Beyond Compliance

Preface

About the Authors


1 Refining Operations and the Sources of Pollution

Introduction


1.1 The Nature of Pollution


1.2 Desalting


1.3 Distillation


1.3.1 Atmospheric Distillation


1.3.2 Vacuum Distillation


1.4 Downstream Processing Operations


1.4.1 Thermal Cracking or Visbreaking


1.4.2 The Coking Process


1.4.3 The Catalytic Cracking Process


1.4.4 The Catalytic Hydrocracking Process


1.4.5 The Hydrotreating and Hydroprocessing Processes


1.4.6 Alkylation


1.4.7 Isomerization


1.4.8 Polymerization


1.4.9 Catalytic Reforming


1.4.10 Solvent Extraction


1.4.11 Chemical Treating


1.4.12 Dewaxing


1.4.13 Propane Deasphalting


1.5 Supporting Operations and Technologies


1.5.1 Wastewater Treatment Processes


1.5.2 Sour Gas Treatment and Sulfur Recovery


1.5.3 Additive Production and Hydrogen Production Technologies


1.5.4 Heat Exchangers and Boiler Operations


1.5.5 Plantwide Blowdown Systems


1.5.6 Blending Operations


1.5.7 Storage Tanks and Loading and Unloading Operations


1.5.8 Cooling Towers

Recommended References


2 Refinery Waste and Pollution Profile

Introduction


2.1 Refinery Material Output Matrices


3 What an Environmental Management System is All about

Introduction


3.1 What an EMS is


3.2 What an EMS Standard is


3.2.1 General


3.2.2 BS 7750


3.2.3 EMAS


3.2.4 ISO 14000


3.2.5 Comparing the Standards


3.3 Understanding ISO 14001


3.3.1 The Basic Clauses


3.3.2 Compliance versus Conformance with Environmental Performance Standards


3.4 EMS Drivers


3.5 A Review and What Comes Next


4 Components of an Environmental Management System

Introduction


4.1 Commitment and Environmental Policy


4.2 Initial Environmental Review


4.3 Planning the Environmental Policy


4.3.1 General


4.3.2 What Environmental Aspects are


4.3.3 Legal and Other Requirements


4.3.4 Objectives and Targets


4.3.5 Devising an Environmental Management Program


4.4 Implementing the Environmental Policy


4.5 Measuring and Evaluating


4.5.1 Developing an Environmental Effects Register


4.5.2 Monitoring and Measuring Hardware


4.5.3 Compliance Status


4.5.4 Environmental Cost-Accounting Data


4.5.5 Combining Concepts with Pollution Prevention


4.6 Audits and Management Review


4.7 Environmental Reporting and Communication

Recommended References and Websites


5 Tools for Conducting the Initial Environmental Review

Introduction


5.1 U.S. Regulations, Waste Classifications, and SIC Codes


5.1.1 U.S. Environmental Laws and Regulations


5.1.2 Waste Classifications


5.1.3 SIC Codes


5.2 IER Auditor


5.3 Environmental Aspects (EA) Evaluator


5.4 Closing Remarks

Index