Cell Biology

4th Edition - December 13, 2022
Authors: Thomas D. Pollard, William C. Earnshaw, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Graham Johnson
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 8 0 0 - 0
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 8 0 1 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 8 0 2 - 4

Reader-friendly Cell Biology, 4th Edition, provides a concise but comprehensive foundation for students entering research or health care career paths. Award winning il… Read more

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Reader-friendly Cell Biology, 4th Edition, provides a concise but comprehensive foundation for students entering research or health care career paths. Award winning illustrations help readers quickly grasp general principles. The authors have thoroughly updated this popular text to provide readers with the current understanding of the principles of normal cellular function along with examples of how molecular defects predispose to human disease. Major new themes in the 4th edition include the roles of intrinsically disordered polypeptides and phase separation in cellular functions, the influence of new molecular structures on understanding mechanisms, and the impact of exciting new methods—from single cell RNA sequencing to second generation super resolution fluorescence microscopy—on advancing our understanding.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Contents
Acknowledgments
Guide to Figures Featuring Specific Organisms and Specialized Cells
Section I Introduction to Cell Biology
Chapter 1 Cells as the Basis of Life on Earth
Universal Principles of Living Cells
Features That Distinguish Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Overview of Eukaryotic Cellular Organization and Functions
Welcome to the Rest of the Book
Chapter 2 Evolution of Life on Earth
Prebiotic Chemistry Leading to anRNA World
Divergent Evolution From the Last Universal Common Ancestor of Life
Evolution of Prokaryotes
Origin of Eukaryotes
The First Billion Years of Eukaryotic Evolution
Divergence Eukaryotes From Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor
Evolution of Multicellular Eukaryotes
Viruses
Looking Back in Time
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Section II Chemical and Physical Background
Chapter 3 Molecules: Structures and Dynamics
Water
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Aqueous Phase of Cytoplasm
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 4 Biophysical Principles
First-Order Reactions
Second-Order Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Thermodynamic Considerations
Linked Reactions
Chemical Bonds
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Chapter 5 Macromolecular Assembly
Assembly of Macromolecular Structures From Subunits
Specificity by Multiple Weak Bonds on Complementary Surfaces
Symmetrical Structures Constructed From Identical Subunits
Assembly Pathways
Regulation at Multiple Steps on Sequential Assembly Pathways
Selected Readings
Chapter 6 Research Strategies
Choice of Organisms for Biological Research
Inventory: Gene Discovery and Engineering
Inventory: Biochemical Fractionation
Localization of Molecules in Cells and Tissues
Molecular Structure
Partners and Pathways
Rates and Affinities
Reconstitution of Process From Isolated Components
Tests of Physiological Functions
Mathematical Models of Systems
Selected Readings
Internet
Section III Chromatin, Chromosomes, and the Cell Nucleus
Chapter 7 Chromosome Organization
Chromosome Morphology and Nomenclature
One DNA Molecule Per Chromosome
Organization of Genes on Chromosomes
Transposable Elements Make Up Much of the Human Genome
Segmental Duplications in the Human Genome
Pseudogenes
The Human Genome: Variations on a Theme
The Centromere: Overview
Ends of the Chromosomes: Why Specialized Telomeres Are Needed
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 8 DNA Packaging in Chromatin and Chromosomes
First Level of Chromosomal DNA Packaging: The Nucleosome
Functional Compartmentation of Chromatin: Euchromatin and Heterochromatin
Higher-Order Structure of Chromosomes
Large-Scale Structural Compartmentation of the Nucleus
Chromosome Conformation Capture and Topologically Associating Domains
The Chromosome’s Control Center: The Kinetochore
Mammalian Kinetochore Proteins
Centromere Proteins of the Budding Yeast
Role of RNA Interference at Fission Yeast Centromeres
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 9 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics
Overall Organization of the Nucleus
Structure of the Nuclear Envelope
Traffic Between Nucleus and Cytoplasm
Disorders Associated With Defective Nuclear Trafficking
Other Uses of the Importin/Ran Switch
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Section IV Central Dogma: From Gene to Protein
Chapter 10 Gene Expression*
Transcription Cycle
Transcription Initiation
Transcription Elongation and Termination
Gene-Specific Transcription Regulation
Chromatin and Transcription
Gene-Specific Eukaryotic Transcription Factors
Transcription Factors as Modular Proteins
Transcription Factor Binding to Eukaryotic Promoter Proximal and Enhancer Elements
Transcription Factors and Signal Transduction
Selected Readings
Chapter 11 Eukaryotic RNA Processing
Synthesis of Messenger RNAs
Modification of Messenger RNAs
Synthesis of Stable RNAs
Synthesis and Function of MicroRNAs
Synthesis and Function of Piwi-Interacting RNAs
Synthesis and Function of Other Noncoding RNAs
RNA–Based Gene Editing
Conclusions
Selected Readings
Chapter 12 Protein Synthesis and Folding
Protein Synthetic Machinery
Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
Spontaneous Protein Folding
Chaperone-Assisted Protein Folding
Protein Folding and Disease
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Section V Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 13 Membrane Structure and Dynamics
Development of Ideas About Membrane Structure
Lipids
Physical Structure of the Fluid Membrane Bilayer
Membrane Proteins
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 14 Membrane Pumps
Introduction to Membrane Permeability
Diversity of Membrane Pumps
Light-Driven Proton Pumping by Bacteriorhodopsin
Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate–Driven Pumps
Rotary ATPase Families
P-Type Cation Pumps: E1E2-Adenosine Triphosphatases
Adenosine Triphosphate–Binding Cassette Transporters
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 15 Membrane Carriers
Basic Carrier Mechanism
Three Transport Strategies
Diversity of Carrier Proteins
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 16 Membrane Channels
Channel Diversity and Evolution
Channel Structure
Channel Activity
Channels With One Transmembrane Segment
Channels With Two Transmembrane Segments
Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channels
S5–S6 Channel Family
Ion Channels Gated by Extracellular Ligands
Chloride Channels
Ammonia Channels
Water Channels
Porins
Other Families of Channels
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Single-Channel Recordings With Patch Electrodes
Measuring Membrane Potentials With Intracellular Microelectrodes and Fluorescent Dyes
Extracellular Electrical Measurements
Diffusion Potentials
Quantitative Relationships
Nernst Potential for Various Ions
Membrane Capacitance
Chapter 17 Membrane Physiology
Chemiosmotic Cycles
Epithelial Transport
Cellular Volume Regulation
Excitable Membranes
Synaptic Transmission
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Section VI Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking
Chapter 18 Posttranslational Targeting of Proteins
Transport of Proteins Into Mitochondria
Transport of Proteins Into Chloroplasts
General Import Pathway
Transport of Proteins Into Peroxisomes
Translocation of Eukaryotic Proteins Across the Plasma Membrane by ABC Transporters
Targeting to the Surfaces of the Plasma Membrane
Prokaryotic Protein Export
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Chapter 19 Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Chapter 20 Endoplasmic Reticulum
Overview of Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions and Organization
Proteins That Shape the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Overview of Protein Translocation Into the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cotranslational Translocation
Posttranslational Mechanisms
Protein Modifications, Folding and Oligomerization in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein Degradation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response
Lipid Biosynthesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum–Organelle Contacts
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Selected Readings
Chapter 21 Mechanisms of Vesicular Transport
Mechanism of Vesicle Formation
Proteins Controlling Vesicle Fusion With Target Membranes
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 22 Secretory Membrane System and Golgi Apparatus
Overview of the Secretory Membrane System
Lipid Gradients in the Secretory Pathway
Transport From the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Transport From the Golgi Apparatus
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 23 Endocytosis and the Endosomal Membrane System
Phagocytosis
Macropinocytosis
Endocytosis Mediated by Caveolae
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
Nonclathrin/Noncaveolar Endocytosis
Endocytic Compartments Associated With Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis
Lysosome-Related Organelles
Other Endocytic Compartments and Pathways
Endocytosis and Signaling
Endocytosis in Tissue Morphogenesis
Viruses and Protein Toxins as “Opportunistic Endocytic Ligands”
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 24 Processing and Degradation of Cellular Components
Characteristics of Constitutive Protein Turnover
Degradation by Proteasomes
Degradation in Lysosomes
Lipid Turnover and Degradation
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Section VII Signaling Mechanisms
Chapter 25 Plasma Membrane Receptors
Seven-Helix Receptors
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Cytokine Receptors
Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Family
Notch Receptors
Hedgehog Receptors
Toll-Like Receptors
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 26 Protein Hardware for Signaling
Protein Phosphorylation
Guanosine Triphosphate–Binding Proteins
Molecular Recognition by Adapter Domains
Selected Readings
Chapter 27 Second Messengers
Cyclic Nucleotides
Lipid-Derived Second Messengers
Calcium
Nitric Oxide
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 28 Integration of Signals
Signal Transduction by G-Protein–Coupled, Seven-Helix Transmembrane Receptors
Detection of Odors by the Olfactory System
Photon Detection by the Vertebrate Retina
Regulation of Metabolism Through the β-Adrenergic Receptor
Signaling Pathways Influencing Gene Expression
Mitogen-Activated Protein Pathways to the Nucleus
Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathways
Insulin Pathways to GLUT4 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
T-Lymphocyte Pathways Through Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases
Cytokine Receptor, JAK/STAT Pathways
Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor Pathways Through SMADs
Bacterial Chemotaxis by a Two-Component Phosphotransfer System
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Section VIII Cellular Adhesion and the Extracellular Matrix
Chapter 29 Cells of the Extracellular Matrix and Immune Systems of Animals
Indigenous Connective Tissue Cells
Origin and Development of Blood Cells
Cells Confined to the Blood
Cellular Basis of Innate Immunity
Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 30 Extracellular Matrix Molecules
Collagen
Elastic Fibers
Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans
Adhesive Glycoproteins
Basal Lamina
Matrix Metalloproteinases
Selected Readings
Chapter 31 Cellular Adhesion
General Principles of Cellular Adhesion
Identification and Characterization of Adhesion Receptors
Immunoglobulin Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cadherin Family of Adhesion Receptors
Integrin Family of Adhesion Receptors
Selectin Family of Adhesion Receptors
Other Adhesion Receptors
Examples of Dynamic Adhesion
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 32 Intercellular Junctions
