Encyclopedia of Biodiversity

The 7-volume Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition maintains the reputation of the highly regarded original, presenting the most current information available in this globally crucial area of research and study. It brings together the dimensions of biodiversity and examines both the services it provides and the measures to protect it. Major themes of the work include the evolution of biodiversity, systems for classifying and defining biodiversity, ecological patterns and theories of biodiversity, and an assessment of contemporary patterns and trends in biodiversity.

The science of biodiversity has become the science of our future. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning areas of both physical and life sciences. Our awareness of the loss of biodiversity has brought a long overdue appreciation of the magnitude of this loss and a determination to develop the tools to protect our future.

LIST OF CHAPTERS:

Acid and Mercury Deposition Effects on Forest and Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems

Adaptation

Adaptive Radiation

Aesthetic Factors

Africa, Ecosystems of

African and Asian Savannas

Agricultural Invasions

Agriculture, Industrialized

Agriculture, Nutrient Management, and Water Quality

Agriculture, Sustainable

Agriculture, Traditional

Agrobiodiversity

Air Pollution

Alpine Ecosystems

Amazon Ecosystems

Amphibians, Biodiversity of

Antarctic Ecosystems

Aquaculture

Arachnids

Archaea, Origin of

Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems

Arthropods (Terrestrial), Amazonian

Asia, Ecosystems of

Atmospheric Gases

Australia, Biodiversity of Ecosystems

Bacterial Biodiversity

Bacterial Genetics

Beetles

Biodiversity and Cultural Ecosystem Services

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Biodiversity and Human Health

Biodiversity and Pest Control Services

Biodiversity as a Commodity

Biodiversity, Definition of

Biodiversity, Evolution and

Biodiversity-Friendly Farming

Biodiversity Generation, Overview

Biodiversity, Human Well-Being, and Markets

Biodiversity Informatics

Biodiversity in Logged and Managed Forests

Biodiversity in Plant Breeding

Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae

Biodiversity of the Succulent Karoo

Biodiversity, Origin of

Biodiversity-Rich Countries

Biodiversity State and Trends in Southeast Asia

Biofuels and Biodiversity: The Implications of Energy Sprawl

Biofuels and Biodiversity, Wildlife Habitat Restoration

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeographical Models

Biogeography, Overview

Bioprospecting

Birds, Biodiversity of

Boreal Forest Ecosystems

Breeding of Animals

Butterflies

Captive Breeding and Reintroduction

Captive Breeding and the Evolutionarily Significant Unit

Carbon Cycle

Carnivores

Carrying Capacity, Concept of

Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, Ecological Role of

Prelims

Census of Marine Life

Central America, Ecosystems of

Cladistics

Cladogenesis

Climate Change and Ecology, Synergism of

Climate Change and Extinctions

Climate Change and Wild Species

Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species

Climate, Effects of

Coastal Beach Ecosystems

Coevolution

Commons, Concept and Theory of

Commons, Institutional Diversity of

Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future

Competition, Interspecific

Complementarity

Complexity Versus Diversity

Computer Systems and Models, Use of

Conservation and People

Conservation and the world's poorest of the poor

Conservation Biology, Discipline of

Conservation Efforts, Contemporary

Conservation Genetics

Conservation Movement, Historical

Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas

Convention on Biological Diversity

Cooperation, Evolution of

Corals and Coral Reefs

Countryside Biogeography

C4 Plants

Crop Mixtures and the Mechanisms of Overyielding

Crustaceans

Darwin, Charles (Darwinism)

Defenses, Ecology of

Defining, Measuring, and Partitioning Species Diversity

Deforestation and Land Clearing

Desert Ecosystems

Desertification

Development by Design: Using a Revisionist History to Guide a Sustainable Future

Differentiation

Dinosaurs, Extinction Theories for

Diseases, Conservation and

Dispersal Biogeography

Disturbance, Mechanisms of

Disturbance Regimes and the Historical Range of Variation in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Diversity and Conservation of Neotropical Mammals

