Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, and Aging

Dedication

Dedication

Preface

Contributors

List of Contributions Projected in Volumes 2–4

Abbreviations and Glossary

Chapter 1. Introduction to Autophagy: Cancer, Other Pathologies, Inflammation, Immunity, Infection and Aging, Volumes 1–4

Introduction

Specific Functions of Autophagy (A Summary)

Autophagy in Normal Mammalian Cells

Major Types of Autophagies

Selective Autophagies

Autophagosome Formation

Autophagic Lysosome Reformation

Autophagic Proteins

Protein Degradation Systems

Beclin 1

Non-Autophagic Function of Autophagy-Related Proteins

Microtubule-Associated Protein Light Chain 3

Monitoring Autophagy

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)

Role of Autophagy in Tumorigenesis and Cancer

Role of Autophagy in Immunity

Role of Autophagy in Viral Defense and Replication

Role of Autophagy in Intracellular Bacterial Infection

Role of Autophagy in Heart Disease

Role of Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cross-Talk between Autophagy and Apoptosis

References

Part I: General Diseases

Chapter 2. Mechanisms of Regulation of p62 in Autophagy and Implications for Health and Diseases

Introduction

LC3 Recognition by p62

Role of p62 as an Autophagy Receptor

Discussion

References

Chapter 3. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Role of Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Autophagy Overview and Types

Pathway and Mechanism for Autophagy

Physiological Roles of Autophagy

Autophagy and Neuronal Physiology

Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Conclusions and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4. Roles of Multiple Types of Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Degradation of ALS-Linked Mutant SOD1 by Macroautophagy

Interaction between Parkinson’s Disease-Associated UCH-L1 and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy

Degradation of RNA by Rnautophagy: Its Possible Roles in Neurodegenerative Disorders

References

Chapter 5. Autophagy and Crohn’s Disease: Towards New Therapeutic Connections

Introduction: Crohn’s Disease and Faulty Autophagy go Hand in Hand

Autophagy: A Hot Novel Target or an Old Friend?

Diagnostic Value of the Autophagic Status

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 6. The Role of Autophagy in Atherosclerosis

Introduction

Autophagy-Stimulating Factors in Atherosclerosis

Protective Effects of Autophagy in Atherosclerosis

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7. Treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy through Upregulating Autophagy by Stimulating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase

Introduction

Autophagy in the Heart

Autophagy in Heart Failure

AMPK in the Heart

AMPK and Autophagy

AMPK and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Autophagy in Diabetes and Its Complications

Activation of AMPK Attenuates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Activation of Autophagy

References

Chapter 8. Hyperglycemia-Associated Oxidative Stress Induces Autophagy: Involvement of the ROS-ERK/JNK-p53 Pathway

Introduction

Oxidative Stress in Hyperglycemia

Autophagy in Hyperglycemia

ROS-ERK/JNK-p53 Pathway Activates Autophagy in Hyperglycemia

Discussion

References

Chapter 9. Role of Autophagy in Cellular Defense Against Inflammation

Introduction

Innate Immunity, Inflammation and Autophagy

Diseases Related to Inflammation and Autophagy

Inflammasomes and Autophagy

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10. Mitophagy Plays a Protective Role in Fibroblasts from Patients with Coenzyme Q₁₀ Deficiency

Introduction

Coenzyme Q₁₀ Deficiency

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Coenzyme Q₁₀ Deficiency

Mitophagy

Mitophagy in Primary Coenzyme Q₁₀ Deficiency

Mitophagy in Secondary Coenzyme Q₁₀ Deficiency

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11. The Presence of Dioxin in Kidney Cells Induces Cell Death with Autophagy

Introduction

TCDD and Autophagy in Kidney Cells

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part II: Cancer

Chapter 12. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Activation of Autophagy Pathways by Reactive Oxygen Species and their Relevance in Cancer Progression and Therapy

Introduction

Overview of Autophagy Core Machinery and Signaling Pathways

Reactive Oxygen Species: Cellular Sources and Signaling Role

ROS and Autophagy

Autophagy, ROS, and Cancer

Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13. Induction of Autophagic Cell Death by Anticancer Agents

Introduction

Molecular Mechanisms of Autophagy

Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy

Induction of Autophagic Cell Death by Anticancer Agents

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14. Immunogenicity of Dying Cancer Cells–The Inflammasome Connection: Autophagic Death Arrives on the Scene

Introduction

Dying Cells and their Clearance by Immune-Competent Cells

Dying Cells and the Inflammatory Response

The Inflammasome and its Activators

Inflammasome-Activating Damps Released from Necrotic and Apoptotic Cells

Damps from Autophagic Dying Cells Can Activate the Inflammasomes

Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs) Play a Role in Activation of the Inflammatory Response

In vivo Evidence of Inflammatory Response to Autophagic Dying Cells

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15. Selenite-Mediated Cellular Stress, Apoptosis, and Autophagy in Colon Cancer Cells

Introduction

Selenium

Effects of Selenite in Colon Cancer Cells

Discussion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 16. Enhancement of Cell Death in High-Grade Glioma Cells: Role of N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide-Induced Autophagy

Introduction

Cell Death Induced by Chemotherapeutic Agents

Retinoids as Chemotherapeutic Agents

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide, a Synthetic Retinoid

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide: Mechanism of Action

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide in Gliomas

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17. Cisplatin Exposure of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Leads to Modulation of the Autophagic Pathway

Introduction

The Autophagy Pathway Confers Cisplatin Chemoresistance

TP53 Family Members Modulate Autophagic Signaling Through Transcriptional Regulation

TP53 Proteins Regulate MicroRNAs that Control Autophagic Signaling

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Part III: Tumors

Chapter 18. Autophagy, Stem Cells, and Tumor Dormancy

Introduction

Autophagy

Tumor Dormancy

Autophagy and Stem Cells

Summary

References

Chapter 19. Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis via Autophagy and Apoptosis

Introduction

DAPK1 and Apoptosis

DAPK1 Regulation

DAPK1 and Autophagy

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 20. TRIM13, Novel Tumor Suppressor: Regulator of Autophagy and Cell Death

Introduction

TRIM Family Proteins

TRIM13: Regulator of Autophagy and Tumorigenesis

Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 21. Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Promotes Tumor Cell Survival

Introduction

Hypoxia-Induced Autophagy Promotes Tumor Cell Survival

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Index