Astrocytes Pt 1: Development, Morphology, and Regional Specialization of Astrocytes

Foreword

Preface

Phylogenetic Development of Astrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Outline of the Phylogenetic Relationships of Animals

III. Morphological and Ultrastructural Features

IV. Positional Relationships

V. Functional Attributes

VI. Conclusions

References

Prenatal Ontogenesis of Astrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Development of Neural Tube

III. Differentiation of Neural Tube

IV. Development of Astrocytes in Situ

V. Development of Astrocytes in Tissue Culture

VI. Development of Raff's Type 1 and Type 2 Astrocytes

VII. Conclusions

References

Postnatal Ontogenesis of Astrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Ultrastructure of Developing Astrocytes

III. Immunochemical Differentiation

IV. Quantitative Aspects

V. Development of Astrocyte-Related Cells

VI. Conclusions

References

Fibrous and Protoplasmic Astrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Postnatal Ontogenesis of Fibrous and Protoplasmic Astrocytes

III. Morphology in Light Microscopy

IV. Ultrastructure of Fibrous and Protoplasmic Astrocytes

V. Conclusion

References

Ependymal Tanycytes of the Ventricular System in Vertebrates

I. Historical Background and General Location of Tanycytes

II. Origin and Development

III. Tanycytes of the Third Ventricle

IV. Aqueductal and Fourth Ventricular Tanycytes

V. Spinal Cord Tanycytes

References

The Müller Cell

I. Introduction

II. Morphology and Ultrastructure

III. Development

IV. Electrophysiology

V. Pharmacology and Biochemistry

References

Pituicytes

I. Introduction

II. Development of Pituicytes

III. Morphology of Pituicytes

IV. Spatial Relations to Neurosecretory Nerve Fibers and Perivascular Spaces

V. In Vitro Studies of Pituicytes

VI. Functional Aspects: Cytochemical and Immunocytochemical Results

VII. Reactions of Pituicytes to Experimental Conditions

VIII. Possible Role of Pituicytes during Neurosecretion: Concluding Statements and Questions

References

Pineal Astrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Astrocytes in the Human Pineal Gland

III. Astrocytes in the Pineal Gland of Lower Species

IV. Concluding Remarks

References

Astrocytes in the Cerebral Cortex with Special Regard to Tissue Culture Studies

I. Introduction

II. Development and Morphology of Astroglia in the Rat Cerebral Cortex

III. Methods for Studying Properties of Astroglia from Cerebral Cortex

IV. Seeding of Primary Cultures

V. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Primary Cultures from the Cerebral Cortex

VI. Aspects of Cell Differentiation in Culture

VII. Functional Aspects of Astroglial-Like Cells from Cerebral Cortex

VIII. Concluding Remarks

References

Cerebellar Astrocytes

I. Introduction

II. Structure of the Adult Cerebellar Cortex

III. Development of the Cerebellum

IV. Use of Cultured Astrocytes as a Model for Astrocyte Differentiation and Function

References

Astrocytic Diversity in the Optic Nerve: A Cytoarchitectural Study

I. Introduction

II. Development

III. Specialized Features

IV. The Cytoarchitecture of Astrocytes in the Optic Nerve

References

Astrocytes in the Olfactory Bulb

I. Introduction

II. Glial Cell Types in the Olfactory Nerve Fiber Layer

III. Relationship of Ensheathing Cells to Other Glial Cells

IV. Implications of Hypothesis That Ensheathing Cell Is a Variant of Astrocyte

V. Concluding Remarks

References

Astrocytes and the Blood-Brain Barrier

I. Introduction

II. Structural Specializations in Brain Endothelium

III. Histochemical Specializations in Brain Endothelium

IV. Do Astrocytes Play a Role in the Blood-Brain Barrier?

V. Summary

References

Cell Junctions of Astrocytes, Ependyma, and Related Cells in the Mammalian Central Nervous System, with Emphasis on the Hypothesis of a Generalized Functional Syncytium of Supporting Cells

I. Classification of Neuroepithelial Progenies

II. Relationships of Ependyma, Ependymoglia, and Astroglia

III. Classification and Structure of Cell Junctions

IV. Possible Functional Implications of Junctional Cooperativity

V. Glial Cell Polarization

VI. Other Data on Glial Junctions

References

Index