Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways

Volume 1: The Neuroscience of Zika Virus

1st Edition - June 25, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Colin R. Martin, Caroline Hollins-Martin, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 6 8 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 3 0 8 - 0

Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways: The Neuroscience of Zika, Volume One provides a detailed introduction to the molecular biology of the Zika virus and its features,… Read more

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Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways: The Neuroscience of Zika, Volume One provides a detailed introduction to the molecular biology of the Zika virus and its features, transmission, and impact on neurological systems. Designed to better readers’ understanding of the Zika virus, this volume features chapters on the immune response, molecular mechanisms, and other areas to better understand underlying pathways. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Section A: Zika virus: Introductory chapters
Chapter 1: Flaviviruses and where the Zika virus fits in: An overview
Abstract
Classification, diversity, and evolution
Biology of transmission and persistence of MBF and TBF
Virion structure, genome, and viral protein function
Viral infection and replication cycle
Host infection, immune response, and pathogenesis
Flavivirus emergence and global burden
Emergence of Aedes-borne flaviviruses
Emergence of Culex-borne flaviviruses
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of flavivirus genera
Summary points
Chapter 2: The innate immune response during Zika virus infection
Abstract
Introduction
Importance of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in sensing ZIKV
Type I interferon in ZIKV infection
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the skin
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the placenta
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the brain
Involvement of autophagy
Innate immunity evasion by ZIKV
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of innate immune response in ZIKV infection
Summary points
Chapter 3: The public health perspective of Zika virus infection
Abstract
Introduction
Timeline of the outbreaks
Epidemiology: Distribution and determinants
Epidemiological determinants
Public health consequences
Prevention and control of Zika virus infections
Implementation of strategic response framework
Strengthening of International Health Regulations: Advice to travelers
Strengthening of the sexual and reproductive health services
Vector control, surveillance, risk communication, and promotion of research
Bridging the gap between social and health inequalities
Conclusion
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the Zika virus infections
Summary points
Chapter 4: Inequality in Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome
Abstract
Inequalities in health
The macro-drivers of the ZIKV
Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of CZS
Inequality in the exposure to ZIKV
Inequality in susceptibility to the effect of ZIKV on CZS
Sources of differential susceptibility
Inequality in vector density
Inequality in the vulnerability to the effect of vector density on ZIKV incidence
The fundamental determination of ZIKV inequalities
Socioeconomic implications
Major knowledge gaps
Policies to tackle the inequalities
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 5: Lifestyle factors and congenital Zika syndrome: Drugs, alcohol, and beyond
Abstract
Introduction
Socioeconomic condition
Lifestyle
Access to information/health education
Health-care access
Abortion legislation
Human rights
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 6: Economic impact of Zika virus infection and associated conditions
Abstract
Introduction
Brief history of ZIKV
Health economics
Economic and social impacts of recent outbreaks
The cost of vector control
The cost of diagnosis
The cost of ZIKV-associated microcephaly
The cost of congenital Zika syndrome
The costs of ZIKV-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome
Understand the economic evaluation of health technologies
Economic evaluation of current and emerging health technologies
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 7: Health promotion, health education, and risk communication for Zika virus disease
Abstract
Health promotion and education program during a noncrisis situation
Risk communication for Zika virus disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Zika virus disease or ZVD
Summary points
Chapter 8: Molecular mechanisms of Zika virus-induced neurological pathology
Abstract
Introduction
ZIKV impairs mitotic spindle assembly
Premature neural progenitor cell differentiation during ZIKV infection decreases the number of mature neurons
ZIKV induces apoptosis in infected and bystander cells
ZIKV interferes with developmental gene expression programs
Neuroinflammation
Conclusions and outstanding questions
Policy and procedures: Measuring apoptosis
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the unfolded protein response
Summary points
Chapter 9: Validation of Zika virus infections: Nonmolecular aspects, immunoassays, and beyond
Abstract
Introduction
Serological methods used in diagnosing ZIKV infection
Methods for detecting ZIKV antibodies
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of immunoassays used for the diagnosis of ZIKV infection
Summary points
Chapter 10: Validation of Zika virus infections: A focus on molecular methods
Abstract
Introduction
Real-time RT-PCRs
Multiplex real-time RT-PCRs
Conventional RT-PCRs
Validation criteria
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of the terms
Key facts of molecular tests used for diagnosis of ZIKV infection
Summary points
Chapter 11: Coinfection of Zika with Dengue and Chikungunya virus
Abstract
Introduction
Timeline of coinfections
Distribution of coinfections
Detection of arboviruses in coinfections
Clinical outcomes of coinfections
Conclusion
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 12: Zika virus, pathology, and control: Zika vaccine strategies in development
Abstract
Introduction
Adaptive immunity to ZIKV infection
Key challenges facing Zika vaccine development
Zika vaccine platforms
Clinical evaluation of Zika vaccine candidates
Concluding remarks
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts on Zika vaccine
Summary points
Section B: Effects on neurological and body systems
Chapter 13: The adult brain and neurologic manifestations of the Zika virus
Abstract
Introduction
Zika virus and the nervous system: NeuroZika
Guillain-Barré syndrome
ZIKV-GBS viral diagnosis
ZIKV-GBS neuroimaging
GBS-Zika virus treatment and prognosis
Others neurological complications
General implications
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of NeuroZika
Summary points
Chapter 14: Postmortem studies: Contribution to understand the pathogenesis of congenital Zika syndrome
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Pathogenesis of the lesions in CZS
Conclusions
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 15: Developmental trajectories in infants and toddlers born with congenital Zika syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Zika virus and the developing brain
Congenital Zika syndrome
Motor development
Cognitive development
Communication skills
General implications
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 16: Host genetic susceptibility to ZIKV congenital syndrome: A tale of twins
Abstract
Introduction
Zika virus in Brazil
Congenital Zika syndrome: Reasons for studying ZIKV effects in humans
Risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and other CZS symptoms
Twins: A powerful tool for investigating risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and CZS
Twins’ cells are differentially infected by ZIKV
Investigating the molecular NPCs twins’ differences
Conclusion and follow-up
Policies and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of host genetic susceptibility to CZS
Summary points
Chapter 17: Zika virus infection disrupts development of both neurons and glial cells
Abstract
Introduction
Zika virus infection disrupts normal neurogenesis
Abnormal glial cell development after Zika virus infection
An overall view
Policy and procedures: Direct or maternal infection
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 18: Neurological manifestations similar to multiple sclerosis in adults after Zika virus infection
Abstract
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis
Molecular mimicry
ZIKV induces MS-like neurological manifestation in adults
Similar pathways
MicroRNAs
Concluding remarks
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Zika virus and multiple sclerosis
Summary points
Chapter 19: Zika virus and the blood-brain barrier
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
The disruption of the blood-brain barrier by Zika virus
Endothelial cell dysfunction during Zika virus infection
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 20: Systems immunology of flavivirus infection
Abstract
Introduction
Dengue infection
Zika infection
Yellow fever infection
West Nile virus infection
Conclusions
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 21: Genetic susceptibility to congenital Zika syndrome: Current research and future perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Evidence from observational studies
Genes already associated with CZS
Candidate genes from Flaviviridae infections
Conclusions and future perspectives
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)
Summary points
Chapter 22: Hearing and Zika virus infection
Abstract
Introduction
Auditory impairment in congenital Zika virus infection
Auditory impairment in acquired Zika virus infection
Pathogenesis
Auditory screening and accompaniment
For the future
Policy and procedures: Hearing screening (Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, 2019)
Policy and procedures: Major hearing assessment tests and their uses
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of hearing loss
Summary points
Chapter 23: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: What it is and how it relates to Zika virus
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Clinical core symptoms of NMOSD and its relationship to ZIKV
Treatment
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of NMOSD and ZIKV
Summary points
Chapter 24: Zika virus infection and cytokines
Abstract
Introduction
Cytokine profiling in acute ZIKV infection
Cytokines associated with symptoms of ZIKV infection
ZIKV infection and interferon production
Role of T cells in ZIKV infection
Cytokines involved in neurological complications
Cytokines involved in nonneurological complications
Immunoprofiles associated with fetal abnormalities in ZIKV-positive pregnancies
Concluding remarks
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 25: Urological sequels in the scope of the Congenital Zika Syndrome
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Neurogenic bladder
Diagnose of neurogenic bladder
Urodynamic studies in children with special needs
Neurogenic bladder as a urological sequel of congenital Zika syndrome
Treatment of neurogenic bladder in congenital Zika syndrome
Further studies related to Zika virus in the urological system
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 26: Zika virus and impact on male fertility
Abstract
Introduction
Human cases of ZIKV sexual transmission
Prolonged shedding of ZIKV in semen
Replication of ZIKV in vitro
Testis damage induced by ZIKV in animal models
Sexual transmission of ZIKV and reduced male fertility in animal models
Effects of ZIKV on sperm cells
Experimental drugs against ZIKV infection of the MRT
Experimental vaccines against ZIKV infection of the MRT
Conclusions
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the impact of Zika virus on male fertility
Summary points
Chapter 27: Testicular cell types and infection by Zika virus
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Structural and functional anatomy of the testis
Zika virus infection of testicular cells
Testicular pathology associated with ZIKV infection
Persistent ZIKV infection of testicular cells
Testicular cell pathways affected by ZIKV infection
Policy and procedures: Diagnosis of testicular infection by ZIKV, sexual transmission, and prevention
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of testicular cell types and infection by ZIKV
Summary points
Chapter 28: Proteome alterations promoted by Zika virus infection
Abstract
Introduction
Strains and infection conditions
Brazilian strains of ZIKV
Proteomic techniques
Main molecular alterations after ZIKV infection
Signaling pathways are affected by ZIKV infection
The immune cell response for viral infection
Neurological-associated molecular alterations caused by ZIKV
Alteration of metabolic processes as a consequence of ZIKV infection
Concluding remarks
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 29: SOMAscan proteomics of Zika-infected cells
Abstract
Introduction
Proteomics
SOMAscans as an alternate proteomic strategy
SOMAscan-determined protein dysregulations in cancer and neurological diseases
SOMAscan-determined ZIKV-induced protein dysregulation
ZIKV infection induces similar and dissimilar protein dysregulation in different cells
Different biological functions are activated and inhibited by ZIKV in a cell-dependent manner
Future perspectives
Policy and procedures: Measuring host protein alterations
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Zika virus-induced proteomic responses
Summary points
Chapter 30: Zika virus as an oncolytic therapy against brain tumors
Abstract
Introduction
ZIKV and brain tumors
Safety, virus delivery, and conclusion
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Section C: International aspects
Chapter 31: Zika virus in Brazil
Abstract
Historical perspective
Introduction of ZIKV to Brazil
ZIKV phylogenetics
ZIKA vectors in Brazil
ZIKA epidemiology update
Conclusion
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Brazil
Summary points
Chapter 32: Zika virus and the Middle East
Abstract
Introduction
ZIKV vectors in the Middle East
Travel-related ZIKV in the Middle East
What can we learn from the absence of Zika in the Middle East?
Conclusions
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts on Zika virus in travelers from the Middle East
Summary points
Chapter 33: Genetic diversity of Zika virus in Thailand: How does this compare with other countries
Abstract
Introduction
Timeline of the ZIKV outbreaks in Thailand
Vectors of ZIKV
ZIKV genetic variability in Thailand
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Zika virus (ZIKV)
Summary points
Chapter 34: Zika virus in Vietnam: Biology, transmission, pathology, associated conditions, and controls
Abstract
Introduction
Biology of ZIKV in Vietnam
Transmission of ZIKV in Vietnam
Pathology of ZIKV infection in Vietnam
Associated conditions of ZIKV infection in Vietnam
Controls of ZIKV in Vietnam
Policy and procedures
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 35: Zika virus in Vietnam: Epidemic, distribution, strain origin, and potential risks for community health
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemics of ZIKV in Vietnam
Distribution of ZIKV in Vietnam
Strain origin of ZIKV in Vietnam
