A Statistical Manual for Chemists

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

List of Symbols


1 Fundamentals

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Experimental Error

1.3 The Average

1.4 The Normal Distribution

1.5 The t Distribution

1.6 Accuracy and Precision

1.7 The Average Deviation

1.8 The Variance and Standard Deviation

1.9 The Range

References


2 The Average

2.1 Replication

2.2 Confidence Limits

2.3 Degree of Confidence

2.4 Illustration of Confidence Limits

2.5 Calculation of Confidence Limits

2.6 Confidence Limits of Large Groups of Data by Range

2.7 Tolerance Limits

2.8 Invalid Measurements

2.9 Derivations and Proofs

References


3 Experimental Design and the Analysis of Variance

3.1 Experimental Design

3.2 Nomenclature of Statistically Designed Experiments

3.3 Tests of Significance

3.4 The Analysis of Variance

3.5 Block Design: One-Way Classification

3.6 Block Design: Two-Way Classification

3.7 Models of ANOVA

3.8 Components of Variance

3.9 Expected Mean Square (EMS) Components

3.10 Latin Square

3.11 Factorial Experiments

3.12 Nested Factorial Experiment


4 The Comparison of Two Averages

4.1 The t Test

4.2 Uses of a t Test

4.3 Substitute t Tests

4.4 Uses of Substitute t Tests


5 Analysis of Variance by Range

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Block Design: One-Way Classification

5.3 Block Design: Two-Way Classification

5.4 Interaction

5.5 The Latin Square Design

5.6 Factorial Experiments

References


6 Control Charts

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Nomenclature

6.3 Theory of Control Charts

6.4 Control Limits

6.5 The Chart for Averages

6.6 The Chart for Ranges (or Standard Deviations)

6.7 Subgroups

6.8 Calculation of Control Limits

6.9 Significance of Control Limits

6.10 Runs

6.11 Making a Control Chart

6.12 Lack of Control

References


7 Correlated Variables

7.1 Linear Regression

7.2 A Laboratory Use of Regression

7.3 Shortcut Methods

7.4 Shortcut Method When Xn Does Not Equal nX1

7.5 Colorimetric Analysis

7.6 Confidence Limits for X

7.7 Nonlinear Functions

Reference


8 Sampling

8.1 The Sample and the Population

8.2 The Theory of Sampling

8.3 Sample Size

8.4 Attribute Sampling

8.5 Sampling by Variables

8.6 Use of Components of Variance

8.7 Variables Plan Based upon Normal Distribution

References


9 Control of Routine Analysis

9.1 Problems of the Routine Analyst

9.2 Test for Outliers

9.3 Precision of the Analyses

9.4 Difference between Analysts

9.5 Accuracy

9.6 Precision of Optical Rotation Measurements

9.7 Precision of Colorimetric Analysis

9.8 Reduced Sample Size

9.9 Compliance with Specifications

9.10 Control Charts in the Analytical Laboratory

9.11 Interlaboratory Studies

Reference

Appendix

Subject Index