A Review on Diverse Neurological Disorders

Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutics

1st Edition - June 5, 2024
Editors: Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia, Sunny Ohia, Debasis Bagchi
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 7 3 5 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 7 3 6 - 6

A Review of Diverse Neurological Disorders: Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutics offers an unparalleled compilation of the current understanding of ne… Read more

A Review on Diverse Neurological Disorders

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A Review of Diverse Neurological Disorders: Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutics offers an unparalleled compilation of the current understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. This book investigates the origins of mental disorders, encompassing bacterial and fungal invasions, viral assaults, and genetic predispositions, providing readers with a thorough grasp of the neurological landscape. Each chapter dissects the intricacies of these incapacitating conditions, ranging from the pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis to the involvement of endocannabinoids in rabies infection. Topics such as neuroinflammation, axonal pathology, and the intricate relationship between diet, gut microbiomes, and cognitive decline are also explored. This book conducts an extensive examination of neurodegeneration, incorporating discussions on the role of probiotics and natural bioactive compounds in preventing ailments such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). With meticulous analyses of vitamins, micronutrients, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals, this work offers a roadmap for promoting neuroprotection. A Review of Diverse Neurological Disorders serves as a resource that not only reviews the current understanding but also lays the groundwork for future treatments and innovations.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
A. Overview and introduction
Chapter 1. Epidemiology and risk factors of mental disorders
1. Introduction
2. Risk factor of mental disorder
3. Depression
4. Bipolar disorder
5. Posttraumatic stress disorder
6. Schizophrenia
7. Eating disorder
8. Disruptive behavior and dissocial disorders
9. Neurodevelopmental disorders
10. Obsessive compulsion disorder
11. Dementia
12. Panic disorders
13. Delirium
14. Paranoid personality disorder
15. Alzheimer's disease
16. Parkinson's disease
17. Mood disorder
18. Phobia
19. Autism
20. Current status of mental disorders worldwide
21. Prevalence of mental disorder among the different regions of the world
22. Health systems and social support
B. Diverse neurological diseases: Bacterial, fungal, virus, and parasitic infections
Chapter 2. Unlocking the intricacies: Bacterial meningitis's impact on neurological function
1. Introduction
2. Meningitis
3. Bacterial meningitis
4. Etiology
5. Epidemiology
6. Acute meningitis—Children
7. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis common stages and mechanisms
8. Invasion and spread of bacteria
9. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
10. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
11. Invasion and spread of bacteria
12. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
13. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
14. Invasion and spread of bacteria
15. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
16. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
17. Invasion and spread of bacteria
18. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
19. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
20. Invasion and spread of bacteria
21. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
22. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
23. Symptoms and signs
24. Neuronal damage
25. Clinical features and diagnosis
26. Treatment
27. Prognosis
28. Surveillance
29. Conclusion
Chapter 3. An overview on helminthic infections of central nervous system in humans
1. Introduction
2. Echinococcosis: Echinococcus spp.
3. Neuroschistosomiasis: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi
4. Neurocysticercosis: Taenia solium
5. Angiostrongyliasis—Angiostrongylus cantonensis
6. Sparganosis: Spirometramansoni
7. Paragonimiasis: Paragonimus westermani
8. Coenurosis: Tapeworm larvae (Taenia species)
9. Neurognathostomiasis: Gnathostoma spp.
10. Neurostrongyloidiasis: Strongyloidesstercoralis
11. Onchocerciasis: Onchocerca volvulus
12. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Helminthic infections of the central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. CNS diseases caused by cestodes
3. CNS diseases caused by nematodes
4. CNS diseases caused by trematodes
5. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system: Pathogenicity and molecular mechanism
1. Introduction
2. Available therapies and challenges
3. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system
4. Future prospects
5. Concluding remarks
Chapter 6. Tuberculosis of central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. Burden of the disease
3. Pathogenesis
4. Forms of the disease
5. Diagnosis
6. Management
7. Complications
8. Paradoxical reaction and IRIS
9. Conclusion
Chapter 7. An overview on tetanus, diphtheria, and diverse bacterial infections of the CNS
1. Introduction
2. Tetanus
3. Diphtheria
4. Other bacterial infections of the CNS
5. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Tetanus, diphtheria and other toxin-producing bacterial infection of central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. Tetanus
3. Diphtheria
4. Botulism
5. Conclusion
Chapter 9. Pathogenesis and treatment of syphilis
1. Introduction
2. Types of syphilis (Table 9.1) (Ghanem et al., 2020)
3. Conclusion
Chapter 10. Fungal infections of the central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Laboratory diagnosis
4. Management
5. Conclusion
Chapter 11. An overview on the fungal infections of the nervous system
1. Introduction
2. Nervous system invasion by fungi
3. Brief history of fungal neuroinfections
4. Fungal etiological agents for neuromycoses
5. Diagnosis of mycosis in nervous system
6. Treatment of neuromycoses
7. Conclusion
Chapter 12. Acute viral encephalitis, meningitis, and cerebral malaria
1. Viral encephalitis
2. Acute viral meningitis
3. Cerebral malaria
4. Conclusion
Chapter 13. COVID-19 and its neurological effects
1. Introduction
2. Entry of virus into brain expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors and related proteins
3. Access of corona in brain
4. Symptoms of corona virus in brain and neurons
5. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19
6. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19
7. Ischemic stroke
8. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Genetic addiction risk analysis for “preaddiction” severity index (PAI): A neurobiological behavioral octopus
1. Background
2. Reward deficiency syndrome index (RDSI) and genetics
3. Understanding the genetic addiction risk severity (GARS)
4. Initial DNA-customized studies
5. Conclusion
Chapter 15. Addressing the role of endocannabinoid system in rabies infection and its potential for modulation
1. Introduction
2. The endocannabinoid system
3. Effects of cannabis
4. Terpenoids
5. Cannabis and terpenoids in rabies
6. Terpenoids in traditional cannabis
7. Discussion
8. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Pathogenesis and treatment of rabies
1. Introduction
2. Immunocontraception and simultaneous rabies immunization
3. Future prospects
4. Conclusion
C. Diverse neurodegenerative disorders
Chapter 17. An overview on pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease
1. Introduction
2. Pathophysiology and types of Alzheimer's disease
3. Histopathological hallmarks of AD
4. Hypothesis of AD
5. Therapeutic approaches and role of nutrition in AD
6. Pathophysiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease
7. Early signs and symptoms
8. Diagnosis and available treatments
9. Therapeutic approaches in PD
10. Conclusion
Chapter 18. Ataxia and motor neuron disease
1. Introduction
2. Varieties of ataxia
3. Causes of ataxia
4. Motor neuron disease types
5. MND management
6. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Multiple system atrophy
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiologic features
3. Nosology and diagnostic criteria
4. Clinical features
5. Epidemiology and prognosis
6. Clinical presentation and diagnosis
7. New morphological, genetic, and experimental studies shedding light on the pathophysiology of MSA
8. Therapeutic approaches
9. Toward brain repair in MSA
10. Treatment
11. Conclusions
Chapter 20. Progressive supranuclear palsy
1. Introduction
2. Cause of progressive supranuclear palsy
3. Pathophysiology of progressive supranuclear palsy
4. Clinical phenotypes of progressive supranuclear palsy
5. Progressive supranuclear palsy—Richard's syndrome
6. Progressive supranuclear palsy—ocular motor
7. Progressive supranuclear palsy—parkinsonism
8. Progressive supranuclear palsy—postural instability
9. Progressive supranuclear palsy—frontal
10. Progressive supranuclear palsy—cerebellar ataxia
11. Progressive supranuclear palsy—progressive gait freezing
12. Progressive supranuclear palsy—primary lateral sclerosis
13. Progressive supranuclear palsy—corticobasal syndrome
14. Progressive supranuclear palsy—speech/language disorder
15. Progressive supranuclear palsy—pallidonigroluysian degeneration and axonal atrophy
16. Symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy
17. Oculomotor findings
18. Motor involvement
19. Postural instability and falls
20. Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities
21. Sleep disturbance
22. Biomarkers/diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy
23. Positron emission tomography
24. Biofluids
25. Neurophysiological markers
26. Neuroimaging
27. Diffusion imaging
28. Treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy
29. Symptomatic pharmacological treatment
30. Nonpharmacological/supportive therapies
31. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Epilepsy and neurodegeneration
1. Introduction
2. Neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy
3. How Aβ contributes to epilepsy
4. Tau's function in epilepsy
5. AD and epilepsy function of allopregnanolone's
6. Parkinson's diseases and epilepsy
7. Function of α-synuclein in epilepsy
8. Dopamine and norepinephrine's role in epilepsy
9. PD and epilepsy: Allopregnanolone's function
