An Introduction to Equilibrium Thermodynamics

Preface

Chapter 1 First Law of Thermodynamics

1-1 Thermodynamics

1-2 Temperature

1-3 Equilibrium Concepts

1-4 Systems

1-5 Perfect Gas as a Thermometer

1-6 Work

1-7 Heat

1-8 Heat Capacity

1-9 First Law of Thermodynamics

1-10 Energy of a Perfect Gas (Translational Degrees of Freedom)

1-11 Thermodynamic Properties

1-12 Specific Heat at Constant Volume

1-13 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure

1-14 Reversible Process

1-15 Carnot Cycle

1-16 Non-mechanical Work

(a) Work Due to Elastic Strain

(b) Work Due to Charging a Capacitor

(c) Work Due to Inductance and Resistance

(d) Work Due to Magnetism (Paramagnetic Material)

Problems

References

Chapter 2 The Statistical Inference of Thermodynamics

2-1 Systems and Ensembles

2-2 Probability

2-3 Uncertainty of the Statistics

2-4 Entropy and Equilibrium

2-5 The Probability Distribution

2-6 Alternate Method of Formulating the Probability Distribution

2-7 The Partition Function

2-8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics

2-9 Grand Partition Function

Problems

References

Chapter 3 Ideal Gas System: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein

3-1 Schrödinger Wave Equation

3-2 Wave Equation for Ideal Monatomic Gas

3-3 Subsystems

3 -4 Degeneracy

3-5 The Ideal Monatomic Gas

3-6 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions

3-7 Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Gases

3-8 The Ideal MB Gas as the Limit of FD and BE Statistics

3-9 Black Body Radiation (An Example of a Photon Gas)

3-10 Electron Gas in Metals (Perfect Electron Gas)

Problems

References

Chapter 4 Ideal Diatomic Gas and Perfect Crystal

4-1 Model of Ideal Diatomic Gas

4-2 Translational Partition Function

4-3 Rotational Partition Function

4-4 Vibrational Partition Function — Harmonic Oscillator

4-5 Electronic Partition Function

4-6 Summary of Diatomic Gas

4-7 Perfect Crystal

Problems

References

Chapter 5 Second Law of Thermodynamics

5-1 A Macroscopic Look at Entropy

5-2 Second Law of Thermodynamics

5-3 Entropy in a Reversible System

5-4 Entropy in an Irreversible System

5-5 Clausius' Inequality

Problems

References

Chapter 6 Thermodynamic Functions

6-1 Transformation of Thermodynamic Variables

6-2 Legendre Transformation

6-3 Enthalpy

6-4 Helmholtz Function

6-5 Gibbs Function

6-6 Relationship Between Helmholtz and Massieu Functions

6-7 Legendre Transformation of Entropic Form of the Fundamental Equation

6-8 Maxwell Relations

6-9 Example Problem—Osmosis

6-10 Extensive and Intensive Thermodynamic State Parameters

6-11 Jacobian Transformations

6-12 Integration of dU

Problems

References

Chapter 7 Flow Systems

7-1 Steady State System

7-2 Pure Substances

7-3 Tabulated Properties

7-4 Some Specific Flow Processes

(a) Steady State Nozzle Flow

(b) Steady State Throttling Process

7-5 General Flow Process

Problems

References

Chapter 8 Thermal Energy Converters

8-1 Closed and Open System Analysis

8-2 Closed System Analysis

(a) Air Standard Otto Cycle

(b) Air Standard Diesel Cycle

(c) Air Standard Brayton Cycle

(d) Other Cycles

8-3 Rankine Cycle

Problems

References

Chapter 9 Non-reactive Mixtures of Ideal Gases

9-1 Mass Fractions and Mole Fractions

9-2 Gibbs-Dalton Law

9-3 Partial Volume Concepts

9-4 Partial Molal and Partial Mass Properties

9-5 Non-reactive Mixtures of Ideal Gases and Vapors

(a) Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio

(b) Relative Humidity

9-6 Steady State Flow of Gas-Vapor Mixtures

Problems

Chapter 10 An Introduction to Irreversible Thermodynamics

10-1 The Interdependence of the Lagrange Multipliers β and λγ

10-2 Entropy Production

10-3 The Phenomenological Equations

10-4 Onsager Reciprocal Relations

10-5 Examples of Transport

(a) Heat Flow

(b) Membrane Permeability

(c) Electron and Heat Flow

References

Appendix A Units and Dimensions in Thermodynamics

Appendix A Definitions, Constants, and Conversion Factors

Appendix C Steam Tables

Index