Cancer of the Breast

Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment

1st Edition - November 23, 2024
Editors: Dharambir Kashyap, Riya Sharma, Vivek Kumar Garg, Huda Salman
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 8 3 8 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 4 8 3 9 - 9

Cancer of the Breast: Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment comprehensively examines all aspects of breast cancer, including classiﬁcation, risk factors involved, and preven… Read more

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Cancer of the Breast: Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment comprehensively examines all aspects of breast cancer, including classiﬁcation, risk factors involved, and prevention. While offering in-depth coverage of breast cancer biology and current therapies, the book also provides insights into the ﬁelds of cancer genetics and prevention, as well as surveillance strategies against breast cancer. Readers will find multidisciplinary approaches that promote the interaction between basic research and clinical research in the ﬁelds of oncology, genetics, and molecular biology.

This book is a valuable resource for health professionals, researchers, health practitioners, graduate and medical students, and anyone who wishes to broaden their knowledge in the allied ﬁeld.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1. Global epidemiological status of breast cancer burden: Potential reduction strategies and preventive measures
1 Introduction
2 Breast cancer burden in the United States
3 Breast cancer burden in the European Union
4 Breast cancer burden in the African countries
5 Breast cancer burden in Asian countries
6 Breast cancer incidence in Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
7 Conclusion and future perspective
Funding
Conflict of interest
Chapter 2. Risk factors for breast cancer: Knowledge and prevention
1 Introduction
2 Nonmodifiable risk factors of breast cancer
2.1 Genetic inheritance and family history
2.2 Age at puberty
2.3 Early menarche
2.4 Late menopausal age
3 Modifiable risk factors
3.1 Delayed marriage age
3.2 Late first childbirth
3.3 Lactation failure
3.4 Hormonal replacement therapy
3.5 Use of hormonal contraceptives
3.6 Obesity-induced breast cancer
3.7 Excessive alcohol consumption
3.8 Tobacco smoking
3.9 Unhealthy dietary habits and lack of physical activity
4 Strategies for breast cancer prevention
4.1 Self-breast examination
5 Conclusion and future directions
Chapter 3. Histological and molecular classification of breast cancer: Basic understanding
1 Introduction
2 Morphological classification of breast cancer
2.1 Noninvasive/in situ carcinoma
2.1.1 Ductal carcinoma in situ
2.1.2 Lobular carcinoma in situ
2.1.3 Paget's disease
3 Infiltrating invasive breast carcinoma
3.1 Infiltrating invasive ductal carcinoma
3.2 Invasive lobular carcinoma
3.3 Special subtype
3.3.1 Tubular carcinoma
3.3.2 Mucinous carcinoma
3.3.3 Cribriform carcinoma
3.3.4 Papillary carcinoma
3.3.5 Metaplastic carcinoma
3.3.6 Medullary carcinoma
3.3.7 Inflammatory breast carcinoma
4 Rare morphological variants of invasive breast cancer
4.1 Apocrine carcinoma
4.2 Neuroendocrine carcinoma
4.3 Secretory carcinoma
4.4 Adenoid cystic carcinoma
4.5 Lipid-rich carcinoma
4.6 Oncocytic carcinoma
4.7 Acinic cell carcinoma
5 Histopathological prognostic factors in breast cancer
5.1 Histological grading
5.2 Lymph node metastasis
6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 4. Breast cancer stroma and its components: Implication in diagnostic and therapeutic
1 Introduction
2 Breast cancer microenvironment and its components
2.1 Immune cells in the breast tumor microenvironment
2.1.1 Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
2.1.2 Macrophages
2.2 Nonimmune cells in the breast tumor microenvironment
2.2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells
2.2.2 Adipocytes
2.2.3 Endothelial cells
3 Cancer-associated fibroblast
3.1 Origin and heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts
3.2 Activation of CAFs
3.3 Cancer-associated fibroblasts and angiogenesis
3.4 Cancer-associated fibroblasts in Tumorigeneses
3.5 Cancer-associated fibroblasts and therapy response
3.6 Extracellular matrix
4 Tumor microenvironment and its molecular alterations
5 Impact of tumor stroma on clinical outcome
6 Targeted therapy for tumor microenvironment
Chapter 5. Genetic behind breast cancer: Germline and somatic factors
1 Introduction
2 Genetic factors in breast cancer pathology
2.1 High penetrance genes
2.2 Moderate-penetrance genes
2.3 Low-penetrating genes in breast cancer
3 Screening and recommendation
4 Hereditary predisposition to breast cancer
5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 6. Breast cancer and its genetic heterogeneity at single cell level: A concise perspective of cellular architecture and taxonomy
1 Introduction
2 Breast cancer heterogeneity
2.1 Intertumor heterogeneity
2.2 Intratumor heterogeneity
2.2.1 Temporal heterogeneity of breast cancer
3 Hypothetical considerations in breast cancer heterogeneity
3.1 Cancer stem cell hypothesis
3.2 Clonal evolution model
4 Deciphering the heterogeneity at single cell resolution
4.1 Molecular subtypes of breast tumor cells