10. Huntington's disease and epilepsy
11. Conclusions
Chapter 22. HIV/AIDS neurological disorders
1. Introduction
2. Neurocognitive impairment linked to HIV
3. Mechanisms of HIV infections
4. Adversarial infections
5. Disease not related to AIDS
6. HIV-related malignancy
7. Aseptic meningitis
8. Muscular skeletal disorders
9. Treatment of neurological disorders
10. Future directions
11. Conclusions
Chapter 23. Neurodegeneration and motor deficits
1. Introduction
2. Neurodegenerative disorders
3. Alzheimer's disease
4. Parkinson's disease
5. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
6. Therapeutic strategies currently in use for neurodegenerative illnesses
7. Conclusion
D. Molecular mechanisms in neurodegeneration
Chapter 24. Neurodegeneration in autoimmune central nervous system infection
1. Introduction
2. Etiology
3. Physiological risk factors
4. Molecular risk factors
5. Pathophysiology
6. Diagnosis
7. Electrophysiologic studies
8. Treatment
Chapter 25. Inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
1. Introduction
2. Environmental base and genetic components
3. Pathogenesis
4. Pathology
5. Cellular components: Tissue-resident cells
6. Cellular components: Peripheral immunoinflammatory cells
Chapter 26. Autophagy and mitophagy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1. Introduction
2. Neurons in autophagy
3. Genetic indication in autophagy
4. The role of autophagy in protein folding
5. The role of mitophagy in neurons
6. Therapeutics
7. Conclusion
Chapter 27. Excitation–inhibition balance in diseases of the brain: Role of NMDA and GABA receptors
1. Introduction
2. Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of epilepsy
3. NMDA and GABA receptors
4. NMDA receptor subunits and their properties
5. Triheteromers
6. De novo mutations in NMDA receptors
7. NMDAR expression pattern
8. Role of GABA receptor–mediated inhibitory neurotransmission
9. The final link: Excitation and inhibition balance
10. Therapeutics
11. Conclusion
Chapter 28. Nutraceuticals for the prevention of stroke and cerebrovascular injury: An overview
1. Introduction
2. Role of nutraceuticals in cerebrovascular events
3. Conclusion
Chapter 29. HIV infection, type 1 interferons, and immune competence: Correlating brain immunity to neurodegeneration
1. Introduction
2. HIV infection and brain
3. MNPs are key HIV-transmitting target cells
4. AIDS and the neurological dysfunction of HIV-1
5. Potential links between HIV neuropathology and the pathogenesis of HAD
6. Viral infection in central nervous system
7. Interferons and neurodegenration
8. Type 1 neurodegeneration
9. Immunocompetence in relation to neurodegenrationneurodegenration
10. Conclusion
Chapter 30. Neuroinflammation: Role of adhesion molecules and signaling networks in neurovascular systems
1. Introduction
2. Neural stem and progenitor cells regulate neurovascular development during embryogenesis
3. The αvβ8 integrin—transforming growth factor β signaling axis in neurovascular development
4. Neurovascular units are niches for neural stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain
5. Conclusion
Chapter 31. Influence of axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury
1. Introduction
2. Overview of axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury
3. Mechanism of axonal injury in TBI
4. Axonal pathology assessment
5. Histopathological evaluation
6. Clinical consequences of axonal pathology
7. Therapeutic approaches targeting axonal pathology
8. Potential future directions in axonal pathology
9. Challenges in clinical monitoring in traumatic brain injury
Chapter 32. Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury: An overview
1. Introduction
2. Conclusion
Chapter 33. Ocular neurodegenerative disorders
1. Introduction
2. Glaucoma
3. Age-related macular degeneration
4. Retinitis pigmentosa
E. Stress in neurodegeneration
Chapter 34. Stress-associated neurodegenerative disorders: A mechanistic exploration
1. Introduction
2. Types of stress
3. Cellular changes
4. Stress-induced oxidative stress
5. Risk factors of oxidative stress
6. Reactive oxygen species and neurodegenerative disease
7. Mechanism of action of ROS on neurodegenerative disorders
8. Oxidative stress evidence in neurodegenerative disease
9. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease
10. Huntington's disease and ROS
11. Oxidative damage in Huntington's disease and its evidence
12. Oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease
13. Oxidative stress and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
14. Oxidative stress and spinocerebellar ataxia disease
15. Therapeutic strategies
16. Conclusion
Chapter 35. Diverse stress and neurodegeneration; an overview
1. Introduction
2. An overview of neurodegeneration
3. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration
4. Diverse stress
5. Oxidative stress
6. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
7. Nitric-oxide (NO) stress
8. Traumatic or psychological stress
9. Strategies for stress management
10. Conclusion
F. Advancing age and neurodegeneration
Chapter 36. Neurodegenerative diseases and circadian rhythm dysfunction: A bidirectional nexus
1. Introduction
2. Background of different types of neurodegenerative diseases
3. Circadian rhythm: an overview
4. Relationship between neurodegenerative diseases and circadian rhythm dysfunction
5. Concluding remarks
Chapter 37. Advancing age, nutraceuticals, and neuroprotection
1. Introduction
2. The molecular basis of aging—Modern approach
3. Reactive oxygen species—Key players in the damage of biomolecules
4. Nutraceuticals in neuroprotection and modulation of the age-related cognitive decline
5. Fatty acids in diet and supplementation
6. Selected low molecular weight exo- and endogenous antioxidants (secondary metabolites, phytochemicals) and their sources as supplementary nutraceuticals in aging
7. Tea in supporting healthy aging and prevention of age-related diseases
8. Conclusions
G. Neuroprotection and bioactive compounds
Chapter 38. Novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders predominantly presenting in children and young adults
1. Introduction
2. Ongoing success and lasting challenges with enzyme replacement therapy: Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency
3. Gene therapy via ex vivo transfection of autologous hematopoietic stem cells: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
4. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated splice inhibition and motor neuron targeted gene therapy: Spinal muscular atrophy
5. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping and muscle-targeted gene therapy: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
6. Conclusion
Chapter 39. CNS drugs: Classification, characterization and binding properties toward bio-macromolecules
1. Introduction
2. Central nervous system (CNS)
3. CNS drugs classification
4. Biological macromolecules
5. Conclusion
Chapter 40. The role of gut microbiome in insomnia
1. Introduction
2. Gut microbiome
3. Pathophysiology of insomnia
4. Insomnia and dysbiosis
5. Circadian rhythm and gut microbiome
6. Dysbiosis, inflammation, and insomnia
7. Microbiome, diet, and insomnia
8. Sleep deprivation alters gut microbiome
9. COVID-19 and insomnia
10. Conclusion
Chapter 41. Novel therapeutics for diverse neurodegenerative disorders
1. Introduction
2. Novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders
3. Gene therapy
4. Immuno-modulation
5. Liposomal-based strategies and nanocarriers
6. Neuromodulation
7. Inhibiting protein aggregation and misfolding
8. Induction of autophagy
9. Use of neurotrophic factors
10. Stem cell therapy
11. Others
12. Conclusion
Chapter 42. Elucidating the potential of natural bioactive compounds in neuroprotection
1. Introduction
2. Neurodegenerative diseases
3. Biological mechanisms involved in developing different neurodegenerative disease
4. Natural bioactive compounds: An alternative therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases
5. Limitations and future research
6. Conclusion
Chapter 43. Vitamins, micronutrients, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals in neuroprotection: An overview
1. Introduction
2. An overview of neurological disorders
3. Role of vitamins, micronutrients, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals in neuroprotection
4. Conclusion
Chapter 44. Olive oil and mediterranean diet: The importance of olive oil constituents, and mainly of its polyphenols, in human health—The redox system—Xenohormesis hypothesis
1. Introduction
2. Chemical composition of olive oil
3. Increase of polyphenols content in extra virgin olive oil
4. Other important compounds of the unsaponifiable fraction of olive oil
5. Functional properties of EVOO
6. The mediterranean diet
7. Epigenetics
8. The redox system
9. The xenohormesis hypothesis
10. Conclusion
Chapter 45. Probiotics protect against progressive deterioration of motor functions and Parkinson's disease
1. Introduction
2. Motor functions associated to Parkinson's disease (PD)
3. Human gut microbiota in relation to Parkinson's disease
4. Gut microflora flora ventures in Parkinson's disease
5. Probiotics and other approaches for prevention and cure of PD
6. Current gaps and future directions of probiotics as PD curative
7. Conclusion
Chapter 46. Neuroprotective abilities of vitamins, micronutrients, antioxidants, and nutraceuticals
1. Introduction
2. Vitamins and their biological activity in nervous system
3. Micronutrients in neuroprotection
4. Need of antioxidants
5. Role of nutraceuticals in neuroprotection
6. Conclusion
Chapter 47. Nutraceuticals and natural products in the treatment of neurological disorders
1. Introduction
2. Alzheimer's disease
3. Parkinson's disease
4. Epilepsy
5. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
6. Ischemic stroke
7. Huntington's disease
8. Behavioral disorder
9. Conclusion
Chapter 48. Unprecedented prospects as forthcoming drug targets: New boulevard in the cure and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
1. Introduction
2. Brief attention on different neurodegenerative disorders
3. Molecular targets related to neurodegeneration
4. Molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration
5. Therapeutic approaches for NDs
6. Conclusion and future prospects
H. Commentary (from the editors’ desk)
Chapter 49. The threats and therapeutics of neurodegenerative disorders: A commentary
1. Introduction
2. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases
3. Therapeutic strategies to tackle NDs
4. Future of our cognitive health
Index

Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia

Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia MBBS, MD, DM, MAMS received his D.M. in Neurology in 2009 from King George Medical University, Lucknow, India. He did his MBBS and M.D.(Medicine) from Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. At present he is Professor & Head in the Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. He served in the University at various administrative posts like Student Advisor, Anti Ragging Committee of University team, Deputy Chief Proctor etc.,He also served as founder Nodal officer of Ayushman Bharat Yojana (Biggest Health Scheme Yojana in World) in Sir Sundar Lal Hospital, I.M.S. BHU. He is Executive Council Member of AIIMS, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Dr. Chaurasia received various awards/prizes from different Scientific/Non-scientific organizations and Societies for creating awareness about various neurological diseases in societies. His passion is to serve the needy people of India living in remote areas of different states of India by arranging health camps with the help of National Medicos Organization and Sewa Bharati of India. He also got teacher awards on teacher’s day from Governor and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India in 2017 and 2021 respectively. Dr R N Chaurasia has contributed >90 research papers in various peer reviewed national and international journals. He also contributed >10 book chapters in various books. He is reviewer of many national and international peer reviewed journals (>6). His main area of research is in the field of stroke, Epilepsy, cognitive science and CNS infections. He is member of various academic bodies in the field of neurosciences like Indian Academy of Neurology, Neurological Society of India, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society & American Academy of Neurology etc.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Sunny Ohia

Sunny Ohia is a Professor of Pharmacology in the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences at Texas Southern University. Dr. Ohia has over 38 years of experience in higher education having served as a member of faculty in five universities in Canada and the United States. He holds other academic appointments as adjunct professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha and as an adjunct professor of integrative biology and pharmacology at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston. Dr. Ohia is a Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science and a Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. He's authored over 250 original papers, book chapters, books, and abstracts and, holds three U.S. and five international Patents for his scientific work.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA

Debasis Bagchi

Debasis Bagchi, PhD, MACN, CNS, MAIChE, received his Ph.D. in Medicinal Chemistry in 1982. He is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX, and Chief Scientific Officer at Cepham Research Center, Piscataway, NJ, Adjunct Faculty in Texas Southern University, Houston, TX. He served as the Senior Vice President of Research & Development of InterHealth Nutraceuticals Inc, Benicia, CA, from 1998 until Feb 2011, and then as Director of Innovation and Clinical Affairs, of Iovate Health Sciences, Oakville, ON, until June 2013. Dr. Bagchi received the Master of American College of Nutrition Award in October 2010. He is the Past Chairman of International Society of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF), Past President of American College of Nutrition, Clearwater, FL, and Past Chair of the Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Division of Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), Chicago, IL. He is serving as a Distinguished Advisor on the Japanese Institute for Health Food Standards (JIHFS), Tokyo, Japan. Dr. Bagchi is a Member of the Study Section and Peer Review Committee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD. He has published 321 papers in peer reviewed journals, 30 books, and 18 patents. Dr. Bagchi is also a Member of the Society of Toxicology, Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, Fellow of the Nutrition Research Academy, and Member of the TCE stakeholder Committee of the Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH. He is also Associate Editor for the Journal of Functional Foods, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, and the Archives of Medical and Biomedical Research, and is also serving as Editorial Board Member of numerous peer reviewed journals, including Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Cancer Letters, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, and The Original Internist, among others.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, USA; Chief Scientific Officer, Cepham Research Center, Piscataway, New Jersey; Adjunct Faculty, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA

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A Review on Diverse Neurological Disorders

Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutics

Purchase options

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia

Sunny Ohia

Debasis Bagchi