Clinical and Practical Paediatrics

Including Neonatology and Adolescent Medicine

2nd Edition - March 10, 2022
Authors: Harish Pemde, Vikram Datta, Kamlesh Harish
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 7 7 1 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 7 7 2 - 2

This invaluable reference is designed to fulfill the immediate need of undergraduates and residents to learn the nuances of case presentation, examination, and viva-voce in a si… Read more

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This invaluable reference is designed to fulfill the immediate need of undergraduates and residents to learn the nuances of case presentation, examination, and viva-voce in a simple and concise manner. It provides most aspects of clinical and practical paediatrics with the required understanding of various important and common diseases in children through "real" cases.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Reviewers
Table of Contents
Competency Map
Special Part The new curriculum
Chapter 1 Competency based medical education in pediatrics
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Competency
CBME
Chapter 2 Assessments and examinations of undergraduate students in paediatrics
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Competency-based training program
Part 1 Introduction to clinical paediatrics
Chapter 3 Approach to history taking and examination in children and adolescents
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Eliciting history
Physical examination
Dealing with an adolescent
Approach to sick young infant and young child using Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) Guidelines
Approach to a sick child in emergency room
Chapter 4 Approach to history taking and examination of neonates
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Parts of a neonatal history
Conclusions
Chapter 5 Communication strategies while dealing with parents and paediatric patients
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Barriers to effective communication
Why communication is important?
How to ensure effective communication?
General guidelines for an effective communication during history taking
Dont’s in effective communication
Communication with child or adolescent patient
Breaking the bad news
Educate and counsel
Part 2 Diseases in children and adolescents
Section A Growth and development of children and adolescents
Chapter 6 Clinical manifestation of growth and developmental disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Phases of growth
Infancy–childhood–puberty model of growth
Principles of growth in childrenand adolescents
Factors affecting physical growth in children and adolescents
Assessment of growth
Common growth disorders
Development of children
Assessment of developmentof children
Developmental disorders in children
Chapter 7 Bedside clinics – Global developmental delay – Cerebral palsy
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Section B Nutrition in children
Chapter 8 Clinical manifestations of nutritional disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Common nutritional diseases
Chapter 9 Bedside clinics – Severe acute malnutrition
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Clinical approach to failure to thrive (and weight loss)
Section C Abdomen – Gastrointestinal system, liver and kidneys
Chapter 10 Clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, and genitourinary diseases
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Competencies covered:
Gastrointestinal diseases
Common causes of acute abdominal pain in children according to the location of pain in abdomen
Liver and biliary system
Manifestations of liver diseases
Kidney and genitourinary system
Chapter 11 Bedside clinics – Distension of abdomen and hepatosplenomegaly
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Clinical approach to acute abdominal pain
Clinical approach to chronic or recurrent abdominal pain
Chapter 12 Bedside clinic – Nephrotic syndrome
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Laboratory and radiologic evaluation of patient with glomerular or extra-glomerular haematuria
Commonly asked questions
Section D Respiratory system
Chapter 13 Clinical manifestations of respiratory diseases
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Diagnostic approach to respiratory diseases in children
History in respiratory cases
Physical examination
Investigations for respiratory diseases
Chapter 14 Bedside clinic – Pneumonia empyema and pleural effusion
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Classification and treatment of pneumonia
Commonly asked questions
Clinical approach to chronic or recurrent cough
Approach to “Cough in children”
Chapter 15 Bedside clinics – Wheezing disorders and asthma
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
History
Demographics
Informant and its reliability
Presenting complaints
H/o presenting illness
H/o past illnesses
H/o contact with infectious disease
Family history
Nutrition history
Socioeconomic history including environmental history
Immunization history
Developmental assessment
Personal history and health-related behaviours (HEADS)/social history/environmental history
