Biotechnology
- 2nd Edition - June 25, 2015
- Authors: David P. Clark, Nanette J. Pazdernik
- Language: English
Biotechnology, Second Edition approaches modern biotechnology from a molecular basis, which has grown out of increasing biochemical understanding of genetics and physiolog… Read more
Biotechnology, Second Edition approaches modern biotechnology from a molecular basis, which has grown out of increasing biochemical understanding of genetics and physiology. Using straightforward, less-technical jargon, Clark and Pazdernik introduce each chapter with basic concepts that develop into more specific and detailed applications. This up-to-date text covers a wide realm of topics including forensics, bioethics, and nanobiotechnology using colorful illustrations and concise applications. In addition, the book integrates recent, relevant primary research articles for each chapter, which are presented on an accompanying website. The articles demonstrate key concepts or applications of the concepts presented in the chapter, which allows the reader to see how the foundational knowledge in this textbook bridges into primary research. This book helps readers understand what molecular biotechnology actually is as a scientific discipline, how research in this area is conducted, and how this technology may impact the future.
- Up-to-date text focuses on modern biotechnology with a molecular foundation
- Includes clear, color illustrations of key topics and concept
- Features clearly written without overly technical jargon or complicated examples
- Provides a comprehensive supplements package with an easy-to-use study guide, full primary research articles that demonstrate how research is conducted, and instructor-only resources
Upper division undergraduates in microbiology, physiology, biology, pharmacology, biotechnology, zoology, plant biology, biochemistry and agriculture
Chapter 1. Basics of Biotechnology
- Advent of the Biotechnology Revolution
- Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Packaging of Nucleic Acids
- Bacteria as the Workhorses of Biotechnology
- Escherichia coli Is the Model Bacterium
- Many Bacteria Contain Plasmids
- Other Bacteria in Biotechnology
- Basic Genetics of Eukaryotic Cells
- Yeast and Filamentous Fungi in Biotechnology
- Yeast Mating Types and Cell Cycle
- Multicellular Organisms as Research Models
- Animal Cell Culture in Vitro
- Arabidopsis thaliana, a Model Flowering Plant
- Viruses Used in Genetics Research
- Subviral Infectious Agents and Other Gene Creatures
- Summary
Chapter 2. DNA, RNA, and Protein
- The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Transcription Expresses Genes
- Making RNA
- Transcription Stop Signals
- The Number of Genes on an mRNA Varies
- Eukaryotic Transcription is More Complex
- Regulation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
- Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic mRNA is Processed Before Making Protein
- Translating the Genetic Code into Proteins
- Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Translation
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Synthesize Their Own Proteins
- Summary
Chapter 3. Recombinant DNA Technology
- DNA Isolation and Purification
- Electrophoresis Separates DNA Fragments by Size
- Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA; Ligase Joins DNA
- Methods of Detection for Nucleic Acids
- Complementary Strands Melt Apart and Reanneal
- Hybridization of DNA or RNA in Southern and Northern Blots
- Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
- General Properties of Cloning Vectors
- Specific Types of Cloning Vectors
- Getting Cloned Genes into Bacteria by Transformation
- Constructing a Library of Genes
- Screening the Library of Genes by Hybridization
- Eukaryotic Expression Libraries
- Features of Expression Vectors
- Recombineering Increases the Speed of Gene Cloning
- Gateway® Cloning Vectors
- Summary