4.2 Deciphering the involvement of stromal cells
5 Clinical implications of tumor heterogeneity
6 Conclusions
Chapter 7. Recent advancement in molecular tools for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy decision: Trends in future perspective
1 Introduction
2 Radiological technique for breast cancer diagnosis
2.1 Contrast-enhanced mammography
2.2 Tomosynthesis
2.3 Automated whole-breast ultrasound
2.4 Abbreviated breast MRI
2.5 Artificial intelligence in breast imaging
3 ER/PR/HER-2 testing for intrinsic molecular subtyping
4 Commercially available assay for prognosis estimation
4.1 Multigene assays
4.2 Oncotype DX
4.3 MammaPrint and BluePrint
4.4 PAM50
4.5 Breast cancer index
4.6 Multigene assays for DCIS
5 Molecular testing for therapeutic decision
5.1 PIK3CA
5.2 NTRK fusions
5.3 ESR1
5.4 ERBB2
6 Testing for immunotherapy decision
6.1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors
6.2 PD-L1 testing by IHC
6.3 Mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability and tumor mutational burden
7 Conclusion and future perspective
Chapter 8. Recent development in treatment strategies for breast cancer: With special reference to immunotherapy
1 Introduction
2 Treatment strategies for breast cancer
2.1 Surgery for breast cancer
2.2 Chemotherapy for breast cancer
2.3 Radiotherapy for breast cancer
2.4 Endocrine therapy for breast cancer
2.5 Targeted therapy in breast cancer
3 Immunotherapy for breast cancer
3.1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors
3.2 CAR-T cell therapy
4 Conclusion and future prospective
Chapter 9. Liquid biopsy: A noninvasive tool in breast cancer diagnosis and therapy response
1 Introduction
1.1 Circulating tumor DNA
1.2 ctDNA in early breast cancer diagnosis
1.3 ctDNA in metastatic breast cancer
1.4 ctDNA in therapy or pathological responses and relapse prediction
1.5 ctDNA for tracking breast cancer heterogeneity
2 Circulating tumor cells
3 Future perspective
Chapter 10. Protein biomarkers in breast cancer: Implication in diagnosis and prognosis
1 Introduction
2 Protein biomarkers and breast cancer
2.1 HER-2 overexpression
2.2 Luminal A
2.3 Luminal B
2.4 Triple-negative breast cancer
3 Serum-enriched biomarkers
4 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Understanding of chemotherapeutic resistance: With special reference to breast cancer
1 Introduction
2 Types of breast cancer and treatment modalities
2.1 Classification of breast cancer subtypes
2.1.1 Hormone receptor-positive
2.1.2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive
2.1.3 Triple negative breast cancer
2.2 Overview of treatment modalities
2.2.1 Hormonal therapy
2.2.2 Targeted therapies
2.2.3 Chemotherapy
2.2.4 Neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings
2.2.5 Immunotherapy
3 Mechanisms of therapeutic resistance
3.1 Intrinsic factors
3.1.1 Genetic mutations
3.1.2 Tumor heterogeneity
3.1.3 Cancer stem cells
3.1.4 Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
3.2 Acquired factors
3.3 Tumor microenvironment
3.4 Metabolic adaptations
4 Resistance mechanisms in HR-positive breast cancer
4.1 Tamoxifen
4.1.1 ESR1 mutations and tamoxifen resistance
4.1.2 ER mutations
4.2 Ligand-binding domain alterations
4.2.1 Cross-talk with growth factor signaling
4.3 Aromatase inhibitors
4.3.1 Aromatase inhibitor resistance
4.3.2 Upregulation of alternative estrogen sources
4.3.3 ESR1-MUT and AI response
4.3.4 Mutations in aromatase
4.4 Resistance mechanisms in HER-2-positive breast cancer
4.4.1 Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab
4.4.2 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Lapatinib, Neratinib, Tucatinib)
4.5 Resistance mechanisms in TNBC
4.5.1 Chemotherapy
4.5.2 PARP inhibitors
4.5.3 Resistance mechanisms in CDK4/6 inhibitors
5 Strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance in breast cancer
5.1 Personalized medicine
5.2 Combination therapies
5.3 Immunotherapy approaches
5.4 Innovative research and emerging strategies
6 Clinical implications and future directions
6.1 Impact on clinical decision-making
6.2 Current clinical trials and research initiatives
6.3 Promising approaches and technologies
Chapter 12. Breast cancer stem cell: Role in pathogenesis
1 Introduction
2 Biomarkers for breast cancer stem cells
3 Breast cancer stem cells in molecular subtypes
4 Role of notch signaling pathways in BCSCs
5 Resistance to breast cancer chemotherapy
6 Targeting chemotherapy-resistant BCSCs
7 Conclusion and future perspective
Chapter 13. Plant-derived bioactive phytochemicals as potential compounds for breast cancer prevention and pharmacotherapy: Efficacy, safety, and mechanisms
1 Introduction
2 Promising terpenoids in breast cancer
2.1 Myrcene as an anticancer agent
2.2 Auraptene as anticancer agent
2.3 Carvone as anticancer agent
2.4 Thymol as an anticancer agent
2.5 Gibberellin as anticancer agent
2.6 Sclareol as anticancer agent
2.7 Tocotrienol as anticancer agent
2.8 Paclitaxel as anticancer agent
3 Flavonoids as anticancer agents
3.1 Fisetin as anticancer agent
3.2 Quercetin as anticancer agent
3.3 Celastrol as an anticancer agent
3.4 Kaempferol as an anticancer agent
3.5 Apigenin as an anticancer agent
3.6 Carnosol as anticancer agent
4 Other miscellaneous plant-derived compounds as anticancer agents
5 Future prospective
Index

