sexual maturity delayed
- Shivering
- Shock
- Shortness of breath
- Shyness—Excessive
- Silicosis
- Sinusitis
- Skeletal lesions/disorders
- Skin lesions
- Sleep disturbance
- Sluggishness
- Small intestine degeneration
- Smell—Loss of sensation
- Sneezing
- Sodium: Potassium ratio (Na:K)—Decreased
- Soft tissue calcification
- Somesthetic sensory loss
- Somnipathy
- Somnolence
- Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)—Increased
- Speech problems
- Sperm count reduction
- Spinal ankylosis
- Spinal curvature
- Splenic degeneration
- Splenomegaly
- Staggering
- Standing difficulty
- Steatitis
- Stepping syndrome
- Stiffness
- Stillbirths
- Stomatitis
- Stridor
- Stroke
- Stupor
- Subperiosteal hemorrhages
- Substernal pain
- Succinyl dehydrogenase activity (reduced)
- Suckling difficulties—Young
- Suckling—Failure to suckle young
- Superoxide dismutase—Decreased activity
- Survival time reduced/life expectancy reduced
- Swayback syndrome (human)
- Swaying of hindquarters
- Sweating
- Sweating inhibition
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnoea
- Tail drooping
- Taste—Loss of sensation
- Teeth discoloration
- Teeth grinding
- Tendon mineralization
- Tenesmus
- Teratological changes
- Testicular disease
- Testosterone formation reduced
- Tetany
- Thirst reduced
- Throat pain
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombus formation
- Thymus atrophy
- Thymus hypoplasia
- Thyroid hyperplasia
- Thyroxine T4—Reduced
- Tibial chondrodysplasia
- Tingling sensation
- Tinnitus
- Tip Toe gait
- Tongue coating (white)
- Tongue papille lesions: Atrophy/parakeratosis
- Tooth loss
- Torsade de pointes
- Tracheobronchitis
- Transaminase (liver) activity increased
- Transferrin—Low blood concentration
- Tremors
- Triglyceride concentrations (blood)—Low
- Trousseau sign
- Tumors
- Tunnel vision
- Twitching
- Umbilical hernia
- Unthriftiness
- Upper respiratory tract obstruction
- Uremia
- Uric acidemia—Lowered
- Urine β-glucuronidase—Increased
- Urine concentrating ability—Lost
- Urine production decreased
- Urine retention
- Urine specific gravity—Low
- Urolithiasis
- Uterine hemorrhage
- Uveitis
- Vaginal development delayed
- Vascular disease (peripheral)
- Vasodilation
- Ventricular dysrhythmia
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Ventroflexion of the neck
- Vestibular syndrome/loss of balance/head tilt
- Vertebral ankylosis
- Vertigo
- Violent acts
- Violent movements—Uncontrolled
- Visual problems
- Vital capacity (lungs)—Reduced
- Vitiligo
- Vocalization—Uncontrolled
- Vomiting
- Wandering
- Water intake—Reduced
- Weakness
- Weak offspring
- Weight gain
- Weight gain—Reduced
- Weight loss
- Wheezing
- White blood cell count—Low
- Withdrawal reflex loss
- Wool abnormalities
- Wound healing—Impaired
- Wrinkled skin
- Wrist drop
- Writhing
- Xanthine oxidase—Increased activity
- Xanthinuria—Increased
- Xerosis
- Yellow nail syndrome
- Zinc—Liver content decreased
- Zinc—Serum concentrations reduced
- Zinc superoxide dismutase—Reduced activity
- References
- Section 2: Minerals, trace elements, and rare earth elements
- Abstract
- Aluminum (Al)
- Antimony(Sb)
- Arsenic (As)
- Barium (Ba)
- Beryllium (Be)
- Bismuth (Bi)
- Boron (B)
- Bromine (Br)
- Cadmium (Cd)
- Cesium (Cs)
- Calcium (Ca)
- Cerium (Ce)
- Chlorine (Cl)
- Chromium (Cr)
- Cobalt (Co)
- Copper (Cu)
- Dysprosium (Dy)
- Erbium (Er)
- Europium (Eu)
- Fluorine (F)
- Gadolinium (Gd)
- Gallium (Ga)
- Germanium (Ge)
- Gold (Au)
- Holmium (Ho)
- Indium (In)
- Iodine (I)
- Iron (Fe)
- Lanthanum (La)
- Lead (Pb)
- Lithium (Li)
- Lutetium (Lu)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Manganese (Mn)
- Mercury (Hg)
- Molybdenum (Mo)
- Neodymium (Nd)
- Nickel (Ni)
- Niobium (Nb)
- Palladium (Pd)
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K)
- Praseodymium (Pr)
- Promethium (Pm)
- Rubidium (Rb)
- Samarium (Sm)
- Scandium (Sc)
- Selenium (Se)
- Silicon (Si)
- Silver (Ag)
- Sodium (Na)
- Strontium (Sr)
- Sulphur (S)
- Tellurium (Te)
- Terbium (Tb)
- Thallium (Tl)
- Thorium (Th)
- Thulium (Tm)
- Tin (Sn)
- Titanium (Ti)
- Tungsten (W)
- Uranium (U)
- Vanadium (V)
- Ytterbium (Yb)
- Yttrium (Y)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Zirconium (Zr)
- References
- Section 3: Species
- Abstract
- Mammals
- Bears
- Coatis
- Dogs
- Foxes
- Gerbils
- Guinea pigs
- Hamsters
- Mice
- Meerkat
- Mongoose
- Non-human primates
- Pigs
- Rats
- Squirrels
- Mineral associated diseases in squirrels
- Cats
- Big cats
- Ferrets
- Mink
- Bats
- Buffaloes
- Camels
- Cattle
- Deer
- Giraffes
- Goats
- Sheep
- Elephants
- Horses
- Rabbits
- Rhinoceros
- Tapirs
- Marine mammals
- Marsupials
- Opossums
- Sugar gliders
- Wombats
- Avian
- Poultry
- Reptiles
- Amphibians
- Fish
- References
- Appendix 1
- Treatments suggested for managing mineral/trace element/rare earth element deficiencies or toxicities
- Chelators
- Appendix 2
- Managing acute exposures
- Appendix 3
- Health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation
- References
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 23, 2021
- No. of pages (Paperback): 552
- No. of pages (eBook): 552
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323899765
- eBook ISBN: 9780323902168
MD
Mike Davies
Mike Davies qualified from the Royal Veterinary College (RVC) University of London with a postgraduate RCVS Certificate in Veterinary Radiology and Small Animal Orthopedics. Previously he was the Director of the Beaumont Animals Hospital, Head of Information Services, and an Associate Professor in Clinical Practice at the University of Nottingham. In addition to owning his own private price for over 11 years, he has worked as a consultant for several major pet food manufacturers including Hills, Iams, and Pedigree. He is a foundation member of the European Veterinary Nutrition Educators Group and currently runs a Certificate Course in Clinical Nutrition (PCertSACN) through his company, Provet Limited.
Affiliations and expertise
BVetMed CertVR CertSAO FRCVS; RCVS Specialist in Veterinary Nutrition (Small Animal), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UKRead Clinical Signs in Humans and Animals Associated with Minerals, Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements on ScienceDirect