Chapter 4. DNA Synthesis In Vivo and In Vitro
- Introduction
- Replication of DNA
- Comparing Replication in Gene Creatures, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes
- In Vitro DNA Synthesis
- Chemical Synthesis of DNA
- Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction Uses in Vitro Synthesis to Amplify Small Amounts of DNA
- Modifications of Basic PCR
- Reverse Transcriptase PCR
- PCR in Genetic Engineering
- PCR of DNA can Determine the Sequence of Bases
- Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies
- Summary
Chapter 5. RNA-Based Technologies
- Noncoding RNA Plays Many Roles
- RNA Coordinates Genomic Integrity in Eukaryotes
- RNA Protects Genomes from Invading Viruses
- RNA Modulates Transcription
- Noncoding RNAs Take Part in RNA Processing
- Riboswitches are Controlled by Effector Molecules
- RNA Catalyzes Enzyme Reactions
- Summary
Chapter 6. Immune Technology
- Introduction
- Antibodies, Antigens, and Epitopes
- The Great Diversity of Antibodies
- Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins
- Monoclonal Antibodies for Clinical Use
- Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies
- Humanized Antibodies in Clinical Applications
- Antibody Engineering
- Diabodies and Bispecific Antibody Constructs
- ELISA Assay
- The ELISA as a Diagnostic Tool
- Visualizing Cell Components using Antibodies
- Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
- Immune Memory and Vaccination
- Creating a Vaccine
- Making Vector Vaccines using Homologous Recombination
- Reverse Vaccinology
- Identifying New Antigens for Vaccines
- DNA Vaccines Bypass the need to Purify Antigens
- Edible Vaccines
- Summary
Chapter 7. Nanobiotechnology
- Introduction
- Visualization at the Nanoscale
- Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
- Atomic Force Microscopy
- Weighing Single Bacteria and Virus Particles
- Nanoparticles and Their Uses
- Nanoparticles for Labeling
- Quantum Size Effect and Nanocrystal Colors
- Nanoparticles for Delivery of Drugs, DNA, or RNA
- Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
- Assembly of Nanocrystals by Microorganisms
- Nanotubes
- Antibacterial Nanocarpets
- Detection of Viruses by Nanowires
- Ion Channel Nanosensors
- Nanoengineering of DNA
- DNA Origami
- DNA Mechanical Nanodevices
- Controlled Denaturation of DNA by Gold Nanoparticles
- Controlled Change of Protein Shape by DNA
- Biomolecular Motors
- Summary
Chapter 8. Genomics and Gene Expression
- Introduction
- Genetic Mapping Techniques
- Gaps Remain in the Human Genome
- Survey of the Human Genome
- Noncoding Components of the Human Genome
- Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis
- Medicine and Genomics
- DNA Accumulates Mutations over Time
- Genetic Evolution
- From Pharmacology to Pharmacogenetics
- Gene Expression and Microarrays
- Making DNA Microarrays
- Hybridization ON DNA Microarrays
- Monitoring Gene Expression Using Whole-Genome Tiling Arrays
- Monitoring Gene Expression by RNA-Seq
- Monitoring Gene Expression of Single Genes
- Epigenetics and Epigenomics
- Epigenomics in Higher Organisms
- Summary
Chapter 9. Proteomics
- Introduction
- Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
- Western Blotting of Proteins
- High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Separates Protein Mixtures
- Digestion of Proteins by Proteases
- Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification
- Preparing Proteins for Mass Spectroscopy
- Protein Quantification Using Mass Spectrometry
- Protein Tagging Systems
- Phage Display Library Screening
- Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two-Hybrid System
- Protein Interactions by Co-immunoprecipitation
- Protein Arrays
- Metabolomics
- Summary
Chapter 10. Recombinant Proteins
- Proteins and Recombinant DNA Technology
- Expression of Eukaryotic Proteins in Bacteria
- Insulin and Diabetes
- Cloning and Genetic Engineering of Insulin
