Analog Circuits

CHAPTER 1 Review of Feedback Systems *Introduction and Some Early History of Feedback Control *Invention of the Negative Feedback Amplifier *Control System Basics *Loop Transmission and Disturbance Rejection *Stability *Routh Stability Criterion *The Phase Margin and Gain Margin Tests *Relationship Between Damping Ratio and Phase Margin *Loop Compensation Techniques¡XLead and Lag Networks *Parenthetical Comment on Some Interesting Feedback Loops *Example 1.1: Gain of +1 amplifier *Example 1.2: Gain of +10 amplifier *Example 1.3: Integral control of reactive load *Example 1.4: Photodiode amplifier *Example 1.5: MOSFET current source *Example 1.6: Maglev example *Appendix: MATLAB Scripts MATLAB script for gain of +1 and +10 amplifiers *ReferencesChapter 2 My Approach to Feedback Loop Design *My Approach to Design *What Is a V/I Source? *An Ideal V/I Source *Designing a V/I Source *Capacitive Load Compensation *Model to Investigate Overshoot *Back To The Frequency Domain *Range of Compensation Required *Phase Margin Approach to Loop Compensation *LTX Device Power Source (DPS) Performance *Summary of My MethodCHAPTER 3 Basic Operational Amplifier Topologies and a Case Study *Basic Device Operation *Example 3.1: Case study: Design, analysis and simulation of a discrete operational amplifier *Brief Review of LM741 Op-Amp Schematic *Some Real-World Limitations of Operational Amplifiers Voltage offset *Example 3.2: Op-amp driving capacitive load *References CHAPTER 4 Finding the Perfect Op Amp for Your Perfect Circuit *Choose the Technology Wisely *Using these Fundamentals *Amplifier Design Pitfalls *ReferencesCHAPTER 5 Review of Passive Components and a Case Study in PC Board Layout *Resistors *Comments on Surface-Mount Resistors *Comments on Resistor Types *Capacitors *Inductors *Discussion of Printed-Circuit Board Layout Issues *Approximate Inductance of a PC Board Trace Above a Ground Plane *Example 5.1: Design case study¡Xhigh-speed semiconductor laser diode driver *References CHAPTER 6 ANALOG LOWPASS FILTERS *A Quick Introduction to Analog Filters *Passive Filters *"Normalization" and "De-normalization" *Poles and Zero's *Active Lowpass Filters *First-Order Filter Section *Sallen-Key Lowpass Filter *Sallen-Key Roll-Off Deficiencies *Denormalizing Sallen-Key Filter Designs *State Variable Lowpass Filters *Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters *Denormalizing State Variable or Biquad Designs *Frequency Dependent Negative Resistance (FDNR) Filters *Denormalization of FDNR Filters References *References CHAPTER 7 HIGHPASS FILTERS *Active Highpass Filters *First-Order Filter Section *Sample-and-Difference Circuit *Sallen-Key Highpass Filter *Using Lowpass Pole to Find Component Values *Using Highpass Poles to Find Component Values *Operational Amplifier Requirements *Denormalizing Sallen-Key or First-Order Designs *State Variable Highpass Filters *Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters *Denormalizing State Variable or Biquad Designs *Gyrator Filters *ReferencesCHAPTER 8 Noise ¡V The Three Categories: Device, Conducted and Emitted *Definitions of Noise Specifications and Terms *References Chapter 9 How to Design Analog Circuits without a Computer or a Lot of Paper *My Background *Breaking Down a Circuit *Equivalent Circuits *Stock Parts Values *RC Networks *Stabilizing a Feedback Loop *Circuit Impedance *New Parts *Breadboarding *Testing *How Much To Learn *Settling Time TesterCHAPTER 10 BANDPASS FILTERS *Lowpass to Bandpass Transformation *Passive Filters *Formula for Passive Bandpass Filter Denormalization *Active Bandpass Filters *Bandpass Poles and Zeroes *Bandpass Filter Midband Gain *Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter *Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP) Filter *Denormalizing DABP Active Filter Designs *State Variable Bandpass Filters *Denormalization of State Variable Design *Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters *Denormalizing Biquad Designs *References CHAPTER 11 Bandstop (Notch) Filters *Passive Filters *Formula for Passive Bandstop Filter Denormalization *Active Bandstop Filters *Bandstop Poles and Zeroes *The Twin Tee Bandstop Filter *Denormalization of Twin Tee Notch Filter *Bandstop Using Multiple Feedback Bandpass Section *Denormalization of Bandstop Design Using MFBP Section *Bandstop Using Dual Amplifier Bandpass (DABP) Section *Denormalization of Bandstop Design Using DABP Section *State Variable Bandstop Filters *Denormalization of Bandstop State Variable Filter Section *Cauer and Inverse Chebyshev Active Filters *Denormalization of Bandstop Biquad Filter Section *References Chapter 12 Current¡VFeedback Amplifiersƒn *The Conventional Op Amp *Gain¡VBandwidth Trade-off *Slew-Rate Limiting *The Current¡VFeedback Amplifier *No Gain¡VBandwidth Trade-off *Absence of Slew-Rate Limiting *Second-Order Effects *CF Application Considerations *CF Amp Integrators *Stray Input¡VCapacitance Compensation *Noise in CF Amp Circuits *Low Distortion for Fast Sine Waves Using CF Amps *Drawbacks of Current Feedback Amplifiers, versus Conventional Op-amps. *ReferencesCHAPTER 13 The Basics Behind Analog-to-Digital Converters *The Key Specifications of Your ADC *Delta-sigma (∆−£U) Converters *Decimation Filter *Conclusion *References CHAPTER 14 The Right ADC for the Right Application *Classes of Input Signals *Temperature Sensor Signal Chains *Using an RTD for Temperature Sensing: SAR Converter or Delta-Sigma Solution? *The RTD Current Excitation Circuit for the SAR Circuit *RTD Signal Conditioning Path Using the SAR ADC *Is the SAR ADC Right for this Temperature Sensing Application? *RTD Signal Conditioning Path Using the Delta-sigma ADC *Is the Delta-sigma ADC Right for this Temperature Sensing Application? *Measuring Pressure: SAR Converter or Delta-sigma Solution? *The Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor *The Pressure Sensor Signal Conditioning Path Using a SAR ADC *Pressure Sensor Signal Conditioning Path Using a Delta-sigma ADC *Photodiode Applications *Photosensing Signal Conditioning Path Using a SAR ADC *Photosensing Signal Conditioning Path Using a Delta-sigma ADC *Motor Control Solutions *Conclusion *ReferencesCHAPTER 15 Working the Analog Problem From the Digital Domain *Pulse Width Modulators (PWM) Used as a Digital-to-Analog Converter *Looking At This Reference in the Time Domain *Changing This Digital Signal to Analog *Defining Your Analog Low-Pass Filter for your PWM-DAC *Pulling the Time Domain and Frequency Domain Together *Using the Comparator for Analog Conversions *Input Range of a Comparator (VIN+ and VIN¡V) *Input Hysteresis *Window Comparator *Combining the Comparator with a Timer *Using the Timer and Comparator to Build a Delta-Sigma A/D Converter *Delta-Sigma Theory *The Controller Implementation *Error Analysis of this Delta-sigma A/D Converter Implemented with a Controller *RDS ON Error *RA0 Port Leakage Current *Nonsymmetrical Output Port (RA3) *Voltage Reference *Other Input Ranges *Input Range of 2 V to 3 V *Input Range of 10 V to 15 V *Input Range of ¡Ó500 mV *Conclusion *References Chapter 16 What¡¦s All This Error Budget Stuff, Anyhow?Chapter 17 What's All This VBE Stuff, Anyhow?Chapter 18 The Zoo CircuitAPPENDIX A Analog-to-Digital Converter Specification Definitions and Formulas Appendix B Capacitor Coefficients for Lowpass Sallen-Key Filters