Applications of Liquid Scintillation Counting
- 1st Edition - December 2, 2012
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editor: Donald Horrocks
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 3 1 6 1 0 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 5 4 1 3 - 0
Applications of Liquid Scintillation Counting deals with liquid scintillation counting and its applications in fields such as the biosciences, medicine, environmental and space… Read more
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Applications of Liquid Scintillation Counting deals with liquid scintillation counting and its applications in fields such as the biosciences, medicine, environmental and space sciences, chemistry, and physics. These applications include dual-labeled counting; Cerenkov counting; radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence; pulse shape discrimination; flow cell counting; and large-volume counters. This book is comprised of 18 chapters and begins with a historical overview of the liquid scintillation method, the first liquid scintillation counters, and early scintillator solutes. The following chapters focus on the theory of liquid scintillation counting; the components of the liquid scintillator solution; and the development of the liquid scintillation counter and multiplier phototubes. The discussion then turns to the detection and measurement of different types of particles produced by radionuclides using liquid scintillation techniques; the techniques and problems of sample preparations (homogeneous and heterogeneous); oxidation techniques; and importance and difference of several types of counting vials. The sources of quenching in counting samples and methods of monitoring and correction for variable quench within samples are also considered. Several special applications of liquid scintillation techniques are presented, including dual-labeled counting, radioimmunoassay, and flow cell counting. In conclusion, the statistical considerations involved in determining the reliability and accuracy of data obtained by nuclear counting techniques are highlighted. This monograph will serve as a reliable source of information for those who are already using or starting to use liquid scintillation counting techniques.
Preface
Chapter I. Introduction
Early History of the Liquid Scintillation Method
First Liquid Scintillation Counters
Early Scintillator Solutes
Other Early Contributions
Previous Books
References
Chapter II. Basic Processes
Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter
Scintillation in Organic Material
Absorption Spectrum
Energy Transfer
Solvent-Solvent Transfer
Solvent-Solute Transfer
Solute-Solute Energy Transfer
Energy Transfer in Liquid Scintillation Solutions
Fluorescence
Scintillation Efficiency
Counting Efficiency
References
Chapter III. Scintillator Solutions
Solvents
Solutes
Concentration Dependency
Elimination of Concentration Quenching
Increased Solute Solubility
Solute Stability
Secondary Solutes
Some Common Liquid Scintillators
References
Chapter IV. Liquid Scintillation Counters and Multiplier Phototubes
Pulse Summation
Mode of Standardization
Sample Handling
Correction for Sample Quench
Data Computation
Multiplier Phototubes
The Photocathode
Dynodes
Number of Electrons per Indident Electron
Anode
Other Factors Affecting Multiplier Phototubes
References
Chapter V. Particle Counting Techniques
Response to Different Radiations
Counting Beta Emitters
Counting Other Electron Emitters
Counting Alpha Emitters
Counting Gamma Emitters
Neutron-Proton Counting
Counting Fission Events
Nuclear Applications
References
Chapter VI. Preparation of Counting Samples
Direct Solubilization
Solubilization Techniques
Heterogeneous Samples
References
Chapter VII. Oxidation Techniques
Wet Oxidation
Dry Oxidation
Static Combustion
Dynamic Combustion
References
Chapter VIII. Counting Vials
References
Chapter IX. Background
Noise
Cross Talk and Gas Discharges
Cerenkov and Cosmic Radiation
Natural Radioactivity
Chemiluminescence
Photoluminescence
References
Chapter X. Quench Correction Methods
Quench Monitoring Methods
Techniques of Constant Counting Efficiency
References
Chapter XI. Dual-Labeled Counting
Simultaneous Determination
Different Particle Emission
Different Half-life
Different Counting Methods
Different Modes of Decay
14C-3H Dual Label
Separation of Labeling Radionuclides
References
Chapter XII. Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence
Basic Processes
Chemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence and Liquid Scintillation Counting
Influence of Solutes
Effect of Temperature
Detection of Chemiluminescence
Causes of Chemiluminescence in Liquid Scintillators
Reducing Chemiluminescence
Bioluminescence
References
Chapter XIII. Radioimmunoassay
Reference
Chapter XIV. Cerenkov Counting
Cerenkov Effect
Cerenkov Counting Efficiency
Quenching Effects
References
Chapter XV. Pulse Shape Discrimination
Pulse Shape Discrimination Electronic Circuits
Performance
Applications
Limits to Pulse Shape Discrimination
References
Chapter XVI. Flow Cell Counting
Discrete Flow Cells
Continuous Flow Cells
Two-Phased Flow Cells
Single-Phased Flow Cells
Flow Cell Application to Measuring Tritium in Water
References
Chapter XVII. Large-Volume Counters
Whole-Body Counters
Other Applications
Solvent Requirements
References
Chapter XVIII. Statistical Considerations
Author Index
Subject Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: December 2, 2012
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Language: English
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