Clinical and Practical Paediatrics

Preface v

Acknowledgements vii

List of Reviewers ix

Special Part: The new curriculum

1

1

Competency based medical education in pediatrics 1

2

Assessments and examinations of undergraduate students in paediatrics 5

Part 1: Introduction to clinical paediatrics 10

3

Approach to history taking and examination in children and adolescents 10

4

Approach to history taking and examination of neonates 32

5

Communication strategies while dealing with parents and paediatric patients 46

Part 2: Diseases in children and adolescents 53

SECTION A: Growth and development of children and adolescents

6

Clinical manifestation of growth and developmental disorders 53

7

Bedside clinics – Global developmental delay – Cerebral palsy 73

SECTION B: Nutrition in children

8

Clinical manifestations of nutritional disorders 84

9

Bedside clinics – Severe acute malnutrition 98

SECTION C: Abdomen – Gastrointestinal system, liver and kidneys

10

Clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, and genitourinary diseases 110

11

Bedside clinics – Distension of abdomen

and hepatosplenomegaly 135

12

Bedside clinic – Nephrotic syndrome 147

SECTION D: Respiratory system

13

Clinical manifestations of respiratory diseases 158

14

Bedside clinic – Pneumonia empyema and pleural effusion 166

15

Bedside clinics – Wheezing disorders and asthma 180

16

Bedside clinics – Tuberculosis 191

SECTION E: Cardiovascular system

17

Clinical manifestations of heart diseases 202

18

Bedside clinics – Congenital heart disease 214

19

Bedside clinics – Rheumatic heart disease 224

SECTION F: Central nervous system

20

Clinical manifestations of neurological diseases 235

21

Bedside clinics – Hemiplegia, paraplegia, and quadriplegia 251

22

Bedside clinics – Meningitis and tuberculous meningitis 260

SECTION G: Hematopoietic system

23

Clinical manifestation of haematopoietic diseases 270

24

Bedside clinics – Anaemia 281

25

Bedside clinics – Leukaemia and lymphoma 292

SECTION H: Miscellaneous

26

Bedside clinics – Down syndrome 299

27

Bedside clinics – Short stature and

Turner syndrome 307

28

Child with fever (enteric/malaria/kala azar) 320

29

Bedside clinics – Overweight and obesity in an adolescent 329

Part 3: Diseases in neonates 340

30

Bedside clinics – Approach to a normal neonate 340

31

Bedside clinics – Low birth weight neonate 353

32

Bedside clinics – Birth asphyxia 363

33

Bedside clinics—neonatal jaundice 371

34

Bedside clinics – Respiratory distress in neonates 380

35

Bedside clinics – Neonatal sepsis 389

Part 4: Skill assessment and

viva-voce 397

SECTION A: Investigations in pediatrics

36

Common X-rays 397

37

Interpretation of ultrasound, CT, MRI reports 407

SECTION B: Electrocardiogram in children

38

ECG and echocardiography in children 415

SECTION C: Electroencephalogram in children

39

Interpretation of electroencephalogram (EEG) 427

SECTION D: Laboratory investigations in children

40

Interpretation of laboratory tests 439

SECTION E: Drug treatment in children

41

Common drugs and vaccines 451

SECTION F: Instruments used in Pediatrics

42

Common instruments and procedures in Paediatrics 479

43

Instruments used in resuscitation 491

SECTION G: Dietetics in children

44

Common food items 500

Part 5: Special section on COVID-19

504

45

COVID-19 in children 504

Part 6: Annexures

519

Annexure 1 Clinical aids 519

Annexure 2 Growth charts 533

Index 560