Brain Stimulation
- 1st Edition, Volume 116 - November 25, 2013
- Latest edition
- Authors: Andres M. Lozano, Mark Hallett
- Language: English
A volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, which has an unparalleled reputation as the world’s most comprehensive source of information in neurology. Internat… Read more
Neurologists, Neuroscience research workers
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
Foreword
Preface
References
Contributors
Section 1: Deep brain stimulation
Chapter 1. Principles of electrical stimulation of neural tissue
Abstract
Introduction
Fundamentals of electrical stimulation of neural tissue
Polarity of stimulation
Current–distance relationship
Strength–duration relationship
Frequency of stimulation
Considerations for nondamaging stimulation
Closing remarks
References
Chapter 2. Deep brain stimulation in animal models
Abstract
Background
Electrodes for deep brain stimulation in animal models
Surgery for deep brain stimulation in animal models
Stimulation parameters of deep brain stimulation in animal models
Evaluation of electrodes tips in animal models of deep brain stimulation
Problems encountered during the development of deep brain stimulation in animal models
Examples of the contribution of deep brain stimulation in animal models to clinical practice
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Deep brain stimulation surgical techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Brain atlases: Relating anatomy and radiography
Coordinate systems and registration
Frame systems
Frameless systems – principles and technique
Image fusion and target localization
Microelectrode recording and lead placement
Interventional mri for dbs placement
Pulse generator placement
Complications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Deep brain stimulation: how does it work?
Abstract
Introduction
Neural responses to deep brain stimulation
Therapeutic mechanism of deep brain stimulation
Therapeutic targets of deep brain stimulation
References
Chapter 5. Computational modeling of deep brain stimulation
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation
Patient-specific models
Modeling neurostimulation
Deep brain stimulation models
Clinical application of deep brain stimulation models
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6. Therapeutic stimulation versus ablation
Abstract
Introduction
Chronic pain: ablation versus stimulation?
Movement disorders
Psychiatric indications
Ethics of ablation versus deep brain stimulation
Reasons for popularity of deep brain stimulation
Reasons for decline of ablative procedures
Pros and cons of dbs versus ablation in functional neurosurgery
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7. Magnetic resonance imaging safety of deep brain stimulator devices
Abstract
Introduction
The MRI environment: basic physics of potential interactions with implanted DBS devices
Experimental studies
In vivo studies
Recommendations and conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Brain stimulation and functional imaging with fMRI and PET
Abstract
Introduction to functional imaging
Deep brain stimulation and functional imaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional imaging
Future directions
References
Chapter 9. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease – patient selection
Abstract
Introduction
The ideal parkinson's disease candidate for deep brain stimulation
Contraindications for neurosurgery
Previous therapies for parkinson's disease
Features of parkinson's disease
Personal, professional, and social issues
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Clinical outcome of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Introduction
The targets of deep brain stimulation
Measuring the compound motor effects of DBS
Motor effects
Effects on specific motor symptoms of advanced parkinson's disease
Nonmotor effects
Quality of life
Adverse events
Patients qualifying for deep brain stimulation and outcome predictors
Timing of the intervention
Choosing the target
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. Postoperative management of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Introduction
General programming strategy
Stimulation parameters
Battery replacement
Initial programming session
Stabilization period and beyond
Subthalamic nucleus stimulation
Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna
Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 12. Psychiatric considerations in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Suicidal behaviors
Depression
Apathy
Hypomania and mania
Anxiety
Impulse control disorders
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor
Abstract
Introduction
Deep brain stimulation
Clinical studies
DBS of non-vim areas for tremor control in patients with essential tremor
Summary
References
Further Reading
Chapter 14. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia
Abstract
Introduction
How effective is DBS in the treatment of dystonia?
