LIMITED OFFER
Save 50% on book bundles
Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code needed.
Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology
- 16th Edition - November 6, 2024
- Author: Patricia M. Tille
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 1 8 9 1 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 1 8 9 2 - 0
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quote- NEW! Expanded molecular content enhances each specific organism area.
- NEW! Revised life cycle illustrations clarify and reinforce important components.
- More than 800 high-quality, full-color illustrations help you visualize key concepts.
- Expanded sections on parasitology, mycology, and virology allow you to use just one book, eliminating the need to purchase other microbiology textbooks for these topics.
- Case studies and step-by-step procedures in the ebook version (sold separately) and on the Evolve companion website allow you to see what takes place in the lab and to apply your knowledge to diagnostic scenarios.
- Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter provide measurable outcomes to achieve by completing the chapter material.
- Review questions at the end of each chapter in the ebook version (sold separately) and on the Evolve companion website help you apply and assess the knowledge you’ve learned.
- Genera and Species boxes provide handy, at-a-glance summaries at the beginning of each organism chapter.
- A glossary defines terms at the back of the book.
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Reviewers
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part I. Basic Medical Microbiology
- 1. Microbial Taxonomy
- Classification
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- Nomenclature
- Identification
- Identification Methods
- 2. Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, and Structure
- Bacterial Genetics
- Nucleic Acid Structure and Organization
- Nucleotide Structure and Sequence
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecular Structure
- Genes and the Genetic Code
- Chromosomes
- Nonchromosomal Mobile Genetic Elements
- DNA Replication
- Replication
- Expression of Genetic Information
- Regulation and Control of Gene Expression
- Genetic Exchange and Diversity
- Mutation
- Genetic Recombination
- Genetic Exchange
- Bacterial Metabolism
- Fueling
- Acquisition of Nutrients
- Production of Precursor Metabolites
- Energy Production
- Biosynthesis
- Polymerization and Assembly
- Structure and Function of the Bacterial Cell
- Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
- Bacterial Morphology
- Bacterial Cell Components
- Cell Envelope
- Cell Interior
- 3. Host-Microorganism Interactions
- The Encounter Between Host and Microorganism
- The Human Host’s Perspective
- Microbial Reservoirs and Transmission
- Human and Microbe Interactions
- Animals as Microbial Reservoirs
- Insects as Vectors
- The Environment as a Microbial Reservoir
- The Microorganism’s Perspective
- Microorganism Colonization of Host Surfaces
- The Host’s Perspective
- Skin and Skin Structures
- Mucous Membranes
- The Microorganism’s Perspective
- Microbial Colonization
- Survival Against Environmental Conditions
- Achieving Attachment and Adherence to Host Cell Surfaces
- Other Factors
- Microorganism Entry, Invasion, and Dissemination
- The Host’s Perspective
- Disruption of Surface Barriers
- Responses to Microbial Invasion of Deeper Tissue
- Trauma
- Inhalation
- Implantation of Medical Devices
- Other Diseases
- Specific Responses—The Immune System
- B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
- T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
- Natural Killer T Cells (NKT Cells)
- The Microorganism’s Perspective
- Colonization and Infection
- Pathogens and Virulence
- Microbial Virulence Factors
- Genetics of Virulence: Pathogenicity Islands
- Avoid Killing by Phagocytes (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)
- Avoid Phagocyte-Mediated Killing
- Avoid Effects of the Complement System
- Endotoxins
- Exotoxins
- Outcome and Prevention of Infectious Diseases
- Outcome of Infectious Diseases
- Prevention of Infectious Diseases
- Immunization
- Epidemiology
- Preventing Transmission
- Controlling Microbial Reservoirs
- Minimizing Risk Before or Shortly After Exposure
- Questions
- Matching
- General Principles in Clinical Microbiology
- Section 1. Safety and Specimen Management
- 4. Laboratory Safety
- Sterilization, Disinfection, and Decontamination
- Methods of Sterilization
- Methods of Disinfection
- Physical Methods of Disinfection
- Chemical Methods of Disinfection
- Antiseptics
- Antimicrobial Material Fabrication
- Chemical Safety
- Fire Safety
- Electrical Safety
- Handling of Compressed Gases
- Biosafety
- Exposure Control Plan
- Employee Education and Orientation
- Disposal of Hazardous Waste
- Standard Precautions
- Laboratory Design and Engineering Controls
- Laboratory Environment
- Biologic Safety Levels
- Biologic Safety Cabinets
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Postexposure Control
- Transport of Biohazardous Materials
- 5. Specimen Management
- General Concepts for Specimen Collection and Handling
- Appropriate Collection Techniques
- Specimen Transport
- Specimen Preservation
- Specimen Storage
- Specimen Labeling
- Specimen Requisition
- Rejection of Unacceptable Specimens
- Specimen Processing
- Gross Examination of Specimen
- Direct Microscopic Examination
- Selection of Culture Media
- Specimen Preparation
- Inoculation on Solid Media
- Incubation Conditions
- Specimen Diagnostic Procedures
- Extent of Identification Required
- Communication of Laboratory Findings
- Critical (Panic) Values
- Expediting Results Reporting: Computerization
- Section 2. Approaches to Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
- 6. Role of Microscopy
- Bright-Field (Light) Microscopy
- Principles of Light Microscopy
- Magnification
- Resolution
- Contrast
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Direct and Indirect Smears
- Staining Techniques
- Gram Stain
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Reporting Results
- Direct Smear
- Indirect Smear
- Acid-Fast Stains
- Limitations
- Safety Considerations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Safety Considerations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Limitations
- Safety Considerations
- Fluorescence Microscopy
- Principle of Fluorescence Microscopy
- Staining Techniques for Fluorescence Microscopy
- Fluorochroming
- Immunofluorescence
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Dark-Field Microscopy
- Digital Automated Photomicroscopy
- Digital Holographic Microscopy
- 7. Overview of Cultivation and Systems for Identification
- Organism Identification
- Principles of Bacterial Cultivation
- Nutritional Requirements
- General Concepts of Culture Media
- Formulation of Bacterial Growth Media
- Media Classifications and Functions
- Quality Control of Media
- Summary of Artificial Media for Routine Bacteriology
- Preparation of Artificial Media
- Environmental Requirements
- Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Concentration
- Temperature
- pH
- Moisture
- Methods for Providing Optimal Incubation Conditions
- Bacterial Cultivation
- Isolation of Bacteria From Specimens
- Evaluation of Colony Morphologies
- Type of Media Supporting Bacterial Growth
- Relative Quantities of Each Colony Type
- Colony Characteristics
- Indirect Gram Stain and Subcultures
- Principles of Identification
- Organism Identification Using Genotypic Criteria
- Organism Identification Using Phenotypic Criteria
- Microscopic Morphology and Staining Characteristics
- Macroscopic (Colony) Morphology
- Environmental Requirements for Growth
- Resistance or Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents
- Nutritional Requirements and Metabolic Capabilities
- Principles of Phenotypic Identification Schemes
- Selection and Inoculation of Identification Biochemical Test Battery
- Type of Bacteria to Be Identified
- Clinical Significance of the Bacterial Isolate
- Availability of Reliable Testing Methods
