Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students
- 4th Edition - March 8, 2007
- Author: T.H.G. Megson
- Language: English
Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students is the leading self contained aircraft structures course text. It covers all fundamental subjects, including elasticity, struct… Read more
Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students is the leading self contained aircraft structures course text. It covers all fundamental subjects, including elasticity, structural analysis, airworthiness and aeroelasticity. Now in its fourth edition, the author has revised and updated the text throughout and added new case study and worked example material to make the text even more accessible.
- The leading Aircraft Structures text, covering a complete course from basic structural mechanics to finite element analysis
- Enhanced pedagogy with additional case studies, worked examples and home work exercises
Undergraduate and postgraduate students of aerospace and aeronautical engineering; Also suitable for professional development and training courses
Part A Fundamentals of Structural Analysis
A I Elasticity
1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress
1.2 Notation for forces and stress
1.3 Equations of equilibrium
1.4 Plane stress
1.5 Boundary conditions
1.6 Determination of stresses on inclined planes
1.7 Principal Stresses
1.8 Mohr’s circle of stress
1.9 Strain
1.10 compatibility equations
1.11 Plane strain
1.12 Determination of strains on inclined planes
1.13 Principal strains
1.14 Mohr’s circle of strain
1.15 Stress-strain relationships
1.16 Experimental measurement of surface strains
2. Two-dimensional problems in elasticity
2.1 Two-dimensional problems
2.2 Stress functions
2.3 Inverse and semi-inverse methods
2.4 St. Venant’s principle
2.5 Displacements
2.6 Bending of an end-loaded cantilever
3. Torsion of solid sections
3.1 Prandtl stress function solution
3.2 St. Venant warping function solution
3.3 The membrane analogy
3.4 Torsion of a narrow rectangular strip
A II Virtual Work, Energy and Matrix Methods
4. Virtual work
4.1 Work
4.2 Principle of virtual work
4.2.1 For a particle
4.2.2 For a rigid body
4.2.3 Virtual work in a deformable body
4.2.4 Work done by internal force systems
4.2.5 Virtual work due to external force systems
4.3.6 Use of virtual force systems
4.3 Applications of the principle of virtual work
5. Energy methods
5.1 Strain energy and complementary energy
5.2 The principle of the stationary value of the total complementary energy
5.3 Application to deflection problems
5.4 Application to the solution of statically indeterminate systems
5.5 Unit load method
5.6 Flexibility method
5.6.1 Self Straining method
5.7 Total potential energy
5.8 the principle of the stationary value of the total potential energy
5.9 Principle of superposition
5.10 Reciprocal theorems
5.11 Temperature effects
6. Matrix methods
6.1 Notation
6.2 Stiffness matrix for an elastic spring
6.3 Stiffness matrix for two elastic springs in line
6.4 Matrix analysis of pin-jointed frameworks
6.5 Application to statically indeterminate frameworks
6.6 Matrix analysis of space frames
6.7 Stiffness matrix for a uniform beam
6.8 Finite element method for continuum structures
6.8.1 Stiffness matrix for a beam-element
6.8.2 Stiffness matrix for a triangular finite element
6.8.3 Stiffness matrix for a quadrilateral element
A III Thin Plate Theory
7. Bending of thin plates
7.1 Pure Bending of thin plates
7.2 Plates subjected to bending and twitsting
7.3 Plates subjected to a distributed transverse load
7.3.1 The simply supported edge
7.3.2 The built-in edge
7.3.3 The free edge
