CBME Pattern Physiology Exam Companion
Case scenarios, MCQs, Reason out and AETCOM questions included
- 1st Edition - February 15, 2025
- Latest edition
- Author: Rashmi Ramanathan
- Language: English
This Preparatory Manual has questions from eight universities, making it ideal for last-minute revision and quick reference in a… Read more
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This Preparatory Manual has questions from eight universities, making it ideal for last-minute revision and quick reference in a nutshell
- This book provides concise, comprehensive and exam-focused information with illustrations, colour photos, tables, flowcharts and mnemonics to retain the information
- This exam companion book serves as a question bank with answers for case scenarios, ‘Reason out’ type questions and multiple-choice questions previously asked in different university examinations
- It delivers clinically relevant and updated concepts as per the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum and ensures a solid foundation for understanding the human body’s functions
- The CBME curriculum mandates the clinical application of physiological concepts. This book provides comprehensive and updated references from various textbook of general medicine in applied aspects
- It will be useful to MBBS, post graduates, paramedical and allied health science students
1 General Physiology, 1
Th e Cell, 1
Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma), 1
Cytoplasmic Organelles, 3
Homeostasis, 5
Intercellular Connections, 9
Apoptosis, 10
Transport Across Cell Membrane, 12
Passive Transport, 12
Active Transport, 14
Body Fluid Compartments, 17
Resting Membrane Potential, 21
Graded Potential, 22
Action Potential, 23
Compound Potential, 24
MCQs, 25
2 Hematology, 28
Composition and Functions of Blood, 28
Functions of Plasma Proteins, 29
Erythrocytes, 30
Erythropoiesis, 31
Haemoglobin, 34
Fate of Haemoglobin and Bilirubin, 35
Anaemia, 36
Iron Defi ciency Anaemia, 37
Megaloblastic Anaemia and Pernicious Anaemia, 38
Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS), 39
Haemoglobinopathies, 39
Polycythaemia – Types and Complications, 41
Physiological Basis of Cyanosis, 41
Jaundice, 41
Blood Indices, 43
Leukocytes, 44
Leukopoiesis, 44
Immunity, 48
Innate/Nonspecifi c/Non-Adaptive Immunity, 48
Acquired Immunity, 49
Cell-Mediated Immunity, 49
Humoral Immunity, 51
Th rombocytes, 54
Haemostasis, 56
Anticoagulants, 59
Bleeding Disorders, 60
Tests for Haemostatic Disorders, 61
Blood Groups, 62
Blood Transfusion, 65
Transfusion Reactions, 66
MCQs, 66
3 Nerve Muscle Physiology, 70
Neuron, 70
Neuroglial Cells, 70
Classifi cation of Nerve Fibres, 71
Properties of Nerve Fibre, 73
Nerve Injury, 77
Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration, 77
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ), 79
Applied Physiology, 81
Drugs Acting Across NMJ, 82
Skeletal Muscle, 84
Excitation Contraction Coupling, 87
Distinguish Between Fast and Slow Muscle Fibres, 90
Properties of Skeletal Muscle, 90
Strength–Duration Curve, 90
Smooth Muscle, 93
Electromyography, 95
MCQs, 96
4 Gastrointestinal System, 99
Structural Characteristics of Git Wall, 99
Innervation of Th e Gut, 99
Salivary Gland, 100
Stomach, 104
Pancreas, 112
Liver, 116
Liver Function Tests, 117
Biliary Secretion, 117
Gall Bladder, 121
Digestion and Absorption, 121
Gastrointestinal Hormones, 128
Gut–Brain Axis, 130
Gastric Motility, 133
Vomiting, 134
Intestinal Secretions – Succus Entericus, 136
Small Intestine Motility, 137
Large Intestine Motility, 139
MCQs, 142
5 Cardiovascular Physiology, 145
Th e Heart, 145