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
Adherens Junctions
Desmosomes
Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix: Focal Contacts and Hemidesmosomes
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 33 Connective Tissues
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Formation and Growth of the Skeleton
Repair of Wounds and Fractures
Plant Cell Wall
Selected Readings
Section IX Cytoskeleton and Cellular Motility
Chapter 34 Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins
Actin Molecule
Evolution of the Actin Family
Actin-Related Proteins
Actin Polymerization
Actin-Binding Proteins
Actin Dynamics in Live Cells
Mechanical Properties of Cytoplasm
Selected Readings
Chapter 35 Microtubules and Centrosomes
Structure of Tubulin and Microtubules
Structure and Physical Properties ofMicrotubules
Microtubule Assembly and Dynamic Stability
Microtubule Dynamics in Cells
Regulation by Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Centrosomes and Other Microtubule Organizing Centers
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 36 Intermediate Filaments
Structure of Intermediate Filament Subunits
Evolution of Genes for Intermediate Filament Proteins
Filament Structure and Assembly
Posttranslational Modifications
Expression of Intermediate Filaments in Specialized Cells
Proteins Associated With Intermediate Filaments
Functions of Intermediate Filaments in Cells
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 37 Motor Proteins
Myosins
Microtubule Motors
Kinesins
Dyneins
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 38 Intracellular Motility
Rapid Intracellular Movements on Microtubules
Fast Axonal Transport
Slow Transport of Cytoskeletal Polymers and Associated Proteins in Axons
Other Microtubule-Dependent Movements
Intracellular Movements Driven by Microtubule Polymerization
Bulk Movement of Cytoplasm Driven by Actin and Myosin
Actin-Based Movements of Organelles in Other Cells
Intracellular Movements Driven by Actin Polymerization
Acknowledgment
Selected Readings
Chapter 39 Cellular Motility
Cell Shape Changes Produced by Extension of Surface Processes
Cell Shape Changes Produced by Contraction
Locomotion by Pseudopod Extension
Growth Cone Guidance: A Model for Regulation of Motility
Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella
Exotic Eukaryotic Motility Systems
Bacterial Flagella
Archaella
Selected Readings
Chapter 40 Muscles
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Section X Cell Cycle
Chapter 41 Introduction to the Cell Cycle
Principles of Cell-Cycle Regulation
Phases of the Cell Cycle
Control of Cell-Cycle Progression
Biochemical Basis of Cell-Cycle Transitions
Role of Phosphatases in Counter-Balancing Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity
Role of Protein Destruction in Cell-Cycle Control
Changing States of the Cytoplasm During the Cell Cycle
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 42 G1 Phase and Regulation of Cell Proliferation
G0 Phase and Growth Control
Moving In and Out of G0: Stem Cells
Reentry Into the Cell Cycle
The Restriction Point: A Critical G1 Decision Point
Regulation of Cell Proliferation by the Restriction Point
Restriction Point and Cancer
Cell-Cycle Entry and Cancer Treatment
Proteolysis and G1 Cell-Cycle Progression
Integrity of Cellular DNA Monitored by a G1/S Checkpoint
G1 Regulation: A Matter of Life and Death
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 43 S Phase and DNA Replication
DNA Replication: A Primer
Origins of Replication
Origin Licensing and Assembly of the Prereplication Complex
Cell Cycle Control of Origin Licensing
Signals That Start Replication
Mechanism of DNA Synthesis
Higher-Order Organization of DNA Replication in the Nucleus
Replication Stress and the Intra-S Checkpoint
Synthesis of the Histone Proteins
Other Events of the S Phase
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Selected Readings
Chapter 44 G2 Phase: Responses toDNA Damage and Control ofEntry Into Mitosis
Enzymology of the G2/Mitosis Transition
Changes in Regulatory Protein Localization at the G2/M Transition
Cdk1 Activity and the Initiation ofProphase
Recap of the Main Events of the G2/M Transition
Replicating DNA Regulates the G2/Mitosis Transition
G2/M Checkpoint
DNA Damage Response
From the DNA Damage Response tothe G2/M Checkpoint
Transition to Mitosis
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 45 Mitosis
Prophase
Solving DNA Replication Problems During Prophase (MiDAS)
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 46 Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis by E. coli
Cytokinesis by Cells Using Contractile Rings
Regulatory Events During Exit From Mitosis
Cytokinesis in Plants
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 47 Meiosis
Chromosome Numbers Are Halved During Meiosis
Meiosis: An Essential Process for Sexual Reproduction
The Logic of Meiosis
Recombination
Chromosome Dynamics Define the Five Stages of Meiotic Prophase I
Synaptonemal Complex
Chiasmata
Cohesion and Chromosomal Movements During Meiosis I
Behavior of the Sex Chromosomes in Meiosis
Cell-Cycle Regulation of Meiotic Events
Suppression of DNA Replication Between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Metaphase II Arrest and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
Timing of Meiosis in Humans
Meiotic Defects and Human Disease
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Chapter 48 Cell Death
Necessity for Cell Death in Multicellular Organisms
Programmed Cell Death Versus Accidental Cell Death: Apoptosis Versus Necrosis
Examples of Cells That Undergo Programmed Cell Death
Genetic Analysis of Apoptosis
Non-Apoptotic Roles of Caspases
CAD Nuclease and Its Chaperone ICAD
Bcl-2 Proteins and the Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Cell Death
Bcl-2 Family Members and Cancer
Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Death
Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptotic Death
Role of the Fas Death Receptor in Normal and Diseased Cells
Linking Apoptosis to the Cell Cycle by p53
Regulated Cell Death
Other Types of Regulated Cell Death
Importance of Programmed Cell Death in Human Disease
Acknowledgments
Selected Readings
Cell SnapShots
Glossary
Index

