Advances in Research and Development

D.W. Greve, GexSi1-x Eptaxial Layer Growth and Application Integrated Circuits: Introduction. GexSi1-x Heterojunctions- General Considerations. Growth by Molecular Beam Epitaxy: MBE Systems. Surface Cleaning and Preparation. Germanium Incorporation and Abruptness. p-type Doping. n-type Doping. Incororation of Adatoms and Growth Temperature Limits. Gas Sources. Growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Low-Temperature Growth. Growth Systems. Surface Reactions. Kinetics ofLayer Growth- Hybride Reactants. Kinetics of Layer Growth- Dichlorosilane. Transition Abruptness. Minimum Growth Temperature. Surface Preperation. Overview/Summary. Application to Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors: Operation of HBT. Early Reports of HBTs. MBE-Grown HBT Process. UHV/CVD-Grown HBT Process. Profile Design for the UHV/CVD HBT. HBT Future Prospects. The GexSi1-x Channel MOSFET. Conclusions and Future Prospects. Acknowledgments. References. P.W. Pellegrini and J.R. Jimenez, Thin-FilmEpitaxial Layers for the Detection of Infrared Signals: Introduction. Infrared Bands, Detectors, and Materials: Infrared Spectral Bands. Detectors of Infrared Radiation. Material Considerations for LWIR Detection. Summary of PT/SI Detector Basics. Group-IV Epitaxial Devices for Infrared Detectors: Delta-Doped PT/SI Detectors. SI-Homojunction Detectors. Si/Ge/Si Heterojunction Internal Photoemission (HIP) Detectors. Silicide/SiGe Schottky Detectors. Detectors Involving Epitaxial Silicides. Growth and Fabrication of Si-Based Infrared Detector Structures: Doping and Temperature. Surface Preparation and Cleaning. Uniformity. Silicide/SiGe Fabrication. Conclusions. References. F.D. Shepherd, Platinum Silicide Internal Emission Ifrared Imaging Arrays: Introduction: Staring-Mode Operation. Requirements Imposed by Thermal Infrared Signals. Early Efforts Leading to Current PtSi IR Camera Technology. The Internal Emission Process: Internal Photemission. Thermionic Emission (Dark Current). Internal Field Emission. State of the Art Platinum Silicide Detectors and Arrays: PtSi Spectral Response. Fowler Emission Efficiency. Array Response Uniformity. Excess Low-Frequency Noise. Array Parameters. Infrared Cameras. Future of PtSi Detector and Sensor Development: Array Size. Pixel Dimensions. Optical Absorption in the Silicide Electrode. Detector Fill Factors. Industrial vs. Military Sensor Requirements. Improvement of Emission Efficiency. Extension of Cut-Off Wavelength. General Observations. Summary. E.R. Brown and K.A. McIntosh, III-V Quantum-Well Structures for High-Speed Electronics: Introduction to Quantum-Well Intersubband Detectors: Direct Detection. Heterodyne Detection. Quantum-Well Detector Design and Intersubband Absorption: Quantum-Well Energy Levels. Epitaxial Growth. Intersubband Absorption Measurement Techniques. Intersubband Absorption Results. MQW Detector Fabrication and DC Response Characteristics: Fabrication and Packaging. Dark Current. Spectral and Absolute Responsivity.Photoconductive Gain. External Quantum Efficiency. Electrical Bandwidth and Optical-Heterodyne Experiments: Photoelectron Generations- Recombination Noise Technique. Diode-Laser Mixing Technique. Microwave Rectification Technique. Discussion of Bandwidthand Lifetime. Heterodyne Sensitivity Technique. Heterodyne Sensitivity Results. Applications: Instrumental Resolution and Sensitivity. High-Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy. Long-Range, High-Data-Rate Communications. Improvements in MAW Heterodyne Detectors: Enhancement of External Quantum Efficiency. Design of Detectors Having Lifetime-Limited Electrical Bandwidth. A.G.U. Perera, J-W. Choe, and M.H. Francombe, Quantum-Well Devices for Infrared Emission: Introduction and Background. Quantum-Wells in Interband-Type IR Sources: Role of Size ad Strain Effects- General. MQW Heterostructures for Mid-Wave IR- Examples. Intersubband Transition Processes for IR Emission: Background and Summary. Radiative Transitions and Population Inversion. FIR Emission from MQW Structures. Quantum Efficiency of the Cascade Process. Photon Wave Function in the Superlattice. Early LWIR Emission Results. Graded Gap Injection Structures for MWIR and LWIR Emission: First 5 um Intersubband IR Emission. Development of Quantum Cascade Laser. Recent Trends, Limitations, and Application Potential. Appendix: Sequential Resonant Tunneling. Physics of Resonant Tunneling. Energy and Lifetime from Complex Energy Method. Author Index. Subject Index.