7.4 Combined bending and in-plane loading of a thin rectangular plate
7.5 Bending of thin plates having a small initial curvature
7.6 Energy method for the bending of thin plates
7.6.1 Strain energy produced by bending and twisting
7.6.2 Potential energy of a transverse load
7.6.3 Potential energy of in-plane loads
A IV Structural Instability
8. Columns
8.1 Euler buckling of columns
8.2 Inelastic buckling
8.3 Effect of initial imperfections
8.4 Stability of beams under transverse and axial loads
8.5 Energy method for the calculation of buckling loads in columns
9. Thin plates
9.1 Buckling of thin plates
9.2 Inelastic buckling of plates
9.3 Experimental determination of critical load for a flat plate
9.4 Local instability
9.5 Instability of stiffened panels
9.6 Failure stress in plates and stiffened panels
9.7 Tension field beams
9.7.1 Complete diagonal
9.7.2 Incomplete diagonal tension
9.7.3 Post buckling behaviour
10. Structural Vibration
10.1 Oscillation of mass/spring systems
10.2 Oscillation of beams
10.3 Approximate methods for determining natural frequencies
Part B Analysis of Aircraft Structures
B I Principles of Stressed Skin Construction
11. Materials
11.1 Aluminium alloys
11.2 Steel
11.3 Titanium
11.4 Plastics
11.5 Glass
11.6 Composites
11.7 Properties of materials
12. Structural components of aircraft
12.1 Loads on components
12.2 Function of components
12.3 Fabrication of components
12.4 Connections Structural Vibration
BII Airworthiness and Airframe Loads
13. Airworthiness
13.1 Factors of safety - flight envelope
13.2 Load factor determination
13.2.1 Limit load
13.2.2 Structural deterioration and uncertainties in design
13.2.3 Variation in structural strength
13.2.4 Fatigue
14. Airframe loads
14.1 Inertia loads
14.2 Symmetric manoeuvre loads
14.2.1 Level flight
14.2.2 General case
14.3 Normal acceleration associated with various types of manoeuvre
14.3.1 Steady pull-out
14.3.2 Correctly banked turn
14.4 Gust loads
14.4.1 Sharp-edged gust
14.4.2 The "graded" gust
14.4.3 Gust envelope
15. Fatigue
15.1 Safe life and fail safe structures
15.2 Designing against fatigue
15.3 Fatigue strength of components
15.4 Prediction of aircraft fatigue life
15.5 Creep
15.6 Crack propagation
B III Bending, Shear and Torsion of Thin-Walled Beams
16. Bending of open and closed, Thin-Walled Beams
16.1 Symmetrical Bending
16.1.1 Assumptions
16.1.2 Direct Stress Distribution
16.1.3 Anticlastic Bending
16.2 Unsymmetrical Bending
16.2.1 Sign Conventions and notation
16.2.2 Resolution of bending moments
16.2.3 Direct Stress distribution due to bending
16.2.4 Position of the neutral axis
16.2.5Load intensity, shear force and bending moment relationships, general case
16.3 Deflections due to bending
16.4 Calculation of Section Properties
16.4.1 Parallel Axes Theorem
16.4.2 Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
16.4.3 Second Moments of Area of Standard Sections
16.5 Application of bending theory
17. Shear of beams
17.1 General stress, strain and displacement relationships
17.2 Open section beams
17.2.1 Shear centre
17.3 Closed section beams
17.3.1 Twist and warping
17.3.2 Shear centre
18. Torsion of beams
18.1 Closed section beams
18.1.1 Displacements associated with the Bredt-Batho shear flow
18.1.2 Condition for zero warping
18.2 Torsion of open section beams
18.2.1 Warping of cross-section
19. Combined open and closed section beams
19.1 Bending
19.2 Shear
19.3 Torsion
20. Structural Idealisation
20.1 Principle
20.2 Idealisation of a panel
20.3 Effect of idealisation on the analysis of open and closed section beams
20.3.1 Bending of open and closed section beams
20.3.2 Shear of open section beams
20.3.3 Shear of closed section beams