Th e Cardiac Muscle, 145
Cardiac Cycle, 151
Arterial Pulse Tracing, 156
Cardiac Catheterization, 157
Electrocardiogram, 158
His Bundle Electrogram, 163
Haemodynamics of Circulatory System, 164
Local and Systemic Cardiovascular Regulatory
Mechanisms, 166
Cardiac Output, 167
Heart Rate, 172
Blood Pressure, 174
Regulation of Blood Pressure, 176
Coronary Circulation, 184
Cerebral Circulation, 188
Cutaneous Circulation, 190
Fetal Circulation, 192
Shock, 194
Cardiac Failure, 199
Physiological Changes During and Aft er Exercise, 200
MCQs, 202
6 Respiratory System, 207
Respiration and Respiratory Tract, 207
Weibel’s Lung Model (Tracheo-Bronchial Tree), 207
Nonrespiratory Functions of Lung, 207
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (VA/Q Ratio), 208
Pulmonary Circulation, 209
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation, 211
Pressure Changes During Ventilation, 213
Work of Breathing, 214
Compliance, 214
Surfactant, 216
Lung Volumes and Capacities, 217
Pulmonary and Alveolar Ventilation, 220
Dead Space, 221
Respiratory Membrane, 222
Regulation of Respiration, 223
Automatic Control of Respiration, 224
Chemical Regulation of Respiration, 227
Transport of Oxygen, 231
Transport of Carbon Dioxide, 234
Hypoxia, 236
Cyanosis, 238
Voluntary Hyperventilation, 238
High Altitude Physiology, 238
Acclimatization, 239
Deep Sea Physiology, 240
Artifi cial Respiration, 241
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, 242
Respiratory Changes During Exercise, 243
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), 245
MCQs, 245
7 Excretory System, 250
Structure of Nephron, 250
Functions of Kidney, 250
Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephron, 251
Renal Circulation, 252
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, 253
Mechanism of Urine Formation, 256
Mechanism of Concentration and Dilution of
Urine, 266
Urinary Bladder and Innervation, 269
Micturition, 270
Diuretics, 272
Dialysis, 272
Renal Regulation of Tonicity and ECF Volume, 275
Skin, 276
Acid–Base Balance, 279
Renal Function Tests, 284
MCQs, 285
8 Endocrinology, 288
Hypothalamus, 288
Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis, 289
Growth Hormone, 292
Prolactin, 296
Neurohypophysis/Posterior Pituitary Gland, 297
Th yroid Gland, 301
Adrenal Cortex, 309
Bone Physiology, 324
Calcium Homeostasis, 324
Endocrine Pancreas, 330
Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome-X, 337
MCQs, 339
9 Reproductive System, 343
Sex Diff erentiation, 343
Abnormalities of Sex Diff erentiation, 344
Male Reproductive System, 346
Blood–Testis Barrier (BTB), 348
Seminal Fluid or Semen Analysis, 349
Cryptorchidism / Undescended Testes, 350
Testosterone, 350
Male Sexual Act, 352
Menstrual Cycle, 352
Maternal Changes in Pregnancy, 357
Placenta, 358
Parturition or Labour, 360
Prolactin, 361
Lactation, 362
Contraception, 363
Female Reproductive Hormones, 366
MCQs, 368
10 Central Nervous System, 371
Organization of Nervous System, 371
Neuroglial Cells, 371
Synapse, 372
Sensory Receptors, 380
Refl exes, 385
Muscle Spindle, 385
Golgi Tendon Organ, 387
Cerebral Cortex, 390
Descending Tracts, 394
Ascending Tract, 400
Pain, 403
Proprioception (Kinaesthesia), 407
Vestibular Apparatus, 410
Reticular Activating System, 413
Autonomic Nervous System, 414
Spinal Cord, 416
Hemisection of Spinal Cord, 416
Basal Ganglia, 417
Cerebellum, 422
Hypothalamus, 428
Th alamus, 433
Limbic System, 435
Physiology of Speech, 437
Memory, 439
Neurotransmitters, 443
Postural Refl exes, 443
Cerebrospinal Fluid, 445
Blood–Brain Barrier, 447
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 448
Sleep, 449