- Incubation for Substrate Use
- Conventional Identification
- Rapid Identification
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Direct Transfer Method
- Extended Direct Transfer Method
- Tube Extraction Method
- Spectrum Acquisition
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Bacterial Test Standard (BTS)
- Blank
- Quality Control Organisms
- Reagents (Preparation of reagents will vary by manufacturer)
- Formic Acid
- Detection of Metabolic Activity
- Colorimetry
- Fluorescence
- Turbidity
- Analysis of Metabolic Profiles
- Identification Databases
- Commercial Identification Systems and Automation
- Advantages and Examples of Commercial System Designs
- 8. Nucleic Acid–Based Analytic Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization
- Overview of Nucleic Acid–Based Methods
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization Methods
- Hybridization Steps and Components
- Hybridization Formats
- Overview of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Derivations
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Amplification Methods: Non–Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based
- Coupled Target and Signal (Probe) Amplification
- Isothermal (Constant Temperature) Amplification
- Nicking Endonuclease Amplification
- Postamplification End-Point Analysis
- Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis
- Sequencing and Enzymatic Digestion of Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic Acid Sequencing
- Pyrosequencing
- Next-Generation Sequencing
- Nucleic Acid and Oligonucleotide Arrays
- High-Density Deoxyribonucleic Acid Probes
- Low- to Moderate-Density Arrays
- Magnetic Resonance
- Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats
- Enzymatic Digestion and Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids
- Applications of Nucleic Acid–Based Methods
- Direct Detection of Microorganisms
- Analytical Specificity
- Analytical Sensitivity
- Applications for Direct Molecular Detection of Microorganisms
- Characterization of Microorganisms Beyond Identification
- Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance
- Investigation of Strain Relatedness and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
- Automation and Advances in Molecular Diagnostic Instrumentation
- 9. Overview of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection
- The Immune Response
- Characteristics of Antibodies
- Humoral Immune Response
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antibody Production
- Polyclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Immunoglobulin M
- Separation of Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G
- Immunochemical Methods
- Precipitation
- Double Immunodiffusion
- Single Immunodiffusion
- Agglutination
- Particle Agglutination
- Coagglutination
- Hemagglutination
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Assays
- Flocculation Tests
- Neutralization Assays
- Complement Fixation Assays
- Immunofluorescent Assays
- Enzyme Immunoassays
- Solid-Phase Immunoassay
- Membrane-Bound Solid-Phase Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay
- Automated Fluorescent Immunoassays
- Western Blot Immunoassays
- Summary
- Matching:
- Matching:
- Section 3. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
- 10. Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance
- Antimicrobial Action
- Principles
- Generally Bacteriostatic
- Generally Bactericidal
- Mode of Action of Antibacterial Agents
- Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
- Beta-Lactams
- Cephalosporins
- Fosfomycin
- Carbapenems
- Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides
- Inhibitors of Cell Membrane Function
- Lipopeptides
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin Group
- Ketolides
- Oxazolidinones
- Chloramphenicol
- Tetracyclines
- Glycylglycines
- Mupirocin
- Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Fluoroquinolones
- Metronidazole
- Rifamycin
- Inhibitors of Other Metabolic Processes
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Nitrofurantoin
- Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
- Principles
- Biologic Versus Clinical Resistance
- Environmentally Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance
- Microorganism-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance
- Intrinsic Resistance
- Acquired Resistance
- Common Pathways for Antimicrobial Resistance
- Resistance to Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials
- Resistance to Glycopeptides
- Resistance to Aminoglycosides
- Resistance to Quinolones
- Resistance to Other Antimicrobial Agents
- Emergence and Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance
- Chloramphenicol
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides (i.e., Erythromycin) and Clindamycin
- Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
- Rifampin
- Questions
- 11. Laboratory Methods and Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- Goal and Limitations
- Standardization
- Limitations of Standardization
- Testing Methods
- Principles
- Conventional Testing Methods That Directly Measure Antimicrobial Activity
- General Considerations
- Broth Dilution
- Agar Dilution
- Disk Diffusion
- Commercial Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems
- Rapid Identification/Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Systems
- Alternative Approaches for Enhancing Resistance Detection
- Organism Identification or Group
- Acquired Resistance Patterns Common to Local Microbial Flora
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Method Used
- Site of Infection
- Availability of Antimicrobial Agents in the Formulary
- Susceptible (S)
- Susceptible Dose-Dependent (SDD)
- Intermediate (I)
- Resistant (R)
- Nonsusceptible (NS)
- Methods That Directly Detect Specific Resistance Mechanisms
- Phenotypic Methods
- Genotypic Methods
- Special Methods for Complex Antimicrobial/Organism Interactions
- Bactericidal Tests
- Tests for Activity of Antimicrobial Combinations
- Laboratory Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- Relevance
- When to Perform a Susceptibility Test
- Determining Clinical Significance
- Predictability of Antimicrobial Susceptibility
- Availability of Reliable Susceptibility Testing Methods
- Selection of Antimicrobial Agents for Testing
- Accuracy
- Use of Accurate Methodologies
- Review of Results
- Components of Result Review Strategies
- Accuracy and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
- Communication
- Questions
- Questions
- Bacteriology
- Section 1. Principles of Identification
- 12. Overview of Bacterial Identification Methods and Strategies
- Rationale for Approaching Organism Identification
- Future Trends of Organism Identification
- Purpose
- Recommended Use
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Recommended Use
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle: Standard, Reverse, and Inhibition Test
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Recommended Use
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Slide Test
- Tube Test
- Limitations Tube Test
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- DNase Test Method
- Thermonuclease Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Broth (Brain-Heart Infusion Broth May Be Substituted) With Bromocresol Purple Indicator (for Streptococci and Enterococci)
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Limitations
- Expected Results
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Section 2. Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Cocci
- 13. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Similar Organisms
- Additional Genera and Species
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Microscopy
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologiv) Detection
- Molecular Typing
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Questions
- Chemical Testing
- Microscopic Testing
- Section 3. Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci
- 14. Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Viridans Streptococci
- Enterococcus spp.
- Miscellaneous Other Gram-Positive Cocci
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Antigen Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Gram Stain
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Molecular Typing
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Laboratory Results
- Questions
- Section 4. Non-Branching, Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Bacilli
- 15. Bacillus and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus biovar Anthracis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- B. cereus Group (Not B. anthracis)
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- B. thuringiensis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Molecular Typing
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 16. Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Molecular Typing
- Comments on Specific Organisms
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Questions
- Matching:
- Section 5. Nonbranching, Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Bacilli
- 17. Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 6. Branching or Partially Acid-Fast, Gram-Positive Bacilli
- 18. Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes
- Partially Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes
- Nocardia spp.
- Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Tsukamurella spp.
- Non–Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Amycolatopsis, Dermatophilus, Dietzia, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, and Williamsia spp.
- Thermophilic Actinomycetes
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes
- Partially Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes
- Nocardia spp.
- Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Tsukamurella spp.
- Non–Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Amycolatopsis, Dermatophilus, Dietzia, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Williamsia spp., and Thermophilic Actinomycetes
- Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes
- Partially Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes
- Nocardia spp.
- Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Tsukamurella spp.
- Non–Acid-Fast Aerobic Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Actinomadura, Amycolatopsis, Dermatophilus, Dietzia, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Williamsia spp., and Thermophilic Actinomycetes
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Molecular Typing
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Principle
- Method
- Principle
- Method
- Questions
- Matching
- Section 7. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Negative)
- 19. Enterobacterales
- Order Enterobacterales
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Specific Organisms: Opportunistic Human Pathogens
- Family Budviciaceae
- Family Enterobacteriaceae
- Citrobacter spp.
- Cronobacter spp.
- Enterobacter spp.
- Escherichia spp.
- Klebsiella spp.
- Raoultella spp.
- Other Enterobacteriaceae
- Family Erwiniaceae
- Erwinia spp.
- Pantoea spp.
- Tatumella spp.
- Family Hafniaceae
- Edwardsiella spp.
- Hafnia spp.
- Family Morganellaceae
- Morganella spp.
- Proteus and Providencia spp.
- Family Yersiniaceae
- Ewingella and Rahnella spp.
- Serratia spp.
- Other Enterobacterales
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Specific Organisms: Primary Intestinal Pathogens
- Family Enterobacteriaceae
- Escherichia spp.
- Salmonella spp.
- Shigella spp.
- Family Yersiniaceae
- Yersinia spp.
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Specific Considerations for Identifying Enteric Pathogens
- Molecular Typing
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales
- Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporin and Carbapenem Resistance
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Fever
- Prevention
- Questions
- Patient Vital Signs
- Initial Evaluation
- Questions
- 20. Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Other Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- Antimicrobial Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 8. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Positive)
- 21. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, and Ralstonia spp.
- Acidovorax, Brevundimonas, and Pandoraea spp.
- Pseudomonas spp.
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Burkholderia, Cupriavidus, and Ralstonia spp.
- Acidovorax, Brevundimonas, and Pandoraea spp.
- Pseudomonas spp.
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Questions
- 22. Achromobacter, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- 23. Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- 24. Alcaligenes, Comamonas, and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- 25. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Chromobacterium violaceum
- Aeromonas caviae complex
- Aeromonas hydrophila complex
- Aeromonas salmonicida complex
- Aeromonas veronii complex
- Other genera
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 9. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative, Oxidase-Positive)
- 26. Sphingomonas and Similar Organisms
- General Considerations
- Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility
- Prevention
- Questions
- Questions
- 27. Moraxella and Neisseria spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility
- Prevention
- Questions
- 28. Eikenella corrodens and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Prevention
- Questions
- 29. Pasteurella and Similar Organisms
- General Characteristics and Taxonomy
- Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Prevention
- Questions
- 30. Actinobacillus, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms
- Actinobacillus spp.
- Aggregatibacter spp.
- Capnocytophaga spp.
- Cardiobacterium spp.
- Dysgonomonas spp.
- Kingella spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Comments Regarding Specific Organisms
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 10. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative, Oxidase-Variable)
- 31. Haemophilus
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Direct Observation
- Antigen (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Serotyping
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 11. Gram-Negative Bacilli that are Optimally Recovered on Special Media
- 32. Bartonella
- Bartonella
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Microscopy
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- 33. Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter
- Campylobacter and Arcobacter
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection
- Antigen Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Media
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Helicobacter spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 34. Legionella
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Microscopy
- Antigens (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Laboratory Results
- Questions
- Matching
- Short Answer
- 35. Brucella
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 36. Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 37. Francisella
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 38. Streptobacillus spp. and Similar Organisms
- Streptobacillus and Pseudostreptobacillus spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Spirillum minus
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direction Detection Methods
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 12. Gram-Negative Cocci
- 39. Neisseria and Moraxella catarrhalis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Gram Stain
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Media of Choice
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Colonial Appearance
- Approach to Identification
- Biochemical Identification
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Comments About Specific Organisms
- Immunoserologic Identification
- Serotyping
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results and Quality Control
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Section 13. Anaerobic Bacteriology
- 40. Overview and General Laboratory Considerations
- General Characteristics
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Macroscopic Examination of Specimens
- Direct Detection Methods
- Gram Staining
- Specimen Processing
- Anaerobe Jars or Pouches
- Holding Jars
- Anaerobe Chamber
- Anaerobic Media
- Incubation Conditions and Duration
- Approach to Identification
- Examination of Primary Plates
- Subculture of Isolates
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Lipase Reaction
- Lecithinase Reaction
- Presumptive Identification of Isolates
- Definitive Biochemical Identification
- Rapid Identification Methods
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- 41. Overview of Anaerobic Organisms
- Gram-Positive, Spore-Forming Bacilli
- Gram-Positive, Non–Spore-Forming Bacilli
- Gram-Positive Cocci
- Gram-Negative Bacilli
- Gram-Negative Cocci
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Gram-Positive, Spore-Forming Bacilli
- Laboratory Diagnosis and Specimen Collection
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS (Gram-Positive)
- Gram-Positive, Non–Spore-Forming Bacilli
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS (Gram-Negative)
- Gram-Negative Rods
- Bacteroides fragilis Group
- Nonpigmented Prevotella spp.