- Translation Expression Vectors
- Codon Usage Effects
- Avoiding Toxic Effects of Protein Overproduction
- Inclusion Bodies and Protein Refolding
- Increasing Protein Stability
- Improving Protein Secretion
- Protein Fusion Expression Vectors
- Protein Glycosylation
- Expression of Proteins by Eukaryotic Cells
- Expression of Proteins by Yeast
- Expression of Proteins by Insect Cells
- Expression of Proteins by Mammalian Cells
- Expression of Multiple Subunits in Mammalian Cells
- Comparing Expression Systems
- Summary
Chapter 11. Protein Engineering
- Introduction
- Engineering Disulfide Bonds
- Improving Stability In Other Ways
- Changing Binding Site Specificity
- Structural Scaffolds
- Directed Evolution
- Recombining Domains
- DNA Shuffling
- Combinatorial Protein Libraries
- Creation of De Novo Proteins
- Expanding the Genetic Code
- Roles of Non-Natural Amino Acids
- Biomaterials Design Relies on Protein Engineering
- Engineered Binding Proteins
- Summary
Chapter 12. Environmental Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Identifying New Genes with Metagenomics
- Culture Enrichment for Environmental Samples
- Sequence-Dependent Techniques for Metagenomics
- Function- or Activity-Based Evaluation of The Environment
- Ecology and Metagenomics
- Natural Attenuation of Pollutants
- Biofuels and Bioenergy
- Microbial Fuel Cells
- Summary
Chapter 13. Synthetic Biology
- Introduction
- Ethanol, Elephants, and Pathway Engineering
- Degradation of Starch
- Degradation of Cellulose
- Second-Generation Biofuels
- Biodiesel
- Ice-Forming Bacteria and Frost
- Biorefining of Fossil Fuels
- Biosynthesis of β-Lactam Antibiotics
- Biosynthetic Plastics are Also Biodegradable
- The Integrated Circuits Approach
- Synthetic Genetic Materials: xDNA And XNA
- Designer Bacteria
- Summary
Chapter 14. From Cell Phones to Cyborgs
- Introduction
- Cell Phones
- Robotics
- Radio-Controlled Genes
- Insect Cyborgs
- Soft Robotics
- Summary
Chapter 15. Transgenic Plants and Plant Biotechnology
- Introduction
- History of Plant Breeding
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Genetic Engineering of Plants
- Biotechnology Improves Crops
- Resistance: Nature Responds to Transgenic Plants
- Functional Genomics in Plants
- Summary
Chapter 16. Transgenic Animals
- New and Improved Animals
- Creating Transgenic Animals
- Larger Mice Illustrate Transgenic Technology
- Recombinant Protein Production Using Transgenic Livestock
- Knockout Mice for Medical Research
- Alternative Ways to Make Transgenic Animals
- Location Effects on Expression of the Transgene
- Deliberate Control of Transgene Expression
- Gene Control by Site-Specific Recombination
- Transgenic Insects
- Practical Transgenic Animals
- Applications of RNA Technology in Transgenics
- Natural Transgenics and DNA Ingestion
- Summary
Chapter 17. Inherited Defects and Gene Therapy
- Introduction
- Hereditary Defects in Higher Organisms
- Hereditary Defects Due to Multiple Genes
- Defects Due to Haploinsufficiency
- Dominant Mutations may be Positive or Negative
- Deleterious Tandem Repeats and Dynamic Mutations
- Defects in Imprinting and Methylation
- Mitochondrial Defects
- Identification of Defective Genes
- Genetic Screening and Counseling
- General Principles of Gene Therapy
- Adenovirus Vectors in Gene Therapy
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy
- Retrovirus Gene Therapy
- Retrovirus Gene Therapy for Scid
- Adeno-Associated Virus
- Nonviral Delivery in Gene Therapy
- Liposomes and Lipofection in Gene Therapy
- Aggressive Gene Therapy for Cancer
- Using RNA in Therapy
- Antisense RNA and Other Oligonucleotides
- Aptamers—Blocking Proteins with DNA or RNA
- Ribozymes in Gene Therapy
- RNA Interference in Gene Therapy
- Gene Editing with Nucleases
- Genome Editing with Engineered Nucleases
- Genome Editing with CRISPR Nucleases
- Summary
Chapter 18. Cloning and Stem Cells
- Introduction
- What is a Stem Cell?
