Automation and Control in Transport

ForewordPrefaceNotation1. Dynamic Systems 1.1 System Concepts 1.2 Open-Loop Systems 1.3 "Feedback"—Closed-Loop Systems 1.4 The Phase-Plane Diagram2. Route Capacity—Laws for Vehicle Following 2.1 Lane Capacity 2.2 Car-Following Theory 2.3 Automatic Vehicle Systems3. Control of Vehicle Spacing—Railway Signaling 3.1 Necessity for Signaling on Railways 3.2 The "Train-Order" System 3.3 The "Block" System 3.4 Lock and Block 3.5 Multiple-Aspect Signaling4. Problems of Congestion—Traffic Regulation 4.1 Random Events 4.2 Queues—Poisson Arrivals—Constant Service Times 4.3 Exponential Service Times 4.4 Effect of Delays on Headway of Signaled Systems 4.5 Statistical Aspects of Car-Following Behavior 4.6 Traffic Waves5. Computer Aids to Operation—Traffic Surveillance and Control 5.1 Application of Digital Computers 5.2 Continuous Progress Control (C.P.C.), Dynamic Programming 5.3 Optimum Train Sequence 5.4 Traffic Surveillance and Control 5.5 Control of Cascaded Vehicles 5.6 System Flow Charts 5.7 Train Describers6. Measurement of Power—Analogue Computing 6.1 Mechanical Manipulation of Data 6.2 Equivalent Mechanical and Electrical Quantities 6.3 Potential and Flow 6.4 Operational Amplifiers 6.5 Vehicle Suspension Analogy 6.6 Application to Strings of Vehicles 6.7 Hybrid Computers 6.8 Simulation of Service Environment7. Vehicle Detection 7.1 Presence Detectors 7.2 Track Circuits 7.3 Jointless Track Circuits 7.4 Guided Radar8. Vehicle Identification 8.1 The "Identra" System 8.2 Bus Electronic Scanning Indicator 8.3 Automatic Wagon-Recording System9. Communication of Control Signals to Moving Vehicles 9.1 Automatic Warning Systems—Cab Signaling 9.2 The "Indusi" System 9.3 The "Signum" System 9.4 Beacon devices 9.5 Coded Track Circuit 9.6 Professor Poupe's System of Coded Track Circuits 9.7 Use of Continuous Conductors in the Track 9.8 Combination of Magnetic and Inductive Loop Systems10. Interlocking—Sequence Control 10.1 Mechanical Interlocking 10.2 Boolean Algebra11. Sorting and Marshalling 11.1 The Hump Yard 11.2 Automatic Retarders 11.3 Dowty Retarders 12 Control of Acceleration and Power 12.1 Limitations 12.2 Equations of Motion 12.3 Values of Resistance Coefficient 12.4 Estimation of Distance-Time Relationships 12.5 Coasting 12.6 Control of Engine Speed 12.7 Automatic Transmissions 12.8 Control of Electric Motive Power 12.9 Use of Transductors in Power Control 12.10 Application of Induction Motors 12.11 Wheel-Slip Control 12.12 Control of Diesel Power 12.13 Adaptive Control 12.14 Shock Factors in Acceleration13. Control of Braking 13.1 Forms of Braking 13.2 Physiological Aspects 13.3 Control of Slip (Slow up) 13.4 "On-Tread" Braking 13.5 "Off-Tread" Braking 13.6 Servo Actuation 13.7 The Compressed-Air Brake 13.8 The Electro-Pneumatic (E.P.) Brake 13.9 The Vacuum Brake 14. Steering—Directional Stability 14.1 Steering 14.2 Directional Stability 14.3 Hertzian Contact 14.4 Running of Coned Wheels 14.5 Inscription within Sharp Curves—Steering by Flanges 14.6 Oscillation of Bogies 14.7 Motion on Curves at Speed 14.8 Effect of Oscillation on Passengers15. Automatic Railways 15.1 General Principles 15.2 Analysis of Human Contribution under the Present System 15.3 Possible Systems for Intensively Used Passenger Lines 15.4 Existing Installations 15.5 Systems for High-Speed Working16. Possibilities for the Future 16.1 The Need for Development of New Transport Modes 16.2 Possible Improvements in Control on the Highway 16.3 High Capacity Systems—Effect of Station Stops 16.4 Mono- and Duorails 16.5 Transit Expressways 16.6 Steerable Wheels 16.7 Blake System 16.8 Air-Cushion Support 16.9 Linear MotorsAppendix I Theory of Control 1. Equivalence of Dynamic and Active Systems 2. Literature Available 3. The Laplace Transform-Transfer Function 4. Effect of Time Delay 5. Criteria for Stability 6. Root Locus Plots 7. Nyquist and Bode Representation 8. Common forms of Non-Linearity 9. The Describing Function 10. Inverse Nyquist or Whitely Diagram 11. Liapunov's Second Method 12. Random Inputs 13. On-Line Control—Sampled DataAppendix II The S.I. Units 1. Advantages and Use of System 2. Conversion FactorsName IndexSubject Index