- Pigmented Porphyromonas and Prevotella spp.
- Fusobacteriaceae
- Proteobacteria
- Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods
- Anaerobic Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Result Reporting
- Limitations of Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS
- Prevention
- Section 14. Mycobacteria and Other Bacteria with Unusual Growth Requirements
- 42. Mycobacteria
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Slow-Growing Pathogens
- Rapid-Growing Opportunistic Pathogens
- Early Pigmented Rapid-Growing Opportunistic Pathogens
- Nonculturable Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Slow-Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Photochromogens
- Scotochromogens
- Nonphotochromogens
- Rapidly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Noncultivatable Nontuberculous Mycobacteria—Mycobacterium leprae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Pulmonary Specimens
- Gastric Lavage Specimens
- Urine Specimens
- Fecal Specimens
- Tissue and Body Fluid Specimens
- Blood Specimens
- Wounds, Skin Lesions, and Aspirates
- Specimen Processing
- Contaminated Specimens
- Inadequate Specimens and Rejection Criteria
- Specimens Not Requiring Decontamination
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Method
- Direct Detection Methods
- Microscopy
- Acid-Fast Stains
- Immunodiagnostic Testing
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Solid Media
- Liquid Media
- Interpretation
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Reagents
- Method
- Interpreting and Recording Results
- Quality Control
- Negative control
- Approach to Identification
- Conventional Phenotypic Tests
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- M. tuberculosis complex
- Susceptibility Testing
- Therapy
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
- Prevention
- Questions
- 43. Obligate Intracellular and Nonculturable Bacterial Agents
- Order Chlamydiales
- Family Chlamydiaceae
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Perinatal Infections
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Chlamydia psittaci
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Family Parachlamydiaceae
- Family Waddliaceae
- Family Simkaniaceae
- Rickettsia, Orientia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neoehrlichia, and Neoreickettsia
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Direct Detection Methods
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Coxiella sp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Tropheryma whipplei
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Klebsiella granulomatis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Questions
- Questions
- Questions
- 44. Cell Wall–Deficient Bacteria: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Principle
- Media Preparation
- Method
- Quality Control
- Limitations
- Principle
- Method
- Principle
- Method A
- Method B (Alternative Method)
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 45. The Spirochetes
- Lyme Borreliosis
- Relapsing Fever
- Colonic Spirochetosis
- Leptospirosis
- Family Treponemataceae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection
- Direct Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Rapid Syphilis Tests
- Nontreponemal Antibody Tests
- Treponemal Serologic Tests
- Purpose
- Principle
- Specimen
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Specimen
- Method
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Quality Control
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Family Borreliaceae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Relapsing Fever
- Lyme Disease
- Spectrum of Disease
- Relapsing Fever
- Lyme Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Cultivation
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Family Brachyspiraceae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Direct Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Family Leptospiraceae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Molecular Typing Methods
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Questions
- Part IV. Parasitology
- 46. Overview of the Methods and Strategies in Parasitology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Specimen Processing
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Reagents
- A Formula
- Method
- Expected Results
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Reagents
- A Mayer’s Albumin
- B Stock Solution of Hematoxylin Stain
- C Mordant
- D Working Solution of Hematoxylin Stain
- E Picric Acid
- F Acid-Alcohol Decolorizer
- G 70% Alcohol and Ammonia
- H Carbolfuchsin
- Method
- Procedure Notes
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Reagents
- A Carbolfuchsin
- B Decolorizer
- C Counterstain
- “Cold” Modified Acid-Fast Stain Method (Kinyoun)
- “Hot” Modified Acid-Fast Stain Method
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Reporting Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Materials
- Method
- Approach to Identification
- Microscopic Examination
- Intestinal Tract
- Urogenital Tract Specimens
- Sputum
- Aspirates
- Biopsy Specimens
- Blood
- Principle
- Specimen
- Reagents
- Examination
- Results
- Notes and Limitations
- Principle
- Specimen
- Reagents
- Examination
- Results
- Notes and Limitations
- Principle
- Specimen
- Reagents
- Examination
- Results
- Notes and Limitations
- Important Reminder
- Principle
- Specimen
- Reagents
- Examination
- Results
- Notes and Limitations
- Direct Detection Methods
- Intestinal Parasites
- Blood Parasites
- Principle
- Specimen
- Reagents
- Examination
- Results
- Notes and Limitations
- Principle
- Specimen
- Reagents
- Examination
- Results
- Notes and Limitations
- Cultivation
- Larval-Stage Nematodes
- Blood Protozoa
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Prevention
- Ectoparasites
- 47. Intestinal Protozoa
- Protozoa
- Amoebae
- Entamoeba histolytica
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Metastatic Amebiasis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Reporting of Results
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Entamoeba coli
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Entamoeba hartmanni
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Entamoeba polecki and Entamoeba gingivalis
- Endolimax nana
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Iodamoeba bütschlii (buetschlii)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention (Nonpathogenic Entamoeba, Endolimax, and Iodamoeba spp.)
- Blastocystis spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Reporting of Results
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Flagellates
- Giardia duodenalis
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Results and Reporting
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Chilomastix mesnili
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Pentatrichomonas hominis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Ciliates
- Balantioides coli
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Results Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Sporozoa (Apicomplexa)
- Cryptosporidium spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Results Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Cyclospora cayetanensis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Results and Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Cystoisospora belli
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Results and Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Sarcocystis spp.
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Serologic Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Results and Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Microsporidia
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Enterocytozoon bieneusi
- Encephalitozoon spp.
- Encephalitozoon intestinalis
- Other Microsporidia
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antigen Detection
- Antibody Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Histology
- Results and Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Principle
- Reagents
- A Modified Trichrome Stain
- B Acid-Alcohol
- Method
- Expected Results
- Principle
- Reagents
- A Trichrome Stain (Modified for Microsporidia) (Ryan-Blue)
- B Acid-Alcohol (Procedure 47.1)
- Method
- Expected Results
- Procedure Notes for Modified Trichrome Staining Methods (Weber or Ryan)
- Procedure Limitations for Modified Trichrome Staining Methods (Weber or Ryan)
- Principle
- Method
- 48. Blood and Tissue Protozoa
- Protozoa
- Sporozoa (Malaria and Babesiosis)
- Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes)
- Plasmodium spp.