H/o earlier treatment and allergy
Summary of history
Analysis of history
Provisional diagnosis
Examination
Vitals
Anthropometry
General physical examination / Head to toe examination
Systemic examination: CVS, abdominal, respiratory, CNS, genitourinary, bones and joints
Respiratory system examination
Summary of findings (optional)
Analysis of clinical features and physical findings to formulate a diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Plan for investigations
Treatment plan
Monitoring of treatment and of illness
Prognosis
Follow-up plan and communication strategies
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 16 Bedside clinics – Tuberculosis
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
History
Demographics
Informant and its reliability
Presenting complaints
H/o presenting illness
H/o past illnesses
H/o contact with infectious disease
Family history
Nutrition history
Socio-economic history including environmental history
Immunisation history
Developmental assessment
Personal history and health-related behaviours (HEADS)/social history/environmental history
H/o earlier treatment and allergy
Summary of history
Analysis of history
Provisional diagnosis
Examination
Vitals
Anthropometry
General physical examination: head-to-toe examination
Systemic examination: CVS, abdominal, respiratory, CNS, genito-urinary, bones and joints
Respiratory system
Summary of findings (optional)
Analysis of clinical features and physical findings to formulate a diagnosis
Differential diagnosis (Table 16.3)
Plan for investigations
Treatment plan
Monitoring of treatment and of illness
Prognosis
Follow-up plan and communication strategies
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Clinical approach to hemoptysis (Coughing up blood/blood tinged sputum)
Section E Cardiovascular system
Chapter 17 Clinical manifestations of heart diseases
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Assessment of cardiovascular system
History
Respiratory difficulty
Poor growth, fatigue, and excessive perspiration
Central cyanosis
Squatting
Chest pain
Heart murmur
Important points in history
Approach to the examination of cardiovascular system
Vital signs
Approach to a child with heart disease
Clinical approach to heart murmer in a neonate
Clinical approach to heart murmer in a child
Chapter 18 Bedside clinics – Congenital heart disease
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
History
Demographics
Informant and its reliability
Presenting complaints
H/o presenting illness
H/o past illnesses
H/o contact with infectious disease
Family history
Birth history
Nutrition history
Socioeconomic history including environmental history
Immunization history
Developmental assessment
Personal history and health related behaviours (HEADS)/social history/environmental history
H/o earlier treatment and allergy
Summary of history
Analysis of history
Provisional diagnosis
Examination
Vitals
Anthropometry
General physical examination; head-to-toe examination
Systemic examination: CVS, abdominal, respiratory, CNS, genito-urinary, bones and jointsCardiovascular system examination
Summary of findings (optional)
Analysis of clinical features and physical findings to formulate a diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Plan for investigations
Treatment plan
Monitoring of treatment andof illness
Prognosis
Follow-up plan and communication strategies
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Clinical approach to heart murmur in a neonate
Chapter 19 Bedside clinics – Rheumatic heart disease
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
History
Demographics
Informant and its reliability
Presenting complaints
H/o presenting illness
H/o past illnesses
H/o contact with infectious disease
Family history
Nutrition history
Socio-economic history including environmental history
Immunization history
Developmental assessment
Personal history and health related behaviours (HEADS)/social history/environmental history
H/o earlier treatment and allergy
Summary of history
Analysis of history
Provisional diagnosis
Examination
Vitals
Anthropometry
General physical examination; head-to-toe examination
Cardiovascular system (CVS) examination
Summary of findings (optional)
What are the causes of migratory arthritis?
Analysis of clinical features and physical findings to formulate a diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Plan for investigations
How will you treat this patient?
Monitoring of treatment and of illness
Prognosis
Follow-up plan and communication strategies
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Clinical approach to heart murmur in a child (>28 days of age)
Clinical approach to arthritis
Section F Central nervous system
Chapter 20 Clinical manifestations of neurological diseases
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
History
Altered mental status/altered sensorium
Differential diagnosis of altered mental status/sensorium
Seizures
Not able to move limb(s)
Abnormality in development
Headache
Other important points in history
Neurological examination
Mental state (or higher mental functions)
Cranial nerve examination
Motor system examination, reflexes, coordination and gait
Abnormal movements
