Books in Physics

3111-3120 of 3493 results in All results

Mesoscopic Quantum Physics

1st Edition
E. Akkermans + 3 more
English

These proceedings focus on aspects of disorder where quantum interferences are present. Such interferences occur on a mesoscopic scale, intermediate between the microscopic (e.g. atomic physics) and macroscopic scales (e.g. traditional condensed matter physics). Before the emergence of mesoscopic quantum physics, the manifestations of these quantum interferences (weak localization in disordered metals, Anderson localization or hopping conductivity in insulators) were mainly studied from the point of view of the theory of critical phenomena (scaling theory of localization, renormalization of perturbative expansions, calculation of critical exponents). Anderson localization was then part of a more general field including two other problems where disorder and critical phenomena were relevant: percolation and frustration (spin glasses).The field of mesoscopic quantum physics has emerged over recent years from a range of new experiments such as universal conductance fluctuations (magneto-fingerprints), the effect of an Aharonov-Bohm flux on the conductance and the thermodynamic properties of mesoscopic rings and the quantized conductance of ballistic point contacts. The discoveries of the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects and the high-Tc superconductors have renewed the interest for strongly correlated electron systems. All these recent developments in the field are covered in depth in this book which is organized with particular attention paid to pedagogy. It therefore includes both a description of the physical phenomena and a review of the methods, moving from an elementary level to the most recent techniques.

Progress in Picture Processing

1st Edition
H. Maître + 1 more
English

For the first time picture processing took place in a programme at the Les Houches Summer School. The subject was presented in a broad way, covering both theoretical and applied aspects. Topics included for discussion were chosen for their originality and their up-to-date results.Courses were devoted to topics such as: the description of the discrete structure which supports the processing of digital image; the concept of information which takes a particular place in modern communication technologies; problems of extraction of information from the low-level images signal to an intermediary level where interpretation, recognition and classification become easier tasks; the restoration or filtering of images; bases of coding theory; the techniques for image sequence analysis, i.e. extracting global and relative movements from a sequence of images. The final chapter addresses the 3D world with a description of the tools and the methodologies which provide information and control of our environment by means of optical sensors.

Organic Materials and Fullerenes

1st Edition
D. Bloor + 5 more
English

This volume contains the proceedings of two symposia in the E-MRS series. Part one deals with electronic properties of organic materials and in particular the electroluminescence of polymers and its applications to light-emitting devices (LEDs). This is a reflection of the worldwide interest in basic and applied science in academic and industrial laboratories in this exciting field of study. While the largest number of papers dealt with electroactive polymers, studies of related oligomers continue to provide insights into basic physical processes and the possibility of improved device performance.Part two presents a review of fullerenes, an area of research that spans organic chemistry to materials science and cosmology. Topics dealt with include combinations of properties of solid C60 which can be an insulator, a semiconductor, a metal and eventually a superconductor at 34 K, and furthermore a photoconductor and even a ferromagnetic material depending on the treatment.

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

1st Edition
Volume 23
November 14, 1996
K.A. Gschneidner + 1 more
English

This volume of the Handbook examines the widely varying range of rare-earth-element involvement on this planet.Chapter one is a summary of recent developments in the use of chemical shifts included in reagents of paramagnetic lanthanide complexes. One of the more important developments that has evolved from the research in this area is the use of lanthanide complexes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the medical field.The following chapter discusses the theory and application of the consequences of antenna-to-ion energy transfer and its relationship to supramolecular chemistry. Applications of these complexes in fluorimmunoassays and DNA hybridization assays are also discussed.The rationalization of crystal field parametrization is considered in a pedagogical context in the next chapter, thus continuing an ongoing treatment of the spectroscopic properties of the rare-earth elements in the Handbook. The authors emphasize the symmetry aspects of the crystal field and the parametrization of the energy level scheme.In the next chapter the authors present a systematic and encyclopedic discussion on the phosphides of the binary, ternary and quaternary rare earths. Their coverage includes preparation, phase diagrams, structure, as well as chemical and physical properties. The crystallochemical regularities, the nature of the interaction between components in ternary systems, and structural relationships also constitute important aspects of this review.Metal-containing vapor species such as the simple rare-earth halide vapors and vapor complexes MX-RX3 and MX2-RX3 are finding increasing use in halogen lamps and energy storage media for high-power laser systems and for development of recycling/separation processes. This process is considered in the next chapter, in which particular attention is paid to thermodynamic and structural trends, and to characteristic experimental techniques such as absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy.The final chapter is a review of the lanthanide composition of the oceans and the processes that control the lanthanide distribution. Particular attention is given to research on the lanthanide geochemistry of marine hydrothermal vent systems.

Quantum Fluctuations

1st Edition
Volume 63
E. Giacobino + 2 more
English

Quantum fluctuations are present in many domains of physics. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the theoretical and experimental study of these fluctuations, in optics, electronics, atomic physics, metrology, relativity and cosmology. Quantum fluctuations are now observed and measured in experiments and also modified and manipulated using elaborate techniques. These proceedings bring together young scientists who together examine new techniques and the latest research in the field.Among the topics covered are: the methods used to treat quantum fluctuations in optical systems; the recent development of the quantum stochastic methods; the interaction of light with nonlinear materials; the generation of sub-Poisson photon statistics in lasers through the pumping mechanism; the problem of measurement of electromagnetic fields; the problems of instabilities, turbulence and chaos; the analysis of phenomena related to gravity, inertia and cosmology.

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

1st Edition
Volume 24
July 22, 1997
K.A. Gschneidner + 1 more
English

This volume contains a collection of articles dealing with the physics and materials science of mostly metallic rare earth materials. Chapters deal with the formation of amorphous, microcrystalline and quasicrystalline phases by mechanical alloying, rapid solidification and even normal casting operations. As is often the case with these 4f elements, magnetism is a dominant topic and this is reflected in the chapters covering surface magnetism, electron-spin resonance, exchange coupling in lanthanide-transition metal phases and the magnetic behavior of ternary rare-earth stannides, including their crystal structures.

Analysis, Manifolds and Physics

1st Edition
Bozzano G Luisa
English

Free Electron Lasers 1996

1st Edition
G. Dattoli + 1 more
English

These proceedings present a clear picture of the present state-of-the-art and of the degree of maturity reached by the FEL sources and by the associated technologies. The contents of the volume confirm the trend of the last few years. The introductory papers provide the scenario of the existing and planned sources, covering the range of the E.M. spectrum from X-ray to microwaves, and provide an account of the impressive scientific and technological effort afforded by western and eastern countries. The FEL sources in the IR and long wavelength part of the spectrum can be considered fully mature technological tools for various types of applications. A number of new facilities have been set up in the mid-infrared region, providing well in excess of 10,000h of total annual beam time for scientific application. Storage based FELs are also developing towards high levels of reliability. Storage ring FELs have confirmed their importance. The progress made in these and other areas is documented by the large amount of papers presented in this field both on cathode design and on the analysis of the mechanism of beam degradation.Finally, experiments based on intracavity FEL radiation Compton backscattering have been presented and the possibility of obtaining high flux &ggr;- or X-rays with applications ranging from nuclear physics to cancer therapy has been stressed.

Quantum Symmetries/Symétries Quantiques

1st Edition
Volume 64
A. Connes + 2 more
English

One of the greatest challenges that theoretical physics faces at the end of the century is to blend together the two revolutions of the beginning of the century, namely general relativity and quantum mechanics. One message that has become clear from the start and is common to both revolutions is that there is no limit to the level of sophistication of mathematics that will become essential to physics. This book comprises the lecture notes of the 1995 Les Houches Summer School. The aim of the school was to cover a wide range of areas, from theoretical physics to abstract mathematics, that are relevant in the search of a quantum theory of gravity. The lectures provide a systematic introduction to topological and conformal field theories, supersymmetry and super Yang-Mills theories, string theory and superstring dualities, integrable lattice models and quantum groups, non commutative geometry and the theory of diffeomorphism groups.It is directed at graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics and mathematics.

Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

1st Edition
Volume 25
March 23, 1998
K.A. Gschneidner + 1 more
English

Twenty years on and 164 reviews later since the appearance of volume 1 of this prestigious series, the rare earths continue to perplex, if not mystify us. There is no doubt that in the next breakthrough to a higher level of human understanding of nature, the rare earth elements and their compounds will play an important part in its elaboration. The reviews contained in this 25th volume continue this quest.The first chapter reveals the effects of the addition of the rare earths on steel. These elements were introduced to the steel-making industry in the 1920's to affect deoxidization and desulfurization. Today it is possible to extend their usefulness to provide steels with desired characteristics. The description of why and how additions of the rare earths affect micro- and nano-structures in steels which provide these beneficial modifications is explored.Chapter two reviews ternary and higher-order nitride materials. The synthesis of ternary compounds is examined and the products are categorized by their composition and the nature of the chemical bonding they exhibit. The structures of the compounds are discussed where possible.The spectral intensities of f-f transitions in lanthanide compounds are discussed at length in the following chapter. The authors present an exhaustive consideration of the unique appearance of intraconfigurational electronic transitions in f-type materials, particularly the lanthanides.The final chapter reviews the prodigious literature on the organometallic &pgr; complexes of the f-elements. The authors consider the main classes of complexes of both the lanthanide and actinide organometallics, and synthesis and structure are dealt with in particular.