Animal Electroencephalography

ContentsPreface 1. Physiologic Bases of the EEG I. Basic Elements of Nerve Cell Function A. Resting Potentials — Active Ion Transport B. Action Potentials C. Postsynaptic Potentials-EPSPs, IPSPs D. Chemical Transmitters — Receptors II. General Nature of the EEG A. Cortex Structure B. EEG Voltage-Time Relations C. Compounding of Different Frequencies III. Summation of Single-Cell Potentials A. Neuronal Potentials B. Glial Potentials IV. Conclusions References 2. Electrodes, Characteristics and Usage I. Electrode Characteristics A. Physical Chemistry of Electrodes B. Nonpolarizable Electrodes C. Performance of Various Metals II. Affixing Surface Electrodes A. Scalp Electrodes and Their Application B. Skull Electrodes and Surgical Procedures III. Implantation of Intracerebral Electrodes A. Construction of Macro- and Microelectrodes B. Surgery and Use of the Stereotaxic Atlas C. Affixing Electrodes to Connectors D. Localization of Implants References 3. Noise or Artifact I. General Considerations II. Source Noise III. Instrument Noise IV. Electrostatic-Electromagnetic Interference V. Physiologic Artifacts A. Skin Potentials B. Electrocardiographic (EKG) Signals C. Muscle Potentials D. The EEG Itself VI. Motion Artifacts A. Respiration B. Ballistocardiographic Motion C. Eye Movements D. General Movements References 4. Electronic Recording Systems I. Electronic Principles of Special Relevance A. Cathode (Emitter) Followers B. Negative Capacitance Electrometers C. Amplifiers D. Differential Amplification E. Galvanometer Principles F. Oscilloscope Monitoring II. Electroencephalographs A. Specifications and Commercially Available Recorders References 5. Interpretation and Analysis of the EEG I. Electrode Configurations A. Bipolar B. Recording with a Reference Electrode (Monopolar) C. Standardized Electrode Arrangements II. Frequency-Amplitude-Phase Characteristics A. Bipolar B. Records from Reference Recording III. Data Analyses A. Visual Observations B. Electronic Analyses References 6. EEG Correlates of Physiologic Changes I. Maturation of the EEG II. Behavioral Correlates A. Alert Wakefulness B. Conditioned Learning C. Sedation and Sleep III. Internal Influences A. Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide B. Temperature C. Cations D. Glucose E. Hormones F. Pharmacologie Effects References 7. EEG Correlates of Pathologic Changes I. "Epilepsy" II. Experimentally Produced Brain Disease A. Chemically Induced Abnormalities B. Electrically Induced Abnormalities C. Surgically Induced Abnormalities D. Effects on Individual Neuron Functions III. Naturally Occurring Brain Disease A. EEG Signs of Lesions B. Localization of Lesions C. EEG as a Basis for Diagnosis and Prognosis D. EEG Correlates of Specific Diseases References Appendix A. Proposal for an EEG Terminology by the Terminology Committee of the International Federation for Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Text GlossaryAppendix B. Sources of Current Information on Electronic Equipment General Electronic Products Bio-Medical Electronic Products Appendix C. Recommended General Reference Books Author Index Subject Index