Bioenergetics

Preface Glossary Introduction to Part 1 1. Chemiosmotic Energy Transduction 1.1 The Chemiosmotic Theory: Fundamentals 1.2 The Basic Morphology of Energy-Transducing Membranes 1.3 A Brief History of Chemiosmotic Concepts 2. Ion Transport Across Energy-Conserving Membranes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Classification of Ion Transport 2.3 Bilayer-Mediated Transport 2.4 Protein-Catalysed Transport 2.5 Swelling and the Coordinate Movement of Ions across Membranes 3. Quantitative Bioenergetics: The Measurement of Driving Forces 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Gibbs Energy and Displacement from Equilibrium 3.3 Redox Potentials 3.4 Ion Electrochemical Potential Differences 3.5 Photons 3.6 Bioenergetic Interconversions and Thermodynamic Constraints on their Stoichiometries 3.7 The Equilibrium Distributions of Ions, Weak Acids and Weak Bases 3.8 Membrane Potentials, Diffusion Potentials, Donnan Potentials and Surface Potentials 4. The Chemiosmotic Proton Circuit in Isolated Organelles: Theory and Practice 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Proton Circuit 4.3 Proton Current 4.4 Voltage: The Measurement of Protonmotive Force Components in Isolated Organelles 4.5 Proton Conductance 4.6 ATP Synthase Reversal 4.7 Reversed Electron Transport 4.8 Mitochondrial Respiration Rate and Metabolic Control Analysis 4.9 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Competence of Δp in the Proton Circuit Introduction to Part 2 5. Respiratory Chains 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Components of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain 5.3 The Sequence of Redox Carriers in the Respiratory Chain 5.4 Mechanisms of Electron Transfer 5.5 Proton Translocation by the Respiratory Chain: Loops, Conformational Pumps, or Both? 5.6 Complex I (NADH–UQ Oxidoreductase) 5.7 Delivering Electrons to Ubiquinone without Proton Translocation 5.8 Ubiquinone and Complex III 5.9 Interaction of Cytochrome c with Complex III and Complex IV 5.10 Complex IV 5.11 Overall Proton and Charge Movements Catalysed by the Respiratory Chain: Correlation with the P/O Ratio 5.12 The Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase 5.13 Electron Transport in Mitochondria of Non-Mammalian Cells 5.14 Bacterial Respiratory Chains 6. Photosynthetic Generators of Protonmotive Force 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Light Reaction of Photosynthesis in Rhodobacter Sphaeroides and Related Organisms 6.3 The Generation by Light or Respiration of Δp in Photosynthetic Bacteria 6.4 Light-Capture and Electron Transfer Pathways in Green Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria 6.5 Bacteriorhodopsin, Halorhodopsin and Proteorhodopsin 7. ATP Synthases and Bacterial Flagella Rotary Motors 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Molecular Structure 7.3 F1 7.4 The Peripheral Stalk or Stator 7.5 Fo 7.6 The Structural Basis For H+/ATP Stoichiometry 7.7 Inhibitor Proteins 7.8 Proton Translocation By A-Type ATPases, V-Type ATPases and Pyrophosphatases 7.9 Bacterial Flagellae 8. Transporters: Structure and Mechanism 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Principal Mitochondrial Transport Protein Family 8.3 Bacterial Transport Introduction to Part 3 9. Cellular Bioenergetics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Cytoplasmic Environment 9.3 Mitochondrial Monovalent Ion Transport 9.4 Mitochondrial Calcium Transport 9.5 Metabolite Communication Between Matrix and Cytoplasm 9.6 Quantifying the Mitochondrial Proton Current in Intact Cells 9.7 Mitochondrial Protonmotive Force in Intact Cells 9.8 PermeabiliSed Cells 9.9 In Vivo Bioenergetics 9.10 Reactive Oxygen Species, ‘Electron Leaks’ 9.11 Reactive Nitrogen Species 9.12 Uncoupling Pathways, ‘Proton Leaks’ 9.13 The ATP Synthase Inhibitor Protein IF1 10. The Cell Biology of the Mitochondrion 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Architecture of the Mitochondrion 10.3 Mitochondrial Dynamics 10.4 Trafficking of Mitochondria 10.5 Mitochondrial Biogenesis 10.6 Mitophagy 10.7 Apoptosis 11. Signalling Between the Mitochondrion and the Cell 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Mitochondrial Genome 11.3 AMP Kinase 11.4 Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Coactivators in Bioenergetic Control 11.5 Adaptations to Hypoxia 11.6 Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation 11.7 mTOR 11.8 Sirtuins and Mitochondrial Function 11.9 Redox Signalling and Oxidative Stress 12. Mitochondria in Physiology and Pathology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Mitochondrial Diseases 12.3 The Heart 12.4 Brown Adipose Tissue and Transcriptional Control 12.5 Mitochondria, the Pancreatic β Cell and Diabetes 12.6 Mitochondria and the Brain 12.7 Mitochondria and Cancer 12.8 Stem Cells 12.9 Mitochondrial Theories of Aging 12.10 Conclusions References Index