GPi DBS in generalized and segmental primary dystonia (including cervical dystonia)
GPi DBS in focal dystonia: blepharospasm, meige syndrome, upper limb dystonia
Long-term follow-up
Persistence of beneficial effect after the stimulator has been switched off
Predictive factors of outcome
Other types of dystonia with good outcome
Tardive dystonia
Dystonia with less predictible outcomes: status dystonicus and secondary dystonia
Safety and adverse effects
Current practice and future directions
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. Role of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of secondary dystonia–dyskinesia syndromes
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
DBS for secondary dystonia: presentation of studies
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Deep brain stimulation for other tremors, myoclonus, and chorea
Abstract
Introduction
Deep brain stimulation in huntington’s disease
Deep brain stimulation in hemiballism–hemichorea
Deep brain stimulation in tardive dyskinesia
Deep brain stimulation in holmes tremor
Deep brain stimulation in posttraumatic tremor
Deep brain stimulation for tremor associated with multiple sclerosis
Thalamic deep brain stimulation in orthostatic tremor
Deep brain stimulation in myoclonus
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 17. Deep brain stimulation for epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Sites of brain stimulation for epilepsy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments and disclosures
References
Chapter 18. Deep brain stimulation for major depression
Abstract
The need for new treatment options in therapy-resistant depression
Targets under research in therapy-resistant depression
Efficacy, side-effects, and neurobiological changes
Case studies, new targets, and new indications
Quality standards
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Deep brain stimulation in obsessive–compulsive disorder: neurocircuitry and clinical experience
Abstract
Background and historical context
Circuitry of OCD: translation to deep brain stimulation
DBS in OCD: experience with various potential targets
Conclusion: OCD as a neuropsychiatric illness
References
Chapter 20. Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Deep brain stimulation
Conclusion and future directions
References
Chapter 21. Deep brain stimulation in addiction due to psychoactive substance use
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiological significance
Neurobiology of reward and addiction
Stereotactic lesional procedures
Animal models
Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus accumbens for treating substance dependence in humans
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in substance-related addictions in humans
Hypotheses regarding the effects of deep brain stimulation on addictions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Evaluating the potential of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant anorexia nervosa
Abstract
Background: disease burden and scope
Neuroimaging
Neurocircuitry
Rationale for deep brain stimulation treatment and target selection
Neuromodulation in anorexia
Neurosurgical interventions (lesions and dbs) in anorexia
Ethics and deep brain stimulation in anorexia nervosa
Conclusion
References
Chapter 23. Deep brain stimulation for pain
Abstract
Introduction
Patient selection
Basic science
Surgical technique
Clinical assessment
Evidence
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24. Central thalamic deep brain stimulation for support of forebrain arousal regulation in the minimally conscious state
Abstract
Historical efforts to apply thalamic brain stimulation in the severely injured brain placed in a modern context
Proof of concept in a single-subject study of central thalamic deep brain stimulation
Neuronal mechanisms underpinning the rationale of CT-DBS in the severely injured brain
Directions for development of CT/DBS for MCS: preferable neuronal substrates, behavioral profiles, and goals of the intervention
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 25. Deep brain stimulation for cognitive disorders
Abstract
Background
Previous deep brain stimulation trials in disorders with cognitive disturbances
Other observations and future prospects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26. Ethics guidance for neurological and psychiatric deep brain stimulation
Abstract
Introduction
Ethical challenges in movement disorders
Specific ethical challenges of psychiatric dbs and emerging areas of investigation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section 2: Superficial brain stimulation
Chapter 27. Transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation: technique and paradigms
Abstract
Introduction
Transcranial electric stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Conclusions and future directions
References
Chapter 28. Epidural and subdural stimulation
Abstract
Introduction
History
Mechanism of action
Stimulation parameters
Surgical technique
Summary
References
Chapter 29. Physics of effects of transcranial brain stimulation
Abstract
Introduction
Relationship between electric field and current density
Low-frequency dielectric properties of head tissues
Effect of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy
The quasistatic approximation
Focality in transcranial stimulation
The electric field induced in transcranial magnetic stimulation
The electric field in transcranial current stimulation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30. Biological effects of non-invasive brain stimulation
Abstract
Introduction
Single-pulse stimulation
Transcranial electrical stimulation
Magnetic stimulation
Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
Repetitive stimulation of the motor cortex
Overall view
References
Chapter 31. Central motor conduction time
Abstract
Introduction
Methods used to measure central motor conduction time
Effects of anthropometric factors on central motor conduction time
Clinical utility of central motor conduction time
Conclusion
References
Chapter 32. Pharmaco-transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of motor excitability
Abstract
Introduction
Motor threshold
Motor evoked potential amplitude
Cortical silent period
Short-interval intracortical inhibition
Intracortical facilitation
Short-interval intracortical facilitation
Long-interval intracortical inhibition
Short-latency afferent inhibition
Summary
References
Chapter 33. Treating the depressions with superficial brain stimulation methods
Abstract
Introduction
Why brain stimulation and depression
Electroconvulsive therapy
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and repetitive TMS
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Transcranial electrical stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation
Epidural and subdural stimulation
Conclusion and next steps
References
Chapter 34. Other therapeutic psychiatric uses of superficial brain stimulation
Abstract
Introduction
Anxiety disorders
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Catatonia
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Discussion
References
Chapter 35. Pain
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanisms of action
Epidural motor cortex stimulation
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex
Transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex
Other cortical targets
Conclusion
References
Chapter 36. Tinnitus: therapeutic use of superficial brain stimulation
Abstract
Introduction: Terminology and epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Methodological considerations