20.3.4 Alternative method for the calculation of shear flow distribution
20.3.5 Torsion of open and closed section beams
B IV Stress Analysis of Aircraft Components
21. Wing spars and box beams
21.1 Tapered wing spar
21.2 Open and closed section box beams
21.3 Beams having variable stringer areas
22. Fuselages
22.1 Bending
22.2 Shear
22.3 Torsion
22.4 Effect of cut-outs
23. Wings
23.1 Three-boom shell
23.2 Bending
23.3 Torsion
23.4 Shear
23.5 Shear centre
23.6 Tapered wings
23.7 Deflections
23.8 Effect of cut-outs
24. Fuselage frames and wing ribs
24.1 Principles of Stiffener/web construction
24.2 Fuselage frames
24.3 Wing ribs
25. Laminated composite structures
25.1 Elastic constants of simple lamina
2.5.2 Stress-strain relationships for an orthotropic ply (macro-approach)
25.2.1 Specially orthotropic ply
25.2.2 Generally orthotropic ply
25.3 Thin-walled composite beams
25.3.1 Axial load
25.3.2 Bending
25.3.3 Shear
25.3.4 Torsion
BV Structural and Loading Discontinuities
26. Closed section beams
26.1 General aspects
26.2 Shear distribution at a built-in end
26.3 Torsion of a rectangular section beam
26.4 Shear lag
27. Open section beams
27.1 I-section beam subjected to torsion
27.2 Arbitrary section beam subjected to torsion
27.3 Distributed torque loading
27.4 General system of loading
27.5 Moment couple (bimoment)
27.5.1 Shear flow due to MT
B VI Introduction to Aeroelasticity
28. Wing problems
28.1 Types of problem
28.2 Load distribution and divergence
28.2.1 Wing torsional divergence (two-dimensional)
28.2.1 Wing torsional divergence (finite wing)
28.2.3 Swept wing divergence
28.3 Control effectiveness and reversal
28.3.1 Aileron effectiveness and reversal (two-dimensional)
28.3.2 Aileron effectiveness and reversal (finite wing)
28.4 Introduction to Flutter
28.4.1 Coupling
28.4.2 Critical flutter speed
28.4.3 Prevention of flutter
28.4.4 Experimental determination of flutter speed.
28.4.5 Control surface flutter
APPENDIX
Case Study : Design of an Aircraft Fuselage
Requirement: The aircraft
A1. Specification
A2. Data
A3. Initial calculations
A4. Balancing out calculations
A5. Fuselage loads
A6. Fuselage design calculations
A I Elasticity
1. Basic elasticity
1.1 Stress
1.2 Notation for forces and stress
1.3 Equations of equilibrium
1.4 Plane stress
1.5 Boundary conditions
1.6 Determination of stresses on inclined planes
1.7 Principal Stresses
1.8 Mohr’s circle of stress
1.9 Strain
1.10 compatibility equations
1.11 Plane strain
1.12 Determination of strains on inclined planes
1.13 Principal strains
1.14 Mohr’s circle of strain
1.15 Stress-strain relationships
1.16 Experimental measurement of surface strains
2. Two-dimensional problems in elasticity
2.1 Two-dimensional problems
2.2 Stress functions
2.3 Inverse and semi-inverse methods
2.4 St. Venant’s principle
2.5 Displacements
2.6 Bending of an end-loaded cantilever
3. Torsion of solid sections
3.1 Prandtl stress function solution
3.2 St. Venant warping function solution
3.3 The membrane analogy
3.4 Torsion of a narrow rectangular strip
A II Virtual Work, Energy and Matrix Methods
4. Virtual work
4.1 Work
4.2 Principle of virtual work
4.2.1 For a particle
4.2.2 For a rigid body
4.2.3 Virtual work in a deformable body
4.2.4 Work done by internal force systems
4.2.5 Virtual work due to external force systems
4.3.6 Use of virtual force systems
4.3 Applications of the principle of virtual work
5. Energy methods
5.1 Strain energy and complementary energy
5.2 The principle of the stationary value of the total complementary energy
5.3 Application to deflection problems
5.4 Application to the solution of statically indeterminate systems
5.5 Unit load method
5.6 Flexibility method
5.6.1 Self Straining method