Thomas D. Pollard

Thomas Dean Pollard is a prominent educator, cell biologist and biophysicist whose research focuses on understanding cell motility through the study of actin filaments and myosin motors. He is Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology and a Professor of Cell Biology and Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry at Yale University. He was Dean of Yale's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences from 2010 to 2014, and President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies from 1996 to 2001. Pollard is very active in promoting scientific education and research primarily through two major societies, both of which he is a past President: the American Society for Cell Biology and the Biophysical Society

Affiliations and expertise

Sterling Professor, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT

William C. Earnshaw

William Charles Earnshaw is Professor of Chromosome Dynamics at the University of Edinburgh where he has been a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow since 1996. Earnshaw is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society since 2013 for his studies of mitotic chromosome structure and segregation. Before Edinburgh, he was Professor of Cell Biology and Anatomy at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor and Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, ICB, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz

Jennifer Lippincott-Swartz is Group Leader at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus. Her lab uses live cell imaging approaches to analyze the spatio-temporal behaviour and dynamic interactions of molecules in cells with a special focus on neurobiology. Before Janelia, Lippincott-Swartz was a primary investigator and chief of the Section on Organelle Biology in the Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch. Her work there included a collaboration with physicists Eric Betzig and Harald Hess (now group leaders at Janelia), who proposed a new function for the photoactivatable protein. The scientists used the protein to generate photoactivatable fluorophores, or dyes, which enabled them to illuminate different sets of molecules sequentially, creating a microscope image far more detailed than previously possible. The method, called super-resolution microscopy, garnered Betzig the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Affiliations and expertise

Group Leader, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, United States

Graham Johnson

Graham Johnson is a computational biologist and Certified Medical Illustrator (CMI) with approx. 20 years of professional experience. He is Director of the Animated Cell at the Allen Institute. Before the Allen Institute, Johnson’s lab in the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at the University of California, San Francisco worked to generate, simulate and visualize molecular models of cells. His lab’s Mesoscope project and his team at Allen Institute continue this mission by uniting biologists, programmers and artists to interoperate the computational tools of science and art.

Affiliations and expertise

Director, Animated Cell, Allen Institute for Cell Biology, Seattle, Washington;, QB3 Faculty Fellow, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Cell Biology

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Thomas D. Pollard

William C. Earnshaw

Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz

Graham Johnson