Diversity, Community/Regional Level

Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeochemical Influence of N2-Fixing Microorganisms in the Sea

Diversity, Molecular Level

Diversity, Organism Level

Diversity, Taxonomic versus Functional

Domestication of Crop Plants

Dormancy and Diapause

Dynamic Global Vegetation Models

Ecogenomic Sensors

Ecological Footprint, Concept of

Ecological Genetics

Prelims

Ecology, Concept and Theories in

Ecology of Agriculture

Economic Control of Invasive Species

Economic Growth and the Environment

Economics of Agrobiodiversity

Economics of the Regulating Services

Economic Value of Biodiversity, Measurements of

Ecosystem, Concept of

Ecosystem Function Measurement, Aquatic and Marine Communities

Ecosystem Function Measurement, Terrestrial Communities

Ecosystem Function, Principles of

Ecosystem Services

Ecosystems of South America

Ecotoxicology

Edible Plants

Education and Biodiversity

Effects of Ecotones on Biodiversity

Elevational Trends in Biodiversity

El Niño and Biodiversity

Endangered Amphibians

Endangered Ecosystems

Endangered Freshwater Invertebrates

Endangered Mammals

Endangered Marine Invertebrates

Endangered Plants

Endangered Reptiles

Endangered Terrestrial Invertebrates

Endemism

Energy Flow and Ecosystems

Energy Use, Human

Environmental Ethics

Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of

Estuarine Ecosystems

Ethical issues in biodiversity protection

Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology

Eukaryotes, Origin of

Europe, Ecosystems of

Eutrophication and Oligotrophication

Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Policies from Biophysical and Social Perspectives: The Case of China

Evolution in Response to Climate Change

Evolution, Theory of

Extinction, Causes of

Extinction in the Fossil Record

Feeding the World and Protecting Biodiversity

Fires, Ecological Effects of

Fish Conservation

Fishes, Biodiversity of

Fish Stocks

Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes

Food Webs

Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity

Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity

Forest Ecology

Fossil Record

Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity

Freshwater Ecosystems

Freshwater Ecosystems, Human Impact on

Functional Diversity

Functional Diversity Measures

Functional Groups

Fungi

Gene Banks

Genes, Description of

Genetic Diversity

Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in

Global Declines of Amphibians

Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species

Global Species Richness

Government Legislation and Regulations in the United States

Grasshoppers and their Relatives

Prelims

Grassland Ecosystems

Grazing, Effects of

Greenhouse Effect

Guilds

Habitat and Niche, Concept of

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation

Habitat Selection

Hemiparasitism

Herbaceous Vegetation, Species Richness in

Herbicides

High-Elevation Andean Ecosystems

High-Temperature Ecosystems

Historical Awareness of Biodiversity

Hotspots

Human Impact on Biodiversity, Overview

Human Impacts on Ecosystems: An Overview

Hunter-Gatherer Societies, Ecological Impact of

Hybridization in Plants

Hymenoptera

Identifying Conservation Priorities using a Return on Investment Analysis

Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services

Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Impact of Past Global Warming on Biodiversity

Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection

Inbreeding and Outbreeding

Indicator Species

Indicator Species: Computation

Indigenous Peoples and Biodiversity

Indigenous Strategies Used to Domesticate Plants in Brazilian Amazon

Indirect Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biofuels

Insecticide Resistance

Insects, Overview

In Situ, Ex Situ Conservation

International Organizations and Biodiversity

Intertidal Ecosystems

Introduced Plants, Negative Effects of

Introduced Species, Impacts and Distribution of

Invertebrates, Freshwater, Overview

Invertebrates, Marine, Overview

Invertebrates, Terrestrial, Overview

Island Biogeography

Isoptera

Justice, Equity and Biodiversity

Keystone Species

Lake and Pond Ecosystems

Landscape Corridors

Landscape Diversity

Landscape Ecology and Population Dynamics

Landscape Epidemiology

Landscape Genetics

Landscape Legacies

Landscape Modeling

Land-Use Changes and CO_{2 Emissions Due to US Corn Ethanol Production}

_{Land Use Issues}

_{Land-Use Patterns, Historic}

_{Large-Scale Biodiversity Experiments}

_{Latent Extinction—The Living Dead}

_{Latitudinal and Elevational Range Shifts under Contemporary Climate Change}

_{Latitudinal Gradients of Biodiversity}

_{Life Cycle Analysis of Biofuels}

_{Life History, Evolution of}

_{Limits to Biodiversity (Species Packing)}

_{Literary Perspectives on Biodiversity}

_{Loss of Biodiversity, Overview}

_{Macroscopic Patterns in Marine Plankton}

_{Mammals, Biodiversity of}

_{Mammals, Conservation Efforts for}

_{Mammals (Late Quaternary), Extinctions of}

_Prelims

_{Mammals (Pre-Quaternary), Extinctions of}

_{Mangrove Ecosystems}

_{Marine and Aquatic Communities, Stress from Eutrophication}

_{Marine Conservation in a Changing Climate}

_{Marine Ecosystems}

_{Marine Ecosystems, Human Impacts on}

_{Marine Mammals, Extinctions of}

_{Marine Protected Areas: Static Boundaries in a Changing World}

_{Marine Sediments}

_{Marine Symbioses: Metazoans and Microbes}

_{Marine Viruses}

_{Market Economy and Biodiversity}

_{Mass Extinctions, Concept of}

_{Mass Extinctions, Notable Examples of}

_{Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity}

_{Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Species Diversity, and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data}

_{Mediterranean-Climate Ecosystems}

_{Megaherbivores}

_{Metapopulations}

_{Microbial Biodiversity}

_{Microbial Biodiversity, Measurement of}

_{Microbial Biogeography}

_{Microbial Diversity}

_{Microbial Diversity of the Oceanic Surface Picoplankton: Insights from the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) Program}

_{Microorganisms (Microbes), Role of}

_Migration

_{Modeling Biodiversity Dynamics in Countryside and Native Habitats}

_{Modeling Marine Ecosystem Services}

_{Modeling Terrestrial Ecosystem Services}

_{Modern Examples of Extinctions}

_Molluscs

_Moths

_{Museums and Institutions, Role of}

_Myriapods

_{Natural Extinctions (not Human Influenced)}

_{Natural Reserves and Preserves}

_{Nature-Based Coastal Defenses: Can Biodiversity Help?}

_{Near East Ecosystems, Animal Diversity}

_{Near East Ecosystems, Plant Diversity}

_{Neotropical Seasonally Dry Forests}

_{Nest Parasitism}

_{Neutral Theory and Beyond}

_{Nitrogen Deposition and Terrestrial Biodiversity}

_{Nitrogen, Nitrogen Cycle}

_{Nomenclature, Systems of}

_{North America, Patterns of Biodiversity in}

_{Nucleic Acid Biodiversity: Rewriting DNA and RNA in Diverse Organisms}

_{Ocean Ecosystems}

_{Oceanic Islands: Models of Diversity}

_{Oil-Palm Plantations in the Context of Biodiversity Conservation}

_{Origin and Diversification of Angiosperms}

_{Origin of Life, Theories of}

_{Origins, Evolution, and Breakdown of Bacterial Symbiosis}

_Paleoecology

_Parasitism

_Parasitoids

_{Pelagic Ecosystems}

_{Pesticides, Uses and Effects of}

_{Pharmacology, Biodiversity and}

_{Phenological Shifts in Animals Under Contemporary Climate Change}

_Prelims

_{Phenotype, a Historical Perspective}

_{Photosynthesis, Mechanisms of}

_Phylogeny

_{Plankton, Status and Role of}

_{Plant–Animal Interactions}

_{Plant Biodiversity, Overview}

_{Plant Communities, Evolution of}

_{Plant Conservation}

_{Plant Invasions}

_{Plant Phenology Changes and Climate Change}

_{Plant–Soil Interactions}

_{Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals}

_{Pollinators, Role of}

_{Pollution, Overview}

_{Population Density}

_{Population Diversity, Overview}

_{Population Dynamics}

_{Population Genetics}

_{Population Stabilization, Human}

_{Population Viability Analysis}

_{Poverty and Biodiversity}

_{Predators, Ecological Role of}

_{Primate Populations, Conservation of}

_{Priority Setting for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services}