- Identifying Adult Stem Cells
- The Key Features of a Stem Cell Niche
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow
- Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Stem Cell Therapy
- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
- Dolly the Cloned Sheep
- Practical Reasons for Cloning Animals
- Improving Livestock by Pathway Engineering
- Imprinting and Developmental Problems in Cloned Animals
- Summary
Chapter 19. Cancer
- Cancer is Genetic in Origin
- Environmental Factors and Cancer
- Normal Cell Division: The Cell Cycle
- Cellular Communication
- Receptors and Signal Transmission
- Cell Division Responds to External Signals
- Genes that Affect Cancer
- Oncogenes and Proto-Oncogenes
- Detection of Oncogenes by Transformation
- Types of Mutations that Generate Oncogenes
- The RAS Oncogene—Hyperactive Protein
- The MYC Oncogene—Overproduction of Protein
- Tumor-Suppressor Genes or Anti-Oncogenes
- The p16, p21, and p53 Anti-Oncogenes
- Formation of a Tumor
- Inherited Susceptibility to Cancer
- Cancer-Causing Viruses
- Engineered Cancer-Killing Viruses
- Cancer Genomics
- Cancer Epigenomics
- Micro RNA Regulation and Cancer
- Anticancer Agents
- Summary
Chapter 20. Aging and Apoptosis
- Introduction
- Genetic Phenomena Associated with Aging
- Cellular Dysfunction and Aging
- Cellular Senescence
- Programmed Cell Death
- Apoptosis Involves a Proteolytic Cascade
- Mammalian Apoptosis
- Caspases
- Execution Phase of Apoptosis
- Corpse Clearance in Apoptosis
- Control of Apoptotic Pathways in Development
- Necroptosis
- Metabolic Control of Cell Death
- Cancer, Aging, and Programmed Cell Death
- Programmed Cell Death in Bacteria
- Summary
Chapter 21. Viral and Prion Infections
- Viral Infections and Antiviral Agents
- Interferons Coordinate the Antiviral Response
- Antiviral Therapy using RNA Interference
- Influenza is a Negative-Strand Rna Virus
- The AIDS Retrovirus
- Chemokine Receptors Act as Co-Receptors for Hiv
- Treatment of the AIDS Retrovirus
- Infectious Prion Disease
- Detection of Pathogenic Prions
- Approaches to Treating Prion Disease
- Prions in Yeast
- Using Yeast Prions as Models
- Amyloid Proteins in Neurological Diseases
- Summary
Chapter 22. Biological Warfare: Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism
- Introduction
- The Natural History of Biological Warfare
- Microbes Versus Man: The Rise of Antibiotic Resistance
- A Brief History of Human Biological Warfare
- Identifying Suitable Biological Warfare Agents
- A Closer Look at Select Biological Warfare Agents
- Enhancing Biological Warfare Agents with Biotechnology
- Detection of Biological Warfare Agents
- Summary
Chapter 23. Forensic Molecular Biology
- The Genetic Basis of Identity
- Blood, Sweat, and Tears
- Forensic DNA Testing
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Using Repeated Sequences in Fingerprinting
- Probability and DNA Testing
- The Use of DNA Evidence
- DNA is Also Used to Identify Animals
- Tracing Genealogies by Mitochondrial DNA and the Y Chromosome
- Identifying the Remains of the Russian Imperial Family
- Gene Doping and Athletics
- Genomics Drives Advances in Forensics
- Summary
Chapter 24. Bioethics in Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Principles of Bioethics
- Use of the Precautionary Principle
- The Power of Information
- Possible Dangers to Health from Biotechnology
- Genetically Modified Organisms
- Human Enhancement, Cloning, and Engineering
- Ethics Changes over Time
- Summary
- Edition: 2
- Published: June 25, 2015
- Language: English
DC
David P. Clark
David P. Clark did his graduate work on bacterial antibiotic resistance to earn his Ph.D. from Bristol University, England. He later crossed the Atlantic to work as a postdoctoral researcher at Yale University and then the University of Illinois. Dr Clark recently retired from teaching Molecular Biology and Bacterial Physiology at Southern Illinois University which he joined in 1981. His research into the Regulation of Alcohol Fermentation in E. coli was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, from 1982 till 2007. In 1991 he received a Royal Society Guest Research Fellowship to work at Sheffield University, England while on sabbatical leave.
Affiliations and expertise
Southern Illinois UniversityNP
Nanette J. Pazdernik
Nanette J. Pazdernik has devoted her career to the understanding of molecular biology and biotechnology, and then disseminating that knowledge by writing and teaching. She is a co-author of Biotechnology, 2nd edition and Molecular Biology, 3rd edition, with Dr. David P. Clark and Dr. Michelle McGehee. Both the second and third edition of Molecular Biology won a Texty award from the Textbook and Academic Authors Association. She has taught courses in General Biology, Genetics, as well as Anatomy and Physiology at Southwestern Illinois College, McKendree University, and Harris-Stowe University. She received her BA in Biology from Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, and her PhD in Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics from the University of Minnesota. Her doctoral thesis studied protein structure-function relationships. Following her degrees, she investigated the signal transduction pathways that control apoptosis and immunity at Indiana University School of Medicine. In a second post-doctoral position, she studied the various molecules that maintain the stem cell niche in the Department of Genetics at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO. Currently, Dr. Pazdernik works in the biotech industry as a scientific writer.
Affiliations and expertise
Integrated DNA TechnologiesRead Biotechnology on ScienceDirect