Brain stimulation for the treatment of tinnitus
Auditory brain stimulation
Concluding remark
References
Chapter 37. Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Background
Rationale for noninvasive brain stimulation
Pathophysiology of motor disturbance of parkinson's disease
Therapeutic studies of noninvasive brain stimulation in parkinson's disease
Physiological effects of noninvasive brain stimulation in parkinson's disease
Current concepts of noninvasive brain stimulation in parkinson's disease
Outlook for noninvasive brain stimulation in parkinson's disease
References
Chapter 38. Dystonia
Abstract
Introduction
Writer's Cramp
Blepharospasm
Conclusion
References
Chapter 39. Epilepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in seizure suppression
Safety of TMS in epilepsy
TMS as a diagnostic instrument in epilepsy
Spike provocation by TMS
Transcranial direct current stimulation in epilepsy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 40. Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation
Abstract
Introduction
Poststroke reorganization
Physiological mechanisms of reorganization
Noninvasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 41. Plasticity
Abstract
Terms and physiology
Models of plasticity in the naive central nervous system
Modulation of stimulation-induced plasticity by concomitant experimental physiological manipulation
Modulation of stimulation-induced plasticity by prior experience or behavior
Modulation of effects of subsequent training through stimulation-induced plasticity
References
Chapter 42. Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Standard measures of motor cortex excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Premovement facilitation of motor evoked potentials
Transcallosal inhibition and mirror movements
Cerebellum and tremor
Effects of deep brain stimulation on cortical excitability
Motor cortex plasticity
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia and cortical plasticity
Plasticity: conclusions
References
Chapter 43. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in dystonia
Abstract
Introduction
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and dystonia pathophysiology
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and diagnostic applications
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and therapeutic applications
References
Chapter 44. Noninvasive brain stimulation in Huntington’s disease
Abstract
Introduction
Brainstem excitability and plasticity in huntington's disease
Primary motor cortex excitability and plasticity in huntington's disease
Conclusion
References
Chapter 45. Utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in delineating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathophysiology
Abstract
Introduction
The effects of single-pulse TMS on motor function
Stimulus–response curves
Central motor conduction time
Cortical silent period
Paired-pulse TMS and motor function
Short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation
Peristimulus time histograms
Contribution of TMS to the understanding of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis
An excitotoxic paradigm
Diagnostic utility of TMS in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Future clinical utility of TMS
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 46. Superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnostic applications of superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis
Monitoring and prediction of the course of multiple sclerosis
Evaluations of functions other than direct corticospinal connection by superficial brain stimulation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 47. Brain stimulation in migraine
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of migraine: the neurostimulation insight
Noninvasive neurostimulation for the treatment of migraine
Conclusion
References
Chapter 48. Dementia
Abstract
Introduction
Cortical reactivity measures, plasticity, and functional connectivity
Studies on cortical excitability, connectivity, and plasticity
Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability in dementia
Therapeutic interventions
Discussion
References
Chapter 49. Addiction
Abstract
Introduction
The neurobiology of addiction: a brief overview
Addiction and brain stimulation
Nicotine and brain stimulation
Alcohol and brain stimulation
Cocaine and brain stimulation
Cannabis and brain stimulation
Ecstasy and brain stimulation
Safety of brain stimulation techniques within addiction populations
Future research applications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 50. Tourette syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Depolarization thresholds: resting and active motor thresholds
The cortical silent period
Paired-pulse studies of inhibition: SICI and SAI
Single pulse: input–output curves
Repeated pulse: neuroplasticity
References
Chapter 51. Cerebellum
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy of cerebellocerebral connection
Cerebellar stimulation – methodology
Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects
Cerebellar inhibition in neurological disorders
Other investigations
Methodological limitations
Summary, outlook, and perspectives
References
Chapter 52. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and vision
Abstract
Introduction
How can TMS contribute to the study of vision?
Pioneering TMS studies on the visual system
Phosphenes – visual percepts induced by TMS
Stimulation site localization
Recent TMS studies on visual motion perception
TMS studies on object and face processing
Chronometric TMS: tracing information flow between brain areas
TMS studies on in neurological disorders affecting vision
State dependency of TMS effects
Revealing neuronal selectivity with state-dependent TMS
Mechanisms underlying TMS-induced impairments in visual perception
Impact of stimulation intensity on whether TMS impairs or facilitates perception
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 53. Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques to study the somatosensory system: research applications
Abstract
Introduction
Stimulation of primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
Interaction of intermodal attentional and sensorimotor systems
Stimulation of nonsomatosensory regions and the effect on somatosensory cortical processing
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 54. Language
Abstract
Introduction
Phonology
The phonological loop in verbal working memory
Semantics
Grammar and syntax
Figurative language
Speech production: the speech arrest phenomenon
Prosody
Reading
Conclusion
References
Chapter 55. Learning and memory
Abstract
Introduction
Framing application of noninvasive brain stimulation in the context of neuropsychological definitions
Understanding the neural mechanisms of learning and memory
Using noninvasive brain stimulation as a diagnostic tool
Modulating learning and memory
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 56. Transcranial stimulation and cognition
Abstract
Introduction
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial electrical stimulation
Future directions: cognitive neurorehabilitation and noninvasive brain stimulation
References
Index
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Volume: 116
- Published: November 25, 2013
- Language: English
AL
Andres M. Lozano
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaMH
Mark Hallett
Affiliations and expertise
School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USARead Brain Stimulation on ScienceDirect