_{Property Rights and Biodiversity}

_{Proteorhodopsins: Widespread Microbial Light-Driven Proton Pumps}

_Protozoa

_{Psychrophiles}

_{Rainforest Ecosystems, Animal Diversity}

_{Rainforest Ecosystems, Plant Diversity}

_{Rainforest Loss and Change}

_{Range Ecology, Global Livestock Influences}

_{Rare Biosphere}

_{Recombination}

_{Reforestation}

_{Religious Traditions and Biodiversity}

_{Remote Sensing and Image Processing}

_{Reptiles, Biodiversity of}

_{Residents and Transients in the Fossil Record}

_{Resource Exploitation, Fisheries}

_{Resource Partitioning}

_{Restoration of Animal, Plant, and Microbial Diversity}

_{Restoration of Biodiversity, Overview}

_{Riparian Landscapes}

_{River Ecosystems}

_{Role and Trends of Protected Areas in Conservation}

_{Role of Botanic Gardens}

_Salmon

_{Scale, Concept and Effects of}

_Seagrasses

_{Slash-and-Burn Agriculture, Effects of}

_{Social and Cultural Factors}

_{Social Behavior}

_{Soil Biota, Soil Systems, and Processes}

_{Soil Conservation}

_{South American Natural Ecosystems, Status of}

_{Southern (Austral) Ecosystems}

_{Speciation, Process of}

_{Speciation, Theories of}

_{Species–Area Relationships}

_{Species Assemblages, Macroecology, and Global Change}

_{Species Coexistence}

_{Species, Concepts of}

_{Species Distribution Modeling}

_{Species Diversity, Overview}

_{Species Interactions}

_Prelims

_{Stability, Concept of}

_{Stewardship, Concept of}

_{Storage, Ecology of}

_{Stress, Environmental}

_{Subspecies, Semispecies, Superspecies}

_{Subterranean Ecosystems}

_{Succession, Phenomenon of}

_{Sustainability and Biodiversity}

_{Systematics, Overview}

_{Taxonomy, Methods of}

_{Temperate Forests}

_{Terrestrial Ecosystems}

_{The Global Environment Facility: Financing the Stewardship of Global Biodiversity}

_{The Multiple Benefits of River–Floodplain Connectivity for People and Biodiversity}

_{Thermophiles, Origin of}

_{The Value of Biodiversity}

_{Threatened Birds}

_{Threatened Species: Classification Systems and Their Applications}

_{Timber Industry}

_{Tourism, Role of}

_{Traditional Conservation Practices}

_{Translocation as a Conservation Strategy}

_{Trends in Nature Recreation: Causes and Consequences}

_{Trophic Cascades}

_{Trophic Levels}

_{Tropical Forest Ecosystems}

_{Tropical Forest Regeneration}

_{True Bugs and Their Relatives, Diversity of}

_{Ultraviolet Radiation}

_{Urban–Suburban Biodiversity}

_{Valuing Ecosystem Services}

_Vents

_{Vertebrates, Overview}

_{Vicariance Biogeography}

_{Water Funds: A New Ecosystem Service and Biodiversity Conservation Strategy}

_{Wetland Creation and Restoration}

_{Wetlands Ecosystems}

_{Wildlife Management}

_{Worms, Annelida}

_{Worms, Nematoda}

_{Worms, Platyhelminthes}

_{Zoos and Zoological Parks}

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Encyclopedia of Biodiversity

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Simon A Levin