Biometeorological Methods

PrefaceAcknowledgments1. Weather and Life 1.1. Physiology, Ecology, and Biometeorology 1.2. An Example of a Biometeorological Study 1.3. Reproducible and Specific Relations 1.4. Readjustment of Living Organisms to Their Environment 1.5. Readjustment of the Environment by Living Organisms 1.6. The Multidiscipline Approach2. Sampling of the Atmosphere: Time Considerations 2.1. Time Variability in the Atmosphere 2.2. Concentration and Dosage 2.3. Radioactivity Units 2.4. Degree Days 2.5. Concentration and Flux 2.6. Physical Time Lags 2.7. Biological Clocks and Time Lags3. Sampling of the Atmosphere: Space Considerations 3.1. Space Variability in the Atmosphere 3.2. Micrometeorology 3.3. Mesometeorology 3.4. Macrometeorology 3.5. Network Spacing 3.6. Some Instrument Sampling Problems4. The Design of Biometeorological Experiments 4.1. Some Preliminary Steps 4.2. Visual Observations 4.3. Questionnaires 4.4. Other Medical Statistics 4.5. Controlled Laboratory Experiments 4.6. Outdoor Quasi-Controlled Experiments 4.7. Studies Based on Climatological and Other Routine Observations5. Tables, Graphs, and Charts 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Single-Variable Tables and Graphs 5.3. Contingency Tables 5.4. Graphical Displays 5.5. Cartography and Spatial Averaging 5.6. Vector Diagrams 5.7. Streamlines and Trajectories6. Statistical Methods I 6.1. Uses of Statistical Methods 6.2. Statistical Normalization 6.3. Empirical Statistical Methods 6.4. Multivariate Analysis 6.5. Spatial Relations 6.6. Extreme-Value Analysis 6.7. Peak-to-Mean Ratios7. Statistical Methods II: Time Series 7.1. Normals 7.2. Variance and Spectra 7.3. The Blackman-Tukey Method of Spectral Analysis 7.4. Computational Considerations 7.5. Other Methods of Estimating Spectra 7.6. Nonstationarity 7.7. Cross-Spectrum Analysis 78. Persistence8. Physical Methods 8.1. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 8.2. Dimensional Analysis 8.3. Modeling 8.4. Water Budget 8.5. Metabolism 8.6. Energy Balance 8.7. Energy Chains 8.8. Diffusion and Ventilation9. Physical Methods: Illustrative Examples 9.1. Introduction 9.2. The Effect of Humidity on Human Comfort 9.3. Wind Chill 9.4. Heat Stress 9.5. Ecosystem Competition10. Synoptic Applications 10.1. The Synoptic Method 10.2. Stagnating Anticyclones: Pollution Potential Forecasting 10.3. Distant Transport of Gases and Particles 10.4. Distant Travel of Insect and Birds 10.5. The Effect of Contrails on Surface Temperature: a Simulation Model 10.6. Synoptic Maximization Techniques 10.7. Ecological Meteorotropisms11. Seasonal Relationships 11.1. General Reflections 112. Evapotranspiration Estimates 11.3. Soil Moisture Budgets 11.4. Drought 11.5. Agricultural Yield Prediction 11.6. Seasonal Studies of Health 11.7. Pollution Studies12. Studies of Past Climates 12.1. Introduction 12.2. The Instrument Era 12.3. The Historical Period 12.4. Paleoclimatology 12.5. Physical Models 12.6. Simulation of Climatic Change 12.7. Climatic Determinism 12.8. Climatic Adaptation13. Climatic Classification and Indices 13.1. Historical Introduction 132. Air Pollution Indices 13.3. Water Budget and Soil Moisture Indices 13.4. Continentality Indices 13.5. Agricultural Indices 13.6. Human Comfort Indices 13.7. Climatonomy14. Engineering and Economic Applications 14.1. Impact of Weather and Climate on Human Activities 14.2. Engineering Meteorology 14.3. The Cost/Loss Ratio 14.4. Weather Services and the National EconomyAppendix. ProblemsReferencesSubject Index