Books in Materials analysis and characterization

51-60 of 105 results in All results

Recent Research in Molecular Beams

• 1st Edition
• November 14, 2012
• Immanual Estermann
• English
• eBook 978-0-323-16034-6

  9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 6 0 3 4 - 6

Recent Research in Molecular Beam is a collection of scientific papers that have been inspired by Otto Stern, the founder of Molecular Beam Research. This book is composed of 10 chapters and begins with discussions on the early history of molecular beam research. The next chapters describe the velocity distribution measurements made on potassium molecular beams with a fixed-frequency, variable phase velocity selector, along with a brief consideration of the principles and concepts of electron magnetic moment and atomic magnetism. A chapter presents the atomic beam spectroscopic experiments on the metastable state of the hydrogen-like atoms that depend on a wholly different principle for the detection of transitions. This text further explores the effects of variations in the oscillatory field amplitudes, perturbations by neighboring resonances, perturbations by oscillatory fields, variations in the fixed field amplitudes, and phase shifts of the oscillatory fields. These topics are followed by a comparison of advantages and limitations of various techniques for spin property measurement as they apply in particular to radioactive nuclei, such as optical and molecular gas microwave spectroscopy, nuclear and paramagnetic resonance, and atomic beams. The remaining chapters examine fluid friction in a rarefied gas flow; some applications of molecular beam techniques to chemistry; and the polarized neutrons based on a Stern-Gerlach experiment. This work will be of great value to workers and researchers in molecular beam field.

Creep And Relaxation Of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials With An Introduction To Linear Viscoelasticity

• 1st Edition
• Volume 18
• November 14, 2012
• W.N. Findley
• English
• eBook 978-0-444-60192-6

  9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 0 1 9 2 - 6

Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials with an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity deals with nonlinear viscoelasticity, with emphasis on creep and stress relaxation. It explains the concepts of elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic behavior, along with creep, recovery, relaxation, and linearity. It also describes creep in a variety of viscoelastic materials, such as metals and plastics. Organized into 13 chapters, this volume begins with a historical background on creep, followed by discussions about strain and stress analysis, linear viscoelasticity, linear viscoelastic stress analysis, and oscillatory stress and strain. It methodically walks the reader through topics such as the multiple integral theory with simplifications to single integrals, incompressibility and linear compressibility, and the responses of viscoelastic materials to stress boundary conditions (creep), strain boundary conditions (relaxation), and mixed stress and strain boundary conditions (simultaneous creep and relaxation). The book also looks at the problem of the effect of temperature, especially variable temperature, on nonlinear creep, and describes methods for the characterization of kernel functions, stress analysis of nonlinear viscoelastic materials, and experimental techniques for creep and stress relaxation under combined stress. This book is a useful text for designers, students, and researchers.

Piezoelectric Ceramics

• 1st Edition
• November 13, 2012
• Bernard Jaffe
• English
• eBook 978-0-323-15568-7

  9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 1 5 5 6 8 - 7

Piezoelectric Ceramics focuses on the relationship between piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity as they apply to ceramics, taking into consideration the properties of materials that are being used and possibly be used in the industries. Composed of 12 chapters, the book starts by tracing the history of piezoelectricity and how this affects ceramics. The different measurement techniques are discussed, including dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric measurements. The book proceeds by discussing Perovskite structure and barium titanate. Covered areas include electric field, piezoelectric properties, particle size effect, and dielectric strength. The properties, compositions, and reactions of various perovskites are discussed. Numerical analyses are presented in this regard. The book also offers interpretations of the experiments conducted. The discussions end with the processes involved in the manufacture and applications of piezoelectric ceramics. Concerns in manufacturing include calcination, grinding, mixing, electroding, firing, and quality control. Piezolectric ceramics are applied in air transducers, instrument transducers, delay line transducers, underwater sound ultrasonic power, and wave filters. The book is important for readers interested in doing research on ceramics.

Atomic Mechanics of Solids

• 1st Edition
• November 13, 2012
• A.K. Macpherson
• English
• eBook 978-0-444-60034-9

  9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 0 0 3 4 - 9

This volume brings together some of the presently available theoretical techniques which will be useful in the design of solid-state materials. At present, it is impossible to specify the atomic composition of a material and its macroscopic physical properties. However, the future possibilities for such a science are being laid today. This is coming about due to the development of fast, cheap computers which will be able to undertake the calculations which are necessary.Since this field of science is fairly new, it is not yet quite clear which direction of analysis will eventually prove to be the most successful. In this respect the author has included the most relevant promising subject areas, based on seven years of research experience in the field. An extensive literature already exists for most of the areas covered here, thus when more detailed analysis can be found elsewhere, the assumptions made are discussed, and only an outline of the method involved is presented. Comprehensive indexes are provided to assist the reader in further studies. This is a potentially important field which is slowly getting underway and only needs a significant development to attract a broader scientific interest. The work will be of considerable interest to program managers needing to assess this new field.

Computed Electron Micrographs And Defect Identification

• 1st Edition
• November 13, 2012
• A.K. Head
• English
• eBook 978-0-444-60147-6

  9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 0 1 4 7 - 6

Computed Electron Micrographs and Defect Identification illustrates a technique for identifying defects in crystalline solids by the comparison of their images, which are produced in the electron microscope, with corresponding theoretical images. This book discusses the diffraction of electrons by a crystal; the two-beam dynamical equations; the absorption parameters; the deviation of the crystal from the Bragg reflecting position; the extinction distance; the displacement vector; and the foil normal. Chapter three presents the experimental techniques for determination of beam direction, defect line normal, foil normal, foil thickness, and extinction distance. Chapters four to seven explore ONEDIS and TWODIS and their principles. Chapters eight and nine focus on the application and limitations of the technique, while the last chapter explores the different computer programs related to the technique. Post-graduate students, as well as researchers using transmission electron microscopy for studying defects in crystalline solids, will find this book invaluable.

Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Science P1

• 2nd Edition
• November 11, 2012
• S Amelinckx
• English
• eBook 978-0-444-60184-1

  9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 0 1 8 4 - 1

Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Science describes the various methods used to study the atomic structure of matter at an atomic scale based on the interaction between matter and radiation. It classifies the possible methods of observation by making a list of radiations on the basis of wavelength, including ions, X-ray photons, neutrons, and electrons. It also discusses transmission electron microscopy, the weak-beam method of electron microscopy, and some applications of transmission electron microscopy to phase transitions. Organized into 13 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the kinematic theory of electron diffraction and the ways to treat diffraction by a deformed crystal. It discusses the dynamical theory of diffraction of fast electrons, the treatment of absorption in the dynamical theory of electron diffraction, the use of electron microscopy to study planar interfaces, and analysis of weak-beam images. The book also covers the use of computed electron micrographs in defect identification, crystallographic analysis of dislocation loops containing shear components, and detection and identification of small coherent particles. In addition, the reader is introduced to interpretation of diffuse scattering and short-range order, along with the crystallography of martensitic transformations. The remaining chapters focus on the working principle of the transmission electron microscope, experimental structure imaging of crystals, and the study of diffuse scattering effects originating from substitutional disorder and displacement disorder. The information on diffraction and imaging techniques in material science contained in this book will be helpful to students, researchers, and scientists.

Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials

• 2nd Edition
• September 24, 2012
• Myer Kutz
• English
• eBook 978-1-4377-3456-0

  9 7 8 - 1 - 4 3 7 7 - 3 4 5 6 - 0

Nothing stays the same for ever. The environmental degradation and corrosion of materials is inevitable and affects most aspects of life. In industrial settings, this inescapable fact has very significant financial, safety and environmental implications. The Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials explains how to measure, analyse, and control environmental degradation for a wide range of industrial materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete, wood and textiles exposed to environmental factors such as weather, seawater, and fire. Divided into sections which deal with analysis, types of degradation, protection and surface engineering respectively, the reader is introduced to the wide variety of environmental effects and what can be done to control them. The expert contributors to this book provide a wealth of insider knowledge and engineering knowhow, complementing their explanations and advice with Case Studies from areas such as pipelines, tankers, packaging and chemical processing equipment ensures that the reader understands the practical measures that can be put in place to save money, lives and the environment.

Functional Materials

• 1st Edition
• December 9, 2011
• S. Banerjee + 1 more
• English
• eBook 978-0-12-385143-7

  9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 8 5 1 4 3 - 7

Functional materials have assumed a very prominent position in several high-tech areas. Such materials are not being classified on the basis of their origin, nature of bonding or processing techniques but are classified on the basis of the functions they can perform. This is a significant departure from the earlier schemes in which materials were described as metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers, glass materials etc. Several new processing techniques have also evolved in the recent past. Because of the diversity of materials and their functions it has become extremely difficult to obtain information from single source. Functional Materials: Preparation, Processing and Applications provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments.

In Situ Characterization of Thin Film Growth

• 1st Edition
• October 5, 2011
• Gertjan Koster + 1 more
• English
• Hardback 978-1-84569-934-5

  9 7 8 - 1 - 8 4 5 6 9 - 9 3 4 - 5
• eBook 978-0-85709-495-7

  9 7 8 - 0 - 8 5 7 0 9 - 4 9 5 - 7

Advanced techniques for characterizing thin film growth in situ help to develop improved understanding and faster diagnosis of issues with the process. In situ characterization of thin film growth reviews current and developing techniques for characterizing the growth of thin films, covering an important gap in research.Part one covers electron diffraction techniques for in situ study of thin film growth, including chapters on topics such as reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and inelastic scattering techniques. Part two focuses on photoemission techniques, with chapters covering ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry for characterization of thin film growth. Finally, part three discusses alternative in situ characterization techniques. Chapters focus on topics such as ion beam surface characterization, real time in situ surface monitoring of thin film growth, deposition vapour monitoring and the use of surface x-ray diffraction for studying epitaxial film growth.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, In situ characterization of thin film growth is a standard reference for materials scientists and engineers in the electronics and photonics industries, as well as all those with an academic research interest in this area.

Fluorinated Ionomers

• 2nd Edition
• July 15, 2011
• Walther Grot
• English
• Hardback 978-1-4377-4457-6

  9 7 8 - 1 - 4 3 7 7 - 4 4 5 7 - 6

Fluorinated ionomer polymers form impermeable membranes that conduct electricity, properties that have been put to use in large-scale electrochemical applications, revolutionizing the chlor-alkali industry and transforming production methods of some of the world’s highest-production commodity chemicals: chlorine, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The use of fluorinated ionomers such as Nafion® have removed the need for mercury and asbestos in these processes and led to a massive reduction in electricity usage in these highly energy-intensive processes. Polymers in this group have also found uses in fuel-cells, metal-ion recovery, water electrolysis, plating, surface treatment of metals, batteries, sensors, drug release technologies, gas drying and humidification, and super-acid catalysis used in the production of specialty chemicals. Walther Grot, who invented Nafion® while working for DuPont, has written this book as a practical guide to engineers and scientists working in electrochemistry, the fuel cell industry and other areas of application. His book is a unique guide to this important polymer group and its applications, in membranes and other forms. The 2e expands this handbook by over a third, with new sections covering developments in electrolysis and membranes, additional information about the synthesis and science of the polymer group, and an enhanced provision of reference data.