Sensory system examination
Autonomic nervous system examination
Signs of meningeal irritation
Signs of raised intracranial pressure
Final inference of clinical assessment
Investigations
Chapter 21 Bedside clinics – Hemiplegia, paraplegia, and quadriplegia
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Levels of lesions in paralysis (Fig 21.1)
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 22 Bedside clinics – Meningitis and tuberculous meningitis
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Section G Hematopoietic system
Chapter 23 Clinical manifestation of haematopoietic diseases
Chapter Outline
Haematopoietic system
Chapter 24 Bedside clinics – Anaemia
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 25 Bedside clinics – Leukaemia and lymphoma
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Section H Miscellaneous
Chapter 26 Bedside clinics – Down syndrome
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 27 Bedside clinics – Short stature and Turner syndrome
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 28 Child with fever (Enteric/Malaria/Kala azar)
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 29 Bedside clinics – Overweight and obesity in an adolescent
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Clinical approach to a child with overweight or obesity
Part 3 Diseases in neonates
Chapter 30 Bedside clinics – Approach to a normal neonate
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting featuresof the case
Representative case
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 31 Bedside clinics – Low birth weight neonate
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features of the case
Representative case
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 32 Bedside clinics – Birth asphyxia
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features of the case
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 33 Bedside clinics—Neonatal jaundice
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 34 Bedside clinics – Respiratory distress in neonates
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features of the case
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 35 Bedside clinics – Neonatal sepsis
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Typical presenting features of the case
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Part 4 Skill assessment and viva-voce
Section A Investigations in pediatrics
Chapter 36 Common X-rays
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Lateral chest X-ray film
Typical description of a chest X-ray
Method to measure proportional heart size
Commonly asked questions
Chapter 37 Interpretation of ultrasound, CT, MRI reports
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Ultrasonography in paediatrics and adolescent medicine
Ultrasonography of abdomen
CT and MRI in paediatrics and adolescent medicine
Section B Electrocardiogram in children
Chapter 38 ECG and echocardiography in children
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Basics of ECG recording
Reading and interpreting ECG
P wave
QRS complex
ST segment
T wave
Echocardiography in children
Section C Electroencephalogram in children
Chapter 39 Interpretation of electroencephlaogram (EEG)
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Waves, channels, montages, and patterns
Variables for classification of EEG
Reading an EEG
Abnormal EEG waves and patterns
Hypsarrhytmia
Generalized spike and wave patterns
3-6 Hz generalized polyspike and wave discharges
Slow background activity with periodic high-amplitude delta complexes
Section D Laboratory investigations in children
Chapter 40 Interpretation of laboratory tests
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Section E Drug treatment in children
Chapter 41 Common drugs and vaccines
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Transport of vaccine
Section F Instruments used in Pediatrics
Chapter 42 Common instruments and procedures in Paediatrics
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Lumbar puncture needle
Tru-cut biopsy needle
Infant feeding tube
Oxygen masks
Nebulization chamber and mask
Syringe
IV cannula
Common procedures
Chapter 43 Instruments used in resuscitation
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Common instruments used in resuscitation Oropharyngeal airway
Nasogastric tube size 6 F
Laryngoscope
Endotracheal tube
Self-inflating bag
Face mask
T-piece resuscitator
Section G Dietetics in children
Chapter 44 Common food items
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Common food items
Protein value of some food items
Holliday and Segar formula for calculation of daily energy requirements
Recommended dietary allowances for Indian children and adolescents
Commonly asked questions
Part 5 Special section on COVID-19
Chapter 45 COVID-19 in children
Chapter Outline
Learning objectives
Introduction
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)
Differentiating acute severe COVID-19 from MIS-C: clinical dilemma
Treatment options
Representative case
Discussion
Commonly asked questions
Part 6 Annexures
Annexure 1 Clinical aids
Annexure 2 Growth charts
Index

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