- Plasmodium vivax (Benign Tertian Malaria)
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Plasmodium ovale
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Plasmodium malariae (Quartan Malaria)
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Plasmodium falciparum (Malignant Tertian Malaria)
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Plasmodium knowlesi (Simian Malaria, The Fifth Human Malaria)
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis (All Species)
- Routine Methods
- Antigen-Based Tests
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Results Reporting
- Therapy
- Babesia spp.
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Routine Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Results Reporting
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Trypanosoma spp.
- African Trypanosomiasis
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis (All Species)
- Therapy
- American Trypanosomiasis
- Trypanosoma cruzi
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Leishmania Spp.
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Histologic Identification
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- 49. Protozoa From Other Body Sites
- Free-Living Amoebae
- Naegleria fowleri
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Routine Methods and Direct Detection
- Isolation and Culture
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- Acanthamoeba spp.
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis
- Keratitis
- Cutaneous Infections
- Acanthamoeba Pneumonia
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Direct Detection and Routine Methods
- Isolation and Culture
- Antibody (Serology) Detection
- Therapy
- Disseminated Infections
- Acanthamoeba keratitis
- Balamuthia mandrillaris
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- Sappinia spp.
- Nucleic Acid Detection (Free-Living Amoebae)
- Results Reporting (Free-Living Amoebae)
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Wet Mounts
- Stained Smears
- Antigen Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Culture
- Therapy
- Trichomonas tenax
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Toxoplasma gondii
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Immunocompetent Individuals
- Chronic Infections
- Immunocompromised Individuals
- Congenital Infections
- Ocular Infections
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Questions
- 50. Intestinal Nematodes
- Helminths
- Nematodes
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Enterobius vermicularis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Trichostrongylus spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Trichuris trichiura
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Capillaria philippinensis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Hookworms
- Epidemiology
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Necator americanus
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Ancylostoma ceylonicum and Ancylostoma caninum
- General Characteristics
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Results and Reporting
- Questions
- 51. Tissue Nematodes
- Helminths
- Trichinella spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Toxocara canis (Visceral Larva Migrans) and Toxocara cati (Ocular Larva Migrans)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Direct Microscopy
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Baylisascaris procyonis (Neural Larva Migrans)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum (Cutaneous Larva Migrans)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy and Prevention
- Dracunculus medinensis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Parastrongylus cantonensis (Neural Angiostrongyliasis)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Parastrongylus costaricensis (Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Gnathostoma spinigerum
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Therapy
- Capillaria hepatica
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Dirofilaria immitis and Other Species
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Questions
- 52. Blood and Tissue Filarial Nematodes
- Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms)
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Endosymbiont
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Direct Detection
- Antigen Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Brugia malayi and Brugia timori
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Loa loa
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Direct Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Onchocerca volvulus
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Direct Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Mansonella spp. (M. ozzardi, M. streptocerca, M. perstans)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Dirofilaria spp. (D. immitis, D. repens, D. tenuis)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 53. Intestinal Cestodes
- Intestinal Cestodes (Tapeworms)
- Dibothriocephalus latus
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Dipylidium caninum
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Hymenolepis nana
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Hymenolepis diminuta
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Taenia solium
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Taenia saginata
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Taenia asiatica
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Taenia crassiceps
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Nucleic Acid Detection (All Species)
- Questions
- 54. Tissue Cestodes
- Cestodes (Tapeworms)
- Tissue (Larval Forms)
- Hydatid Disease
- Coenurosis
- Cysticercosis
- Sparganosis
- Taenia solium
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Echinococcus granulosus complex
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Echinococcus multilocularis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Taenia multiceps and Other Species
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Taenia serialis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy and Prevention
- Spirometra mansonoides
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- 55. Intestinal Trematodes
- Trematodes (flukes)
- Intestinal
- Family Echinostomatidae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Therapy and Prevention
- Family Fasciolidae
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Therapy and Prevention
- Family Heterophyidae
- General Characteristics
- Heterophyes heterophyes
- Epidemiology
- Metagonimus yokogawai
- Adult
- Epidemiology
- Centrocestus spp.
- Epidemiology
- Haplorchis spp.
- Epidemiology
- Stellantchasmus spp.
- Epidemiology
- Pygidiopsis spp.
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenicity and Spectrum of Disease
- Prevention
- Family Paramphistomidae: Gastrodiscoides hominis
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Therapy and Prevention
- Family Troglotrematidae
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Questions
- 56. Liver and Lung Trematodes
- Trematodes (Flukes)
- Liver/Lung
- The Liver Flukes
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Life Cycle
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Therapy and Prevention
- The Lung Flukes
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Life Cycle
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Treatment and Prevention
- Questions
- 57. Blood Trematodes
- Trematodes
- Blood
- Other Species (Cercarial Dermatitis)
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Antigen Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid Testing
- Therapy
- Prevention
- Questions
- Part V. Mycology
- 58. Overview of Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies
- Epidemiology
- General Features of the Fungi
- Taxonomy of the Fungi
- Clinical Classification of the Fungi
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Collection, Transport, and Culturing of Clinical Specimens
- Lower Respiratory Tract Secretions
- Upper Respiratory Specimens
- Sterile Body Fluids Including Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Blood and Bone Marrow
- Eye (Corneal Scrapings or Vitreous Humor)
- Hair, Skin, and Nail Scrapings
- Vaginal
- Urine
- Tissue
- Culture Media and Incubation Requirements
- Quality Control
- Direct Microscopic Examination
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- (1,3)-β-d-Glucan Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry
- General Considerations for the Identification of Yeast
- General Considerations for the Identification of Molds
- Microscopic Morphologic Features
- General Morphologic Features of the Molds
- Clinical Relevance for Fungal Identification
- Laboratory Safety
- Prevention
- Questions
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Quality Control
- Reporting Results (Most Common Findings Listed)
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Method
- Limitations
- Method
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Limitations
- 59. Hyaline Molds, Mucorales, Basidiobolales, Entomophthorales, Dermatophytes, and Opportunistic and Systemic Mycoses
- Mucorales
- Entomophthorales
- Basidiobolales
- Dermatophytes
- Opportunistic Mycoses
- Homothallic Ascomycetes
- Filamentous Basidiomycetes
- Hyphomycetes (Conidial Ascomycetes)
- Coelomycetes
- Systemic Mycoses
- The Mucorales
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- The Entomophthorales and Basidiobolales
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- The Dermatophytes
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Spectrum of Disease
- Trichophyton spp.
