Zeta Potential
Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications
- 1st Edition, Volume 39 - June 25, 2025
- Latest edition
- Authors: Andrei S. Dukhin, Renliang Xu
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 3 3 4 4 3 - 6
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 3 3 4 4 4 - 3
Zeta Potential: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications provides an up-to-date exploration of the principles and practice of zeta potential measurements. Tailored for an interd… Read more
Zeta Potential: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications provides an up-to-date exploration of the principles and practice of zeta potential measurements. Tailored for an interdisciplinary audience, the book is invaluable for researchers, engineers, and students in fields like materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. It delves into the role of zeta potential in complex heterogeneous liquids such as dispersions and emulsions, and its significance in biomedical and industrial applications. By offering comprehensive yet accessible coverage, this book aims to bridge the educational gap and enhance understanding of this essential electric double layer characteristic.
In addition to covering fundamental principles, the book emphasizes modern measurement methods, including electrophoresis, electroacoustics, and streaming current. It highlights the switch towards using zeta potential in formulation and quality control, providing a thorough review of published research. This allows readers to find data relevant to their projects. The book is a crucial resource for those who wish to navigate the complexities of zeta potential applications, ensuring precise and reliable results in their work.
In addition to covering fundamental principles, the book emphasizes modern measurement methods, including electrophoresis, electroacoustics, and streaming current. It highlights the switch towards using zeta potential in formulation and quality control, providing a thorough review of published research. This allows readers to find data relevant to their projects. The book is a crucial resource for those who wish to navigate the complexities of zeta potential applications, ensuring precise and reliable results in their work.
- Explains the fundamentals of the zeta potential concept and provides formulae based on well verified and widely accepted theoretical models for interfacial double layer and electrokinetic phenomena
- Introduces common technologies for characterizing zeta potential, including the most widely used contemporary measuring methods and interpretation procedures for converting raw measured data into zeta potential
- Provides useful examples of applications for a wide variety of R&D and industrial fields
Researchers, engineers and students who are involved in studying or using in industry complex heterogeneous liquids, like dispersions and emulsions, as well as wetted porous materials. This includes but is not limited to materials/colloids and interface chemists, chemical engineers, material scientists, biophysicists, and biochemists
Section I – Fundamentals
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Electrokinetics
1.1 Electric Double Layer
1.2 Electrokinetic phenomena
Chapter 2 – Electric Double Layer models
2.1 Gouy-Chapman-Stern (GCS) model
2.2 Further developments resolving GCS model problems
2.2.1 Bikerman-Freise model and developments of EDL capacitance theory
2.2.2 Electrokinetics at high ionic strength and model of structured water layer
2.3 Overlapped EDLs in particulates and porous materials
2.4 EDL of soft particles, polyelectrolyte layers
2.5 Bio-specific non-equilibrium mechanism of EDL formation
2.6 EDL of mosaic charged interface
2.7 EDL and ionization in non-aqueous solutions
2.8 EDL induced by external electric field
2.9 EDL of bubbles in liquid
Chapter 3 – Electrophoresis
Introduction
3.1 Smoluchowski theory and principle of electrokinetic symmetry
3.2 O’Brien and White numerical theory
3.3 Ohshima, Healy and White analytical theory
3.4 Dukhin and Semenikhin analytical theory
3.4.1 Complex characterization of interfaces
3.5 Ohshima analytical theory for soft particles
3.6 Henry theory for conducting particles
3.7 Anderson, Velegol and co-workers, nonuniformly charged particles
3.8 Ohshima approximation for Henry function
3.9 Dukhin and Derjaguin, porous with unipolar conductivity, zeolites
3.10 Hückel theory for thick EDL
3.11 Electrophoretic theories for overlapped EDLs
Chapter 4 – Electroacoustics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The low frequency electroacoustic limit - Smoluchowski limit, (SDEL)
4.3 The O’Brien theory of ESA
4.4 Qualitative analysis of CVI
4.5 The CVI theory in concentrated systems with thin EDL
4.6 The CVI theory in concentrated systems with thick and overlapped EDLs
Chapter 5 – Streaming potential/current
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Streaming potential in DC mode
5.3 Streaming current in DC mode
5.4 Streaming current in AC mode
Chapter 6 – Other electrokinetic phenomena
Introduction
6.1 Electroosmosis
6.2 Diffusiophoresis
6.3 Electrodiffusiophoresis
6.4 Dielectrophoresis and Electrorotation
6.5 Electroviscous effects
Section II – Methods
Chapter 7 – Introduction to measurement methods
Introduction
7.1 Sample Preparation
7.1.1 Sampling and Sample Reduction
7.1.2 Minimum Sample Amount
7.1.3 Sample Dispersing
7.1.4 Sample Equilibrium Dilution
7.2 Quality of Measurement
7.3 Carbon Dioxide and Other Factors Affecting Measurement Result
7.4 Reference Materials for Zeta Potential Determination
7.4.1 NIST Electrophoretic Mobility Standard Reference Material
7.4.2 EC-JRC/NIST Zeta Potential Standard Reference Material
7.4.3 Reference Materials for Concentrated Samples
Chapter 8 – Electrophoretic mobility measurements
Introduction
8.1 Microelectrophoresis
8.1.1 Classical Microelectrophoresis Method
8.1.2 Microcapillary Electrophoresis (μCE) Method
8.1.3 Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA) Method
8.2 Coulter Principle
8.2.1 Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Method
8.2.2 Nano Coulter Counter Method
8.3 Electrophoretic Light Scattering
8.3.1 ELS Instrumentation
8.3.2 Data Analysis
8.3.3 Measurement Range and Data Quality
8.4 Data Presentation and Statistics
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Basic Statistical Parameters
8.4.3 Mean Values
Chapter 9 – Electroacoustic measurements
9.1 Design and functioning of Zeta Potential Probe
9.2 Energy loss approach and troubleshooting ZP Probe
9.3 Sample handling
9.4 Verification of electroacoustic method with equilibrium dilution
9.5 Precision of electroacoustic measurement
9.6 Accuracy of electroacoustic measurement
Chapter 10 – Streaming potential/current measurements
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Streaming potential in DC mode versus pressure gradient
10.3 Streaming current in DC mode versus height of the rectangular slit
10.4 Streaming current in AC mode for deposits and the method verification
10.5 Streaming potential at rotating disc
Chapter 11 – Methods based on conductivity measurement
11.1 Surface charge by potentiometric and conductometric titrations
11.2 Porosity measurement with high frequency conductivity probe
11.3 Debye length characterization by conductivity measurement
11.4 Dukhin number characterization by conductivity measurement
Chapter 12 – Electroosmosis measurements
12.1 Introduction
12.2 ELS-EOS using a closed capillary cell
12.3 ELS-EOS using a dip cell
12.4 Current–time measurement
12.5 Current-volume measurement
Section III – Applications
Chapter 13 – Introