The Thyroid Hormones

Introduction

Chapter 1. Chemistry of Thyroxine

Chapter 2. The Iodinated Compounds of the Thyroid Gland

Chapter 3. Biosynthesis of the Thyroid Hormones

(I) Formation of Thyroxine from Diiodotyrosine in Vitro

(II) Biosynthesis of the Thyroid Hormones in Vivo Studied with Radioactive Iodine

(III) Factors that Influence Thyroid Function

(a) The Pituitary-Thyroid Relationship

(b) Dietary Factors

(c) The Antithyroid Drugs

(d) Effect of Cold on Thyroid Function

(e) Effect of the Adrenal Gland and Stress on Thyroid Function

(IV) The Iodide-Concentrating Mechanism of the Thyroid

(V) Organic Binding of Iodine in the Thyroid, as Influenced by the Anterior Pituitary

(VI) Iodine Metabolism in the Developing Thyroid Gland

(VII) Rate of Secretion of the Thyroid Hormone into the Circulation

Chapter 4. Transport of the Thyroid Hormone

(I) The Circulating Thyroid Hormone

(II) The Binding of Thyroid Hormones to Serum Proteins: Thyroxine-Binding Protein

(a) Attempts to Isolate and Characterize Thyroxine-Binding Protein

(b) Binding Properties of Thyroxine-Binding Protein

(c) Comparative Aspects of Thyroxine-Binding in Serum

(d) Conditions that Modify Thyroxine-Binding in Serum

(III) Thyroxine-Binding by Other Serum Proteins, Extravascular Fluids and Tissue Proteins

(a) Other Serum Proteins

(b) Extravascular Fluids

(c) Thyroxine-Binding by Tissue Proteins

(IV) Physiological Significance of Thyroxine-Binding

(V) Methods Used in the Study of Binding Proteins

Chapter 5. Physiological Actions of Thyroid Hormones

(I) Calorigenic Action and Thermoregulation

(II) Growth, Maturation and Differentiation

(a) Growth in Higher Vertebrates

(b) Effect on Bone and Tooth Formation

(c) Effect on Growth and Differentiation in Lower Vertebrates: Metamorphosis

(III) Effect on Water and Electrolyte Metabolism

(IV) Effect on Nitrogen and Lipid Metabolism

(a) Nitrogen Metabolism

(b) Lipid Metabolism

(V) Effect on the Central Nervous System

(VI) Effect on Lactation

(VII) Effect on the Cardiovascular System and Blood

(VIII) Other Actions of the Thyroid Hormones

(IX) The Latent Period of Action of Thyroid Hormones

(X) Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Substances Related to Thyroid Hormones

Chapter 6. Some Current Concepts of the Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

(I) Earlier Theories

(II) Current Hypotheses

(a) Direct Action on Enzymes

(b) Interaction with Metal Ions

(c) Effect on Membrane Permeability

Chapter 7. Extrathyroidal Distribution and Metabolism of Iodine

(I) Extrathyroidal Distribution and Metabolism of Iodide

(a) Distribution and Concentration

(b) Excretion of Iodide

(c) Extrathyroidal Conversion of Iodide to Organically Bound Iodine

(d) Is There an Extrathyroidal Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones?

(II) Distribution and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones

(a) Some Observations on the Use of 131I-Labelled Thyroid Hormones

(b) The Overall Rate of Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones

(c) Distribution of Thyroid Hormones in Tissues

(d) Liver Metabolism and Enterohepatic Circulation of Thyroid Hormones

(e) Excretion of Thyroid Hormones

Chapter 8. Biochemical Pathways of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

(I) Deiodination

(II) Phenolic Oxidation and Hydroxylation

(III) Conjugation of the Phenolic Group

(IV) Rupture of the Diphenyl Ether Linkage

(V) Oxidative Deamination of the Iodothyronines

(VI) Decarboxylation

Chapter 9. Diseases of the Thyroid

(I) Non-Toxic Goitre

(a) Endemic Goitre

(b) Drug Goitre

(c) Sporadic Goitrous Cretinism

(d) Goitre with Congenital Deafness

(e) Sporadic Goitre

(II) Spontaneous Myxoedema and Lymphadenoid Goitre

(III) Graves' Disease

(IV) Thyroid Cancer

Appendix

(I) Assay Methods

(a) Chemical Estimations

(b) Biological Assay

(II) Some Physical Properties of Thyroid Hormones and Related Compounds

(III) Purification of Thyroglobulin

References

Index