Dharambir Kashyap

Dr. Kashyap is currently at the Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Indiana University, working on identifying novel biomarkers for designing and modifying immunotherapy approaches for breast cancer targeting TME components. He received his PhD in molecular biology on the main subject of tumor microenvironment in breast cancer from PGIMER, Chandigarh, India, and holds an MSc in Human Genomics. He published 70 articles and five book chapters. He is also a reviewer and editorial board member of many PubMed/Scopus-indexed journals. His h-index is 26, and FWCI is 2.91

Affiliations and expertise

Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Riya Sharma

Dr. Sharma is an early career scientist in biological science at the School of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, USA, working on Multiple Myeloma genomics characterizations. She holds an MSc in Microbial Biotechnology and has good publications in peer-reviewed international journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Vivek Kumar Garg

Dr. Garg is currently an Associate Professor at Chandigarh University in India. In 2018, he earned his PhD in Neurology and holds his M.Sc. in Medical Biochemistry. He has published 47 articles in prestigious journals and 12 book chapters. He is also a reviewer and editorial board member of 12 PubMed/Scopus-indexed journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India

Huda Salman

Dr. Salman is Director of the Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Co-leader of the HHM CC Program, Don Brown Professor of Immunotherapy, and Professor of the Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202. She holds the MD and PhD in Medicine. She is on the editorial board of several journals with a high impact factor. She is mentioned as America’s most honored doctor (2020-2022). She has published several articles. Her expertise is in the engineering and manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells (CAR-T cells) for treating hematological malignancies and solid tumors.

Affiliations and expertise

Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

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Cancer of the Breast

Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment

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Innovate. Sustain. Transform.

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Dharambir Kashyap

Riya Sharma

Vivek Kumar Garg

Huda Salman