Boosting the Transition to Circular Economy in the Water Sector: Insights from EU Demonstration Case Studies

1. Water Reuse from treated wastewater: insights gained from the Italian demonstration case studies within Wider-Uptake EU Project (This chapter will present water reuse actions adopted at Corleone and UNIPA demonstration case studies. Results of the water reuse campaign related with the water-soil-plants interaction will be provided.) 2. Resource recovery from sewage sludge by polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production (This chapter will present a description of the strategies adopted to recover bioplastic from sewage sludge. Results of the different layout tested in terms of PHA production, energy consumption and GHG emissions will be presented.) 3. Reducing the sewage sludge production by applying the Oxic Settling Anoxic-Anaerobic (OSA) process (This chapter will present strategies adopted to reduce the amount of sludge produced from WWTPs. Results of different configurations tested related with the amount of sludge produced, effluent water quality and GHG emissions will be provided.) 4. Slow-release fertilizers by biochar and zeolite enriched by wastewater for nutrient recovery (This chapter will present strategies adopted to recover nutrients from WWTP effluent and produce slow release fertilizers. In the chapter will be presented and discussed the results obtained during the experimental campaign on the nutrient recovery improvement and reuse of biochar and zeolite materials as fertilizers at UNIPA and Marineo demonstration case studies.) 5. Water Reuse for greening urban areas: insights gained from the Czech Republic demonstration case study (This chapter will summarize results of the tertiary treatment unit implemented at the Prague WWTP. Results of four different water reuse configurations (Vlatava river water, effluent from WWTP, effluent + UV and effluent + UF + UV) and water-soil-plant interactions will be provided.) 6. Fuel production from sewage sludge: insights from Ghana demonstration case study (This chapter will present results of the monitoring campaign and optimization process of a biochar production line installed and optimized at the Mudor Treatment Plant.) 7. Production and improvement of new bio-composite materials from the water cycle: insights from the Netherlands demonstration case study (This chapter will present results of improved bio-composite material and related production technology from sewage sludge.) 8. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal, struvite and biogas recovery: insights from the Norwegian demonstration case studies (This chapter will present results of the processes adopted at IVAR and HIAS to recover energy and nutrients. Results of the biogas production enhancement, biogas and struvite recovery and potential identified value chain will be discussed in the chapter.) 9. Roadmap development and application for wider uptake of water-smart solutions (This chapter will present the road map developed within WiderUptake project for transition into circular economy in the water sector. An application of the roadmap with results will be also presented.) 10. Governance assessment tools and business models for industrial symbiosis solutions (This chapter will present results of identified tools for assessment of drivers and barriers to water-smart solutions and the business model. Results of testing the circular business models will be provided and discussed for Wider-Uptake case studies.) 11. Implementation of water-smart technology and management solutions: insights from the B-WaterSmart EU project (This chapter will present results gained from demonstration case studies within B-WaterSmart EU Project. The project has following case studies: 1) Alicante (Spain): water-reuse and resource recovery; 2) Bodo (Norway): implementation of small-scale biogas production and employ of smart system for advanced leakage & infiltration control; 3) East Frisia (Germany): development of a sectoral and decentralized water supply strategy considering unused local water resources; 4) Flanders (Belgium): regional circularity water system; 5) Lisbon (Portugal): city water-smartness improvement; 6) Venice (Italy): applied resource recovery technology and water reuse.) 12. Creating a new smart water ecosystem: insights from the Rewaise EU project (Description of some of the nine living labs and their relative goals. Results of resource recovery and water reuse activities as well as the experimental campaigns will be described and discussed in the chapter.) 13. Becoming a catalyst for Water Smart Industrial Symbiosis (WSIS): insights from the Ultimate EU project (This chapter will describe results gained from some of the demonstration case studies within the project related to resource recovery from water treatment.) 14. Development of innovative solutions for sustainable water management: insights from the Water-Mining EU project (This chapter will describe results gained from some of the demonstration case studies within the project related to resource recovery from water treatment.)