Chemistry of Superconductor Materials

Part I. Introduction1. Historical Introduction and Crystal Chemistry of Oxide Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. Studies on Superconducting Oxides Prior to 1985 3. Structural Features and Chemical Principles in Copper Oxides 4. Physical Property Determination on Ternary Copper Oxides-Studies on Copper Oxide Systems Prior to 1985 5. Chemical Substitutions-Crystal Chemistry 6. References Part II. Structural and Preparative Chemistry 2. The Complex Chemistry of Superconductive Layered Cuprates 1. The Structural Principles2. Oxygen Non-Stoichiometry and Methods of Synthesis 3. Extended Defects 4. Incommensurate Structures and Lone Pair Cations 5. Concluding Remarks 6. References3. Defective Structures of Ba2YCu3Ox and Ba2YCu3-yMyOz (M = Fe, Co, Al, Ga, ... ) 1. Introduction 2. Discussion of the Structure of Ba2YCu3O7.0 3. References4. Crystal Chemistry of Superconductors and Related Compounds 1. Introduction 2. Description of Layered Structures 3. References5. Crystal Growth and Solid State Synthesis of Oxide Superconductors 1. Overview 2. Solid State Synthesis 3. Bulk Crystal Growth 4. References6. Preparation of Bismuth-and Thallium-Based Cuprate Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. Synthetic Methods 3. Synthesis of Bi-Based Cuprate Superconductors 4. Synthesis of Thallium-Based Cuprate Superconductors 5. Conclusion 6. References7. Synthesis of Superconductors Through Solution Techniques 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis Procedures 3. Conclusion 4. References8. Cationic Substitutions in the High Tc Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. Materials Synthesis 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. References9. The Chemistry of High Tc in the Bismuth Based Oxide Superconductors BaPb1-xBixO3 AND Ba1-xKxBiO3 1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Underpinnings of Bismuthate Research 3. Crystallography 4. Materials Preparation 5. Physical Properties 6. Theoretical Basis for Future Bismuthate Research 7. Applications 8. Conclusion 9. References10. Crystal Chemistry of Superconducting Bismuth and Lead Oxide Based Perovskites 1. Introduction 2. BaBiO3 3. BaPbO3 4. BaPb1-xBixO3 5. BaPb1-xSbxO3 6. Ba1-xKxBiO3 7. Conclusion 8. References11. Structure and Chemistry of The Electron-Doped Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. The T'-Nd2CuO4 Structure 3. Systematics of Electron Doping 4. Chemical Synthesis and Analysis 5. Single Crystals and Thin Films 6. Summary 7. ReferencesPart III. Sample Characterization12. X-Ray Identification and Characterization of Components in Phase Diagram Studies 1. The Gibbs Phase Rule 2. Phase Diagrams 3. Phase Diagram Studies 4. X-Ray Diffraction 5. Tying It All Together 6. References13. Structural Details of the High TC Copper-Based Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. Structures of the Perovskite-Related YBa2Cu3O7, YBa2Cu4O8, and Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Superconductors 3. Structures of the Perovskite/Rock Salt Superconductors 4. Structures of Pb-Containing Copper-Based Superconductors 5. Distortions in the Rock Salt Layers and Their Effect on Electronic Properties 6. Correlations of Tc with In-Plane Cu-0 Bond Length 7. Tables of Crystallographic Information 8. References14. Chemical Characterization of Oxide Superconductors by Analytical Electron Microscopy 1. Introduction 2. Analytical Electron Microscopy: A Brief Survey 3. Experimental Method 4. Data Collection and Analysis of Standards 5. Analysis of the ""2212"" Compound (36) 6. Discussion 7. References15. Electron Microscopy of High Temperature Superconducting Oxides 1. Introduction 2. Techniques of High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HREM), Transmission EM (TEM) Diffraction Contrast, and Analytical EM (AEM) 3. Microstructural and Stoichiometric Variations 4. Tl-Based Superconductors 5. References16. Oxidation State Chemical Analysis 1. Superconductors Exist in Variable Oxidation States... ...And We Don't Know What Is Oxidized 2. Analysis of Superconductor Oxidation State by Redox Titration 3. Reductive Thermogravimetric Analysis 4. Oxygen Evolution in Acid 5. Electrochemical Investigation of Super-Conductor Oxidation State 6. Assessment of Analytical Procedures 7. References17. Transport Phenomena in High Temperature Superconductors I. Introduction 2. Resistivity Measurement 3. Critical Current Density Measurements 4. Dissipation in the Intermediate State 5. Thermal Conductivity 6. Thermopower 7. Hall Effect 8. Tunneling Transport 9. References18. Static Magnetic Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. Low-Field Measurements 3. High-Field Measurements: Hysteresis Loops and Critical Current Density 4. Magnetization Relaxation or Giant Flux Creep 5. Problems with Porous and Weak-Linked Ceramics 6. Concluding Remarks 7. ReferencesPart IV. Structure-Property Considerations19. Electronic Structure and Valency in Oxide Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. Mixed Valency and the Partially Filled Band 3. Valent States vs Real Charges 4. Stabilization of O-II and High Oxidation States 5. Polarizibility 6. Defects and Inhomogeneities 7. Stability 8. Tc Correlations 9. Mechanism for High Tc 10. References20. Electron-Electron Interactions and the Electronic Structure of Copper Oxide-Based Superconductors 1. Introduction 2. One- and Two-Electron Terms in the Energy 3. Energy Bands of Solids 4. The Peierls Distortion 5. Antiferromagnetic Insulators 6. Electronic Structure of Copper Oxide Superconductors 7. The Orthorhombic-Tetragonal Transition in 2-1-4 8. Superconductivity and Sudden Electron Transfer 9. Some Conclusions 10. References Appendix A: Guide to Synthetic Procedures Appendix B: Further Reading in Superconductivity and Solid State Chemistry Formula Index Subject Index