MCQs, 453
11 Special Senses, 459
Th e Eye, 459
Structure of Rods and Cones, 462
Adaptation, 465
Visual Acuity, 466
Visual Pathway, 466
Pupillary Refl exes, 470
Accommodation, 471
Errors of Refraction, 472
Colour Vision, 474
Th e Ear, 477
Mechanism of Hearing, 482
Th eories of Hearing, 483
Auditory Pathway, 484
Deafness, 486
Tests for Hearing, 486
Taste or Gustation, 487
Olfaction (Smell), 490
MCQs, 492
12 AETCOM, 496
Enumerate and Describe Professional Qualities
and Roles of a Physician, 496
Th e Doctor–Patient Relationship, 497
Duties of a Good Doctor, 498
Rights of Patients, 498
Empathy in Patient Encounters, 498
Communications with Patients, 499
Index, 501
Th e Cell, 1
Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma), 1
Cytoplasmic Organelles, 3
Homeostasis, 5
Intercellular Connections, 9
Apoptosis, 10
Transport Across Cell Membrane, 12
Passive Transport, 12
Active Transport, 14
Body Fluid Compartments, 17
Resting Membrane Potential, 21
Graded Potential, 22
Action Potential, 23
Compound Potential, 24
MCQs, 25
2 Hematology, 28
Composition and Functions of Blood, 28
Functions of Plasma Proteins, 29
Erythrocytes, 30
Erythropoiesis, 31
Haemoglobin, 34
Fate of Haemoglobin and Bilirubin, 35
Anaemia, 36
Iron Defi ciency Anaemia, 37
Megaloblastic Anaemia and Pernicious Anaemia, 38
Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS), 39
Haemoglobinopathies, 39
Polycythaemia – Types and Complications, 41
Physiological Basis of Cyanosis, 41
Jaundice, 41
Blood Indices, 43
Leukocytes, 44
Leukopoiesis, 44
Immunity, 48
Innate/Nonspecifi c/Non-Adaptive Immunity, 48
Acquired Immunity, 49
Cell-Mediated Immunity, 49
Humoral Immunity, 51
Th rombocytes, 54
Haemostasis, 56
Anticoagulants, 59
Bleeding Disorders, 60
Tests for Haemostatic Disorders, 61
Blood Groups, 62
Blood Transfusion, 65
Transfusion Reactions, 66
MCQs, 66
3 Nerve Muscle Physiology, 70
Neuron, 70
Neuroglial Cells, 70
Classifi cation of Nerve Fibres, 71
Properties of Nerve Fibre, 73
Nerve Injury, 77
Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration, 77
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ), 79
Applied Physiology, 81
Drugs Acting Across NMJ, 82
Skeletal Muscle, 84
Excitation Contraction Coupling, 87
Distinguish Between Fast and Slow Muscle Fibres, 90
Properties of Skeletal Muscle, 90
Strength–Duration Curve, 90
Smooth Muscle, 93
Electromyography, 95
MCQs, 96
4 Gastrointestinal System, 99
Structural Characteristics of Git Wall, 99
Innervation of Th e Gut, 99
Salivary Gland, 100
Stomach, 104
Pancreas, 112
Liver, 116
Liver Function Tests, 117
Biliary Secretion, 117
Gall Bladder, 121
Digestion and Absorption, 121
Gastrointestinal Hormones, 128
Gut–Brain Axis, 130
Gastric Motility, 133
Vomiting, 134
Intestinal Secretions – Succus Entericus, 136
Small Intestine Motility, 137
Large Intestine Motility, 139
MCQs, 142
5 Cardiovascular Physiology, 145
Th e Heart, 145
Th e Cardiac Muscle, 145
Cardiac Cycle, 151
Arterial Pulse Tracing, 156
Cardiac Catheterization, 157
Electrocardiogram, 158
His Bundle Electrogram, 163
Haemodynamics of Circulatory System, 164
Local and Systemic Cardiovascular Regulatory
Mechanisms, 166
Cardiac Output, 167
Heart Rate, 172
Blood Pressure, 174
Regulation of Blood Pressure, 176
Coronary Circulation, 184
Cerebral Circulation, 188
Cutaneous Circulation, 190
Fetal Circulation, 192
Shock, 194
Cardiac Failure, 199
Physiological Changes During and Aft er Exercise, 200
MCQs, 202
6 Respiratory System, 207
Respiration and Respiratory Tract, 207
Weibel’s Lung Model (Tracheo-Bronchial Tree), 207
Nonrespiratory Functions of Lung, 207
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (VA/Q Ratio), 208