5.7 Total potential energy
5.8 the principle of the stationary value of the total potential energy
5.9 Principle of superposition
5.10 Reciprocal theorems
5.11 Temperature effects
6. Matrix methods
6.1 Notation
6.2 Stiffness matrix for an elastic spring
6.3 Stiffness matrix for two elastic springs in line
6.4 Matrix analysis of pin-jointed frameworks
6.5 Application to statically indeterminate frameworks
6.6 Matrix analysis of space frames
6.7 Stiffness matrix for a uniform beam
6.8 Finite element method for continuum structures
6.8.1 Stiffness matrix for a beam-element
6.8.2 Stiffness matrix for a triangular finite element
6.8.3 Stiffness matrix for a quadrilateral element
A III Thin Plate Theory
7. Bending of thin plates
7.1 Pure Bending of thin plates
7.2 Plates subjected to bending and twitsting
7.3 Plates subjected to a distributed transverse load
7.3.1 The simply supported edge
7.3.2 The built-in edge
7.3.3 The free edge
7.4 Combined bending and in-plane loading of a thin rectangular plate
7.5 Bending of thin plates having a small initial curvature
7.6 Energy method for the bending of thin plates
7.6.1 Strain energy produced by bending and twisting
7.6.2 Potential energy of a transverse load
7.6.3 Potential energy of in-plane loads
A IV Structural Instability
8. Columns
8.1 Euler buckling of columns
8.2 Inelastic buckling
8.3 Effect of initial imperfections
8.4 Stability of beams under transverse and axial loads
8.5 Energy method for the calculation of buckling loads in columns
9. Thin plates
9.1 Buckling of thin plates
9.2 Inelastic buckling of plates
9.3 Experimental determination of critical load for a flat plate
9.4 Local instability
9.5 Instability of stiffened panels
9.6 Failure stress in plates and stiffened panels
9.7 Tension field beams
9.7.1 Complete diagonal
9.7.2 Incomplete diagonal tension
9.7.3 Post buckling behaviour
10. Structural Vibration
10.1 Oscillation of mass/spring systems
10.2 Oscillation of beams
10.3 Approximate methods for determining natural frequencies
Part B Analysis of Aircraft Structures
B I Principles of Stressed Skin Construction
11. Materials
11.1 Aluminium alloys
11.2 Steel
11.3 Titanium
11.4 Plastics
11.5 Glass
11.6 Composites
11.7 Properties of materials
12. Structural components of aircraft
12.1 Loads on components
12.2 Function of components
12.3 Fabrication of components
12.4 Connections Structural Vibration
BII Airworthiness and Airframe Loads
13. Airworthiness
13.1 Factors of safety - flight envelope
13.2 Load factor determination
13.2.1 Limit load
13.2.2 Structural deterioration and uncertainties in design
13.2.3 Variation in structural strength
13.2.4 Fatigue
14. Airframe loads
14.1 Inertia loads
14.2 Symmetric manoeuvre loads
14.2.1 Level flight
14.2.2 General case
14.3 Normal acceleration associated with various types of manoeuvre
14.3.1 Steady pull-out
14.3.2 Correctly banked turn
14.4 Gust loads
14.4.1 Sharp-edged gust
14.4.2 The "graded" gust
14.4.3 Gust envelope
15. Fatigue
15.1 Safe life and fail safe structures
15.2 Designing against fatigue
15.3 Fatigue strength of components
15.4 Prediction of aircraft fatigue life
15.5 Creep
15.6 Crack propagation
B III Bending, Shear and Torsion of Thin-Walled Beams
16. Bending of open and closed, Thin-Walled Beams
16.1 Symmetrical Bending
16.1.1 Assumptions
16.1.2 Direct Stress Distribution
16.1.3 Anticlastic Bending
16.2 Unsymmetrical Bending
16.2.1 Sign Conventions and notation
16.2.2 Resolution of bending moments
16.2.3 Direct Stress distribution due to bending
16.2.4 Position of the neutral axis
16.2.5Load intensity, shear force and bending moment relationships, general case
16.3 Deflections due to bending
16.4 Calculation of Section Properties