Potential risks of ZIKV in Vietnam
Policy and procedures: Mosquito vector control
Key facts from the World Health Organization
Summary points
Chapter 36: Zika virus infection in Mexico: Epidemiological and clinical data
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Zika distribution and extent in Mexico
Microcephaly and congenital syndrome associated with Zika
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika in Mexico
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Section D: Features of the virus and transmission
Chapter 37: Cytopathicity and pathogenesis of Zika virus strains
Abstract
Introduction
ZIKV genome and evolution
Cytopathic effects and replication capacity of ZIKV lineages
The innate immune cell response triggered by different ZIKV lineages contributes to their cytopathicity
Cellular RNA interference and stress response contribute to cytopathicity
Contemporary Asian-American ZIKV strains contain key mutations that contribute to the pathogenesis
Conclusion
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cytopathicity and pathogenesis
Summary points of cytopathicity and pathogenesis
Chapter 38: Molecular evolution and codon usage bias of Zika virus
Abstract
Introduction
What is codon usage bias?
Evolutionary theories of codon usage bias
Genetic variability and molecular evolution of ZIKV
Evolution of the codon usage bias in ZIKV
Vaccines development as application of the study of codon usage bias in viruses
Conclusions and future directions
Policy and procedures: Quantification of codon usage bias
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of codon usage in ZIKV
Summary points
Chapter 39: Endosomal compartmentation and the transport route of Zika virus
Abstract
Introduction
The Zika virus
Apoptotic mimicry of ZIKV
Interaction between the Zika virus and the cell
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Zika virus
Intracellular trafficking of the ZIKV
Early stages of virus infection and antiviral drug development
Final remarks
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of intracellular transport compartments
Key facts of ZIKV structure
Summary points
Chapter 40: Location of virus antigens in murine tissues infected with Zika virus
Abstract
Introduction
Mouse models of ZIKV infection
Spread of ZIKV through the infected mice
The congenital Zika syndrome
Other nervous structures
Infection of the placenta
Infection of the reproductive system
Policy and procedures: Immunofluorescence stain for frozen tissue sections
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of ZIKV distribution in mice
Summary points
Chapter 41: The role of seminal Zika viral shedding: Tropism, duration, and magnitude
Abstract
Introduction
Zika virus tropism for the male reproductive tract
Duration and magnitude of ZIKV shedding in semen
Concluding remarks
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Zika virus sexual transmission
Summary points
Chapter 42: Nonhuman occurrence of Zika virus infection: Implications for control
Abstract
Introduction
Role of vertebrate animals in ZIKV epidemiology
Identification of ZIKV new reservoir hosts
Laboratory diagnosis
The contribution of animal models to the study of Zika virus infections
Conclusion
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts on the role of animals in ZIKV transmission
Summary points
Chapter 43: Zika virus intrusion into the blood supply: Concerns about transfusion safety
Abstract
Introduction
Viral dissemination: Identification of ZIKV in asymptomatic blood donors
Potential risks of transfusion transmission and vulnerable populations
Transfusion transmission mitigation strategies
Conclusions and pending research areas
Policy and procedures
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of pathogen inactivation techniques
Summary points
Section E: Resources
Chapter 44: Research and recommended resources on Zika virus, pathology, and control
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Bibliometric statistics
Resources
Policy and procedure
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
Index

Colin R. Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Caroline Hollins-Martin

Dr. Hollins-Martin is a Professor of Maternal Health and has a background that has encompassed a career in women’s reproductive health that spans 30 years; the first 11 of these were spent as a clinical midwife in Ayrshire (Scotland) and 19 teaching and researching women’s reproductive health within universities. Caroline is an NMC Registered Midwife and Lecturer/Practice Educator. She is also a graduate and post graduate in psychology and a Member of the British Psychological Society (MBPsS).

Affiliations and expertise

Edinburgh Napier University, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Edinburgh, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways

Volume 1: The Neuroscience of Zika Virus

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World Book Day Celebration!

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Colin R. Martin

Caroline Hollins-Martin

Victor R Preedy

Rajkumar Rajendram

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