Pulmonary Circulation, 209
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation, 211
Pressure Changes During Ventilation, 213
Work of Breathing, 214
Compliance, 214
Surfactant, 216
Lung Volumes and Capacities, 217
Pulmonary and Alveolar Ventilation, 220
Dead Space, 221
Respiratory Membrane, 222
Regulation of Respiration, 223
Automatic Control of Respiration, 224
Chemical Regulation of Respiration, 227
Transport of Oxygen, 231
Transport of Carbon Dioxide, 234
Hypoxia, 236
Cyanosis, 238
Voluntary Hyperventilation, 238
High Altitude Physiology, 238
Acclimatization, 239
Deep Sea Physiology, 240
Artifi cial Respiration, 241
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, 242
Respiratory Changes During Exercise, 243
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), 245
MCQs, 245
7 Excretory System, 250
Structure of Nephron, 250
Functions of Kidney, 250
Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephron, 251
Renal Circulation, 252
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus, 253
Mechanism of Urine Formation, 256
Mechanism of Concentration and Dilution of
Urine, 266
Urinary Bladder and Innervation, 269
Micturition, 270
Diuretics, 272
Dialysis, 272
Renal Regulation of Tonicity and ECF Volume, 275
Skin, 276
Acid–Base Balance, 279
Renal Function Tests, 284
MCQs, 285
8 Endocrinology, 288
Hypothalamus, 288
Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis, 289
Growth Hormone, 292
Prolactin, 296
Neurohypophysis/Posterior Pituitary Gland, 297
Th yroid Gland, 301
Adrenal Cortex, 309
Bone Physiology, 324
Calcium Homeostasis, 324
Endocrine Pancreas, 330
Metabolic Syndrome or Syndrome-X, 337
MCQs, 339
9 Reproductive System, 343
Sex Diff erentiation, 343
Abnormalities of Sex Diff erentiation, 344
Male Reproductive System, 346
Blood–Testis Barrier (BTB), 348
Seminal Fluid or Semen Analysis, 349
Cryptorchidism / Undescended Testes, 350
Testosterone, 350
Male Sexual Act, 352
Menstrual Cycle, 352
Maternal Changes in Pregnancy, 357
Placenta, 358
Parturition or Labour, 360
Prolactin, 361
Lactation, 362
Contraception, 363
Female Reproductive Hormones, 366
MCQs, 368
10 Central Nervous System, 371
Organization of Nervous System, 371
Neuroglial Cells, 371
Synapse, 372
Sensory Receptors, 380
Refl exes, 385
Muscle Spindle, 385
Golgi Tendon Organ, 387
Cerebral Cortex, 390
Descending Tracts, 394
Ascending Tract, 400
Pain, 403
Proprioception (Kinaesthesia), 407
Vestibular Apparatus, 410
Reticular Activating System, 413
Autonomic Nervous System, 414
Spinal Cord, 416
Hemisection of Spinal Cord, 416
Basal Ganglia, 417
Cerebellum, 422
Hypothalamus, 428
Th alamus, 433
Limbic System, 435
Physiology of Speech, 437
Memory, 439
Neurotransmitters, 443
Postural Refl exes, 443
Cerebrospinal Fluid, 445
Blood–Brain Barrier, 447
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 448
Sleep, 449
MCQs, 453
11 Special Senses, 459
Th e Eye, 459
Structure of Rods and Cones, 462
Adaptation, 465
Visual Acuity, 466
Visual Pathway, 466
Pupillary Refl exes, 470
Accommodation, 471
Errors of Refraction, 472
Colour Vision, 474
Th e Ear, 477
Mechanism of Hearing, 482
Th eories of Hearing, 483
Auditory Pathway, 484
Deafness, 486
Tests for Hearing, 486
Taste or Gustation, 487
Olfaction (Smell), 490
MCQs, 492
12 AETCOM, 496
Enumerate and Describe Professional Qualities
and Roles of a Physician, 496
Th e Doctor–Patient Relationship, 497
Duties of a Good Doctor, 498
Rights of Patients, 498
Empathy in Patient Encounters, 498
Communications with Patients, 499
Index, 501
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: February 15, 2025
- Language: English