Anxiety

Chapter One: Stress, Anxiety, and Immunomodulation: A Pharmacological Analysis

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Mechanism of Stress Response
• 3 Stress, CNS, and Behavior
• 4 Stress and Anxiety
• 5 Stress and Various Anxiolytic Drugs
• 6 Stress and Immunity
• 7 Stress, Anxiety, and Immunomodulation

Chapter Two: Estrogen Receptors Modulation of Anxiety-Like Behavior

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Form and Function
• 3 Estrogen Receptor Alpha
• 4 Estrogen Receptor Beta
• 5 G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor
• 6 Cross Talk Between Estrogen Receptors
• 7 Mechanisms for Estrogen Receptor Effects on Anxiety
• 8 Conclusions

Chapter Three: Neuroendocrine Underpinnings of Increased Risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Case Example: PACAP Receptor Genetics

Chapter Four: The Big Role of Small RNAs in Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Epigenetics
• 3 MicroRNAs
• 4 Insights into miRNAs Through the Use of Animal Models
• 5 Investigating miRNAs in Anxiety Disorders
• 6 Conclusion
• Acknowledgments

Chapter Five: Natriuretic Peptides in Anxiety and Panic Disorder

• Abstract
• 1 Neuroendocrine Factors in Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders
• 2 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Natriuretic Peptide Synthesis
• 3 Expression of Natriuretic Peptides and Their Receptors in the Brain
• 4 Physiological Actions of Natriuretic Peptides in the Brain
• 5 Neuroprotective Effects of Natriuretic Peptides
• 6 Evidence of Anxiolytic-Like Effects of ANP

Chapter Six: Role of Nitric Oxide in Stress-Induced Anxiety: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Target

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Summary
• Acknowledgment

Chapter Seven: Nitric Oxide and Anxiety

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Nitric Oxide
• 3 Conclusion

Chapter Eight: The Endocannabinoid System and Anxiety

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 eCBs and Anxiety in Humans
• 3 eCBs in Animal Models of Fear and Anxiety
• 4 Brain Sites Modulating Cannabinoid Effects in Animal Models
• 5 Additional Mechanisms Involved in the eCB Effects on Anxiety
• 6 Closing Remarks and Future Directions
• Acknowledgments

Chapter Nine: The Melatonergic System in Anxiety Disorders and the Role of Melatonin in Conditional Fear

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Anxiety and Melatonergic System
• 3 PTSD and Pavlovian Fear Conditioning and Extinction
• 4 Methods
• 5 Results
• 6 Discussion
• Acknowledgments

Chapter Ten: The Role of Elements in Anxiety

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Animal Models of Anxiety
• 3 Zinc
• 4 Magnesium
• 5 Copper
• 6 Lithium
• 7 Iron
• 8 Manganese
• 9 Conclusions
• Acknowledgment

Chapter Eleven: The Place of Stress and Emotions in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

• Abstract
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Pathophysiology of the IBS
• 3 The Brain–Gut Axis
• 4 The Output of the Central Autonomic Network and Stress Biological System
• 5 Emotions and Stress in IBS
• 6 Therapeutic Implications—Treatment Targeting Amygdala Activity Reduction and Vagal Tone Reinforcement in IBS: Mindfulness and Hypnosis
• 7 Conclusion