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- The Opportunistic Mycoses
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Aspergillus spp.
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Aspergillus spp.
- Fusarium spp. and Other Hyaline Septate Opportunistic Molds
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Systemic Mycoses
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Blastomyces spp.
- Coccidioides spp.
- Emergomyces spp.
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Blastomyces spp.
- Coccidioides spp.
- Emergomyces spp.
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Paracoccidioides spp.
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Methods
- Approach to Identification
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Questions
- Purpose
- Method
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- 60. Dematiaceous Molds
- Order Botryosphaeriales
- Order Calosphaeriales
- Order Capnodiales
- Order Cladosporiales
- Order Chaetothyriales
- Order Diaporthales
- Order Dothideales
- Order Microascales
- Order Ophiostomatales
- Order Pleosporales
- Order Sordariales
- Order Thyridiales
- Order Togniniales
- Order Venturiales
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Spectrum of Disease
- Mycetoma
- Chromoblastomycosis
- Phaeohyphomycosis
- Sporotrichosis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Direct Detection Method
- Stains
- Antibody (Serologic) Detection
- Nucleic Acid–Based Tests
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Superficial Infections
- Mycetoma
- Antifungal Susceptibilities
- Questions
- 61. Pneumocystis jirovecii, Lagenidium, Paralegenidium, Pythium, Rhinosporidium and Uncultivated Paracoccidioides
- Pneumocystis spp.
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Processing, and Transport
- Direct Detection Methods
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Paracoccidioides loboi (Previously Lacazia loboi)
- Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment
- Pythium insidiosum
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Lagenidium and Paralegenidium spp.
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Rhinosporidium seeberi
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Questions
- 62. The Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms
- Anamorph Species Name
- Ascomycetous Yeasts
- Basidomycetous Yeasts
- Yeastlike
- General Characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Ascomycetous Yeasts
- Candida spp.
- Saccharomyces
- Saprochaete spp.
- Basidiomycetes Yeasts
- Cryptococcus spp.
- Filobasidium sp., Hannaella sp., Naganishia spp., Papiliotrema spp., and Solicoccozyma sp.
- Malassezia spp.
- Rhodotorula spp.
- Sporobolomyces spp.
- Trichosporon spp., Apiotrichum spp., and Cutaneotrichosporon spp.
- Pseudozyma spp.
- Yeastlike Organisms
- Geotrichum sp.
- Prototheca spp.
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Candida albicans Complex
- Non-Albicans Candida
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Filobasidium sp., Hannaella sp., Naganishia spp., Papiliotrema spp., and Solicoccozyma sp.
- Malassezia spp.
- Geotrichum and Prototheca spp.
- Rhodotorula spp. and Sporobolomyces spp.
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Saprochaete spp.
- Trichosporon spp., Cutaneotrichosporon spp., and Apiotrichum sp.
- Pseudozyma spp.
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing
- Stains
- Antigen Detection
- Nucleic Acid Detection
- Cultivation
- Approach to Identification
- Candida spp.
- Germ Tube Test
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Rapid Urease Test
- Trichosporon spp., Cutaneotrichosporon spp., and Apiotrichum sp.
- Malassezia spp.
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Expected Results
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Report
- Limitations
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Expected Results
- Commercial Yeast Identification Systems
- Multiple Species Identification Systems
- API-20C AUX
- MicroScan Rapid Yeast Identification Panel
- Vitek Biochemical Cards
- Chromogenic Agars
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Cornmeal Agar Morphology
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Expected Results
- Carbohydrate Utilization
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Phenoloxidase Detection Using Niger Seed Agar
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Quality Control
- Expected Results
- Nucleic Acid Sequencing Methods
- Questions
- 63. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, Therapy, and Prevention
- Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
- Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing for Yeast
- Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing for Molds
- Antifungal Therapy and Prevention
- Azole Antifungal Drugs
- Fluconazole
- Itraconazole
- Ketoconazole
- Voriconazole
- Posaconazole
- Isavuconazole
- Echinocandins
- Polyene Macrolide Antifungals
- Amphotericin B
- Nystatin
- Griseofulvin
- 5-Fluorocytosine (Flucytosine)
- Allylamines
- Terbinafine and Naftifine
- Selenium Sulfide
- Part VI. Virology
- 64. Overview of the Methods and Strategies in Virology
- General Characteristics
- Viral Structure
- Virus Taxonomy
- Viral Replication
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
- Prevention and Therapy
- Antiviral Agents
- Viruses That Cause Human Diseases
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Designing a Clinical Virology Laboratory
- Specimen Selection and Collection
- General Principles
- Throat, Nasopharyngeal Swab, or Aspirate (Respiratory)
- Bronchial and Bronchoalveolar Washes (Lower Respiratory)
- Rectal Swabs and Stool Specimens
- Urine
- Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions
- Sterile Body Fluids Other Than Blood
- Dried Blood Spots
- Bone Marrow
- Tissue
- Genital Specimens
- Oral
- Eye
- Serum for Antibody Testing
- Specimen Transport and Storage
- Specimen Processing
- General Principles
- Processing Based on Requests for Specific Viruses
- Purpose
- Specimen
- Materials
- Method
- Troubleshooting
- Purpose
- Specimen
- Materials
- Method
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Principle
- Specimen
- Materials
- Method
- Interpretation
- Procedure Notes
- Virus Detection Methods
- Cytology and Histology
- Immunodiagnostics (Antigen Detection)
- Enzyme-Linked Virus-Inducible System
- Nucleic Acid–Based Methods
- Cell Culture
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Purpose
- Specimen
- Materials
- Method
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Materials
- Specimen
- Method
- Interpretation of Results
- Quality Control
- Purpose
- Specimen
- Materials
- Method
- Interpretation
- Quality Control
- Serologic Testing
- General Principles
- Immune Status Testing
- Serology Panels
- Preservation and Storage of Viruses
- Purpose
- Materials
- Method
- Questions
- 65. Viruses and Prions in Human Disease
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid Viruses
- Family
- Ribonucleic Acid Viruses
- Family
- Prions
- Viruses in Human Disease
- Adenoviridae
- Arenaviridae
- Astroviridae
- Caliciviridae
- Coronaviridae
- Filoviridae
- Flaviviridae
- Yellow Fever Virus
- Dengue Virus
- West Nile Virus
- Zika Virus
- Hepatitis C Virus
- Hantaviridae
- Hepadnaviridae
- Hepeviridae
- Herpesviridae
- Herpesviruses
- Varicella-Zoster Virus
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Cytomegalovirus
- Orthomyxoviridae
- Papillomaviridae
- Paramyxoviridae
- Measles Virus
- Parvoviridae
- Picornaviridae
- Enteroviruses, Parechoviruses, and Polioviruses
- Rhinovirus
- Hepatitis A Virus
- Pneumoviridae
- Polyomaviridae
- Poxviridae
- Reoviridae
- Retroviridae
- Rhabdoviridae
- Togaviridae
- Prions in Human Disease
- Questions
- 66. Antiviral Therapy, Susceptibility Testing, and Prevention
- Antiviral Therapy
- Antiviral Resistance
- Methods of Antiviral Susceptibility Testing
- Phenotypic Assays
- Plaque Reduction Assay
- Enzyme Immunoassay
- Recombinant Virus Assays
- Genotypic Susceptibility Assays
- Pyrosequencing
- Next-Generation Sequencing
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Influenza
- SARS-CoV-2
- Prevention of Other Viral Infections
- Vaccination
- Immune Prophylaxis and Therapy
- Eradication
- Questions
- Part VII. Diagnosis by Organ System
- 67. Bloodstream Infections
- General Considerations
- Etiology
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Viruses
- Types of Bacteremia
- Types of Bloodstream Infections
- Intravascular Infections
- Extravascular Infections
- Clinical Manifestations
- Immunocompromised Patients
- Detection of Bacteremia
- Others May Include:
- Specimen Collection
- Preparation of the Site
- Specimen Volume
- Number of Blood Cultures
- Timing of Collection
- Miscellaneous Matters
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Pediatric Weight-Based Blood Volumes
- Pediatric Age-Based Blood Volumes
- Types of Blood Culture Bottles
- Culture Techniques
- Conventional Blood Cultures
- Self-Contained Manual Culture Systems
- Lysis Centrifugation
- Instrument-Based Systems
- Non–culture-Based Methods for Identification of Bacteremia or Sepsis
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Intravenous Catheter–Associated Infections
- Handling Positive Indirect Detection From Culture
- Rapid Tests From Positive Blood Culture Bottles
- Interpretation of Blood Culture Results
- Special Considerations for Other Relevant Organisms Isolated From Blood
- HACEK Bacteria
- Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp.
- Fungi
- Mycobacterium spp.
- Brucella spp.
- Spirochetes
- Borrelia spp.
- Leptospira spp.
- Granulicatella and Abiotrophia spp.
- Mycoplasma spp.
- Bartonella spp.
- Questions
- 68. Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract
- General Considerations
- Anatomy
- Pathogenesis of the Respiratory Tract: Basic Concepts
- Host Factors
- Microorganism Virulence Factors
- Adherence
- Toxins
- Microorganism Growth
- Avoiding the Host Response
- Possible Pathogens
- Acute Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract
- Bronchitis
- Bronchiolitis
- Pneumonia
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Epidemiology and Etiologic Agents
- Pneumonia in Children
- Pneumonia in Young Adults
- Pneumonia in Adults
- Chronic Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract
- Bronchitis
- Pneumonia
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Bacterial Lung Abscess
- Immunocompromised Patients
- Patients With Neoplasms
- Transplant Recipients
- Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Pleural Infections
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Sputum
- Endotracheal or Tracheostomy Suction Specimens
- Bronchoscopy
- Transtracheal Aspirates
- Other Invasive Procedures
- Specimen Processing
- Rejection Criteria for Respiratory Samples
- Direct Visual Examination
- Routine Culture
- Questions
- 69. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Other Infections of the Oral Cavity and Neck
- General Considerations
- Anatomy
- Pathogenesis
- Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Oral Cavity, and Neck
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Common Cold
- Laryngitis
- Laryngotracheobronchitis
- Epiglottitis
- Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, and Peritonsillar Abscesses
- Rhinitis
- Miscellaneous Infections Caused by Other Agents
- Oral Cavity
- Stomatitis
- Thrush
- Periodontal Infections
- Salivary Gland Infections
- Neck
- Diagnosis of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
- Collection and Transport of Specimens
- Direct Visual Examination or Detection
- Culture
- Streptococcus pyogenes (Beta-Hemolytic Group A Streptococci)
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Bordetella pertussis
- Neisseria spp.
- Epiglottitis
- Diagnosis of Infections in the Oral Cavity and Neck
- Collection and Transport
- Direct Visual Examination
- Culture
- Questions
- 70. Meningitis and Other Infections of the Central Nervous System
- General Considerations
- Anatomy
- Coverings and Spaces of the Central Nervous System
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Routes of Infection
- Diseases of the Central Nervous System
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis/Meningoencephalitis
- Viral Encephalitis
- Mycobacterial Infections
- Fungal Infections
- Parasitic Infections
- Brain Abscess
- Shunt Infections
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infections
- Meningitis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Initial Processing
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory Results
- Visual Detection of Etiologic Agents
- Direct Detection of Etiologic Agents
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Culture
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Expected Results
- Questions
- 71. Infections of the Eyes, Ears, and Sinuses
- Eyes
- Anatomy
- Resident Microbiota
- Diseases
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology and Etiology of Disease
- Periocular Infections
- Microbial Conjunctivitis
- Microbial Keratitis
- Endophthalmitis
- Uveitis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Direct Visual Examination
- Nucleic Acid–Based Methods
- Other Nonculture Methods
- Culture
- Ears
- Anatomy
- Resident Microbiota
- Diseases, Epidemiology, and Etiology of Disease
- Otitis Externa (External Ear Infection)
- Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infections)
- Mastoiditis
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Direct Visual Examination
- Culture and Nonculture Methods
- Sinuses
- Anatomy
- Diseases
- Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology and Etiology of Disease
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
- Questions
- 72. Infections of the Urinary Tract
- General Considerations
- Anatomy
- Resident Microbiota of the Urinary Tract
- Infections of the Urinary Tract
- Epidemiology
- Etiologic Agents
- Community-Acquired
- Hospital- and Health Care–Associated
- Miscellaneous
- Pathogenesis
- Routes of Infection
- The Host-Pathogen Relationship
- Types of Infection and Their Clinical Manifestations
- Urethritis
- Ureteritis
- Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
- Cystitis
- Acute Urethral Syndrome
- Pyelonephritis
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections
- Specimen Collection
- Clean-Catch or Clean-Voided Midstream Urine
- Straight Catheterized Urine
- Suprapubic Bladder Aspiration
- Indwelling Catheter
- Timing of Specimen Collection
- Specimen Transport
- Screening Procedures
- Gram or Methylene Blue Stain
- Pyuria
- Indirect Indices
- Automated and Semiautomated Systems
- General Comments Regarding Screening Procedures
- Urine Culture
- Inoculation and Incubation of Urine Cultures
- Interpretation of Urine Cultures
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Interpretation and Results
- Questions
- 73. Genital Tract Infections
- General Considerations
- Anatomy
- Resident Microbiota
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Other Genital Tract Infections
- Genital Tract Infections
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Other Lower Genital Tract Infections
- Epidemiology and Etiologic Agents
- Routes of Transmission
- Clinical Manifestations
- Infections of the Reproductive Organs and Other Upper Genital Tract Infections
- Female Patients
- Male patients
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Genital Tract Infections
- Lower Genital Tract Infections
- Urethritis, Cervicitis, and Vaginitis
- Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions
- Buboes
- Smear Preparation
- Principle
- Method
- Infections of the Reproductive Organs
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Miscellaneous Infections
- Infections of Neonates and Human Products of Conception
- Questions
- 74. Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
- Anatomy
- Resident Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Gastroenteritis
- Pathogenesis
- Host Factors
- Microbial Factors
- Clinical Manifestations
- Epidemiology
- Institutional Settings
- Traveler’s Diarrhea
- Foodborne and Waterborne Outbreaks
- Immunocompromised Hosts
- Etiologic Agents
- Other Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Esophagitis
- Gastritis
- Proctitis
- Miscellaneous
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- General Comments
- Stool Specimens for Bacterial Culture
- Stool Specimens for Ova and Parasites
- Stool Specimens for Viruses
- Miscellaneous Specimen Types
- Direct Detection of Agents of Gastroenteritis in Feces
- Wet Mounts
- Stains
- Antigen Detection
- Nucleic Acid Testing
- Culture of Fecal Material for Isolation of Etiologic Agents
- Bacteria
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile–Associated Diarrhea
- Questions
- Questions
- 75. Skin, Soft Tissue, and Wound Infections
- General Considerations
- Anatomy of the Skin
- Function of the Skin
- Prevalence, Etiology, and Pathogenesis
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Infections of the Epidermis and Dermis
- Infections in or Around Hair Follicles
- Infections in the Keratinized Layer of the Epidermis
- Infections in the Deeper Layers of the Epidermis and Dermis
- Infections of the Subcutaneous Tissues
- Infections of the Muscle Fascia and Muscles
- Necrotizing Fasciitis
- Progressive Bacterial Synergistic Gangrene
- Myositis
- Wound Infections
- Postoperative Infections
- Bites
- Burns
- Special Circumstances Regarding Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Infections Related to Vascular and Neurologic Problems
- Sinus Tracts and Fistulas
- Systemic Infections and Skin Manifestations
- Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures
- Specimen Collection
- Infections of the Epidermis and Dermis
- Erysipeloid
- Superficial Mycoses and Erythrasma
- Erysipelas and Cellulitis
- Vesicles and Bullae
- Infections of the Subcutaneous Tissue
- Infections of the Muscle Fascia and Muscles
- Wound Infections
- Postoperative
- Bites
- Burns
- Purpose
- Principle
- Method
- Questions
- Questions
- Questions
- 76. Normally Sterile Body Fluids, Bone and Bone Marrow, and Solid Tissues
- Specimens From Sterile Body Sites
- Fluids
- Pleural Fluid
- Peritoneal Fluid
- Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid
- Pericardial Fluid
- Joint Fluid
- Viruses
- Bacteria (Relatively Uncommon)
- Fungi (Relatively Uncommon)
- Parasites (Relatively Uncommon)
- Bacterial
- Fungal
- Viral
- Bone
- Bone Marrow Aspiration or Biopsy
- Bone Biopsy
- Solid Tissues
- Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Fluids and Aspirates
- Bone
- Tissue
- Specimen Processing, Direct Examination, and Culture
- Fluids and Aspirates
- Bone
- Solid Tissue
- Questions
- Part VIII. Clinical Laboratory Management
- 77. Quality in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
- Quality Program
- Specimen Collection and Transport
- Standard Operating Procedure Manual
- Personnel
- Reference Laboratories
- Patient Reports
- Proficiency Testing
- Performance Checks
- Instruments
- Commercially Prepared Media Exempt From Quality Control
- User-Prepared and Nonexempt, Commercially Prepared Media
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
- Stains and Reagents
- Kits
- Maintenance of Quality Control Records
- Maintenance of Reference Quality Control Stocks
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Mycobacteriology
- Virology
- Parasitology
- Quality Assurance Program
- Types of Quality Assurance Audits
- Conducting a Quality Assurance Audit
- Continuous Daily Monitoring
- Background
- Study Design
- Results
- Analysis
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- 78. Infection Prevention and Control
- Incidence of Health Care–Associated Infections
- Types of Health Care–Associated Infections
- Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
- Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
- Surgical Site Infections
- Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections
- Emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms
- Hospital Infection Prevention Programs
- Role of the Microbiology Laboratory
- Characterizing Strains Involved in an Outbreak
- Preventing Health Care–Associated Infections
- Surveillance Methods
- 79. Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
- General Considerations
- Bio Crime
- Government Laws and Regulations
- Biosecurity
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Toxins
- Laboratory Response Network
- Role of the Sentinel Laboratory
- Questions
- Glossary
- Index
- Language: English
- Edition: 16
- Published: November 6, 2024
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780443118913
- eBook ISBN: 9780443118920
PT
Patricia M. Tille
Affiliations and expertise
Dept. Vice Chair, Clinical and Health Information Sciences, Graduate Program Director/Professor, Medical Laboratory Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Chair, Microbiology Advisory Committee, International Federation of Biomedical Laboratory Science; Editor in Chief, International Journal of Biomedical Laboratory Science, International Federation of Biomedical Laboratory Science; President, American Society of Clinical Laboratory Science