16.4.1 Parallel Axes Theorem
16.4.2 Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
16.4.3 Second Moments of Area of Standard Sections
16.5 Application of bending theory
17. Shear of beams
17.1 General stress, strain and displacement relationships
17.2 Open section beams
17.2.1 Shear centre
17.3 Closed section beams
17.3.1 Twist and warping
17.3.2 Shear centre
18. Torsion of beams
18.1 Closed section beams
18.1.1 Displacements associated with the Bredt-Batho shear flow
18.1.2 Condition for zero warping
18.2 Torsion of open section beams
18.2.1 Warping of cross-section
19. Combined open and closed section beams
19.1 Bending
19.2 Shear
19.3 Torsion
20. Structural Idealisation
20.1 Principle
20.2 Idealisation of a panel
20.3 Effect of idealisation on the analysis of open and closed section beams
20.3.1 Bending of open and closed section beams
20.3.2 Shear of open section beams
20.3.3 Shear of closed section beams
20.3.4 Alternative method for the calculation of shear flow distribution
20.3.5 Torsion of open and closed section beams
B IV Stress Analysis of Aircraft Components
21. Wing spars and box beams
21.1 Tapered wing spar
21.2 Open and closed section box beams
21.3 Beams having variable stringer areas
22. Fuselages
22.1 Bending
22.2 Shear
22.3 Torsion
22.4 Effect of cut-outs
23. Wings
23.1 Three-boom shell
23.2 Bending
23.3 Torsion
23.4 Shear
23.5 Shear centre
23.6 Tapered wings
23.7 Deflections
23.8 Effect of cut-outs
24. Fuselage frames and wing ribs
24.1 Principles of Stiffener/web construction
24.2 Fuselage frames
24.3 Wing ribs
25. Laminated composite structures
25.1 Elastic constants of simple lamina
2.5.2 Stress-strain relationships for an orthotropic ply (macro-approach)
25.2.1 Specially orthotropic ply
25.2.2 Generally orthotropic ply
25.3 Thin-walled composite beams
25.3.1 Axial load
25.3.2 Bending
25.3.3 Shear
25.3.4 Torsion
BV Structural and Loading Discontinuities
26. Closed section beams
26.1 General aspects
26.2 Shear distribution at a built-in end
26.3 Torsion of a rectangular section beam
26.4 Shear lag
27. Open section beams
27.1 I-section beam subjected to torsion
27.2 Arbitrary section beam subjected to torsion
27.3 Distributed torque loading
27.4 General system of loading
27.5 Moment couple (bimoment)
27.5.1 Shear flow due to MT
B VI Introduction to Aeroelasticity
28. Wing problems
28.1 Types of problem
28.2 Load distribution and divergence
28.2.1 Wing torsional divergence (two-dimensional)
28.2.1 Wing torsional divergence (finite wing)
28.2.3 Swept wing divergence
28.3 Control effectiveness and reversal
28.3.1 Aileron effectiveness and reversal (two-dimensional)
28.3.2 Aileron effectiveness and reversal (finite wing)
28.4 Introduction to Flutter
28.4.1 Coupling
28.4.2 Critical flutter speed
28.4.3 Prevention of flutter
28.4.4 Experimental determination of flutter speed.
28.4.5 Control surface flutter
APPENDIX
Case Study : Design of an Aircraft Fuselage
Requirement: The aircraft
A1. Specification
A2. Data
A3. Initial calculations
A4. Balancing out calculations
A5. Fuselage loads
A6. Fuselage design calculations
- Edition: 4
- Published: March 8, 2007
- Language: English
TM
T.H.G. Megson
T.H.G. Megson was a professor emeritus with the Department of Civil Engineering at Leeds University (UK). For Elsevier he wrote the market leading Butterworth Heinemann textbooks Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students and Introduction to Aircraft Structural Analysis (a briefer derivative of the aircraft structures book), as well as the text/ref hybrid Structural and Stress Analysis.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emeritus, Department of Civil Engineering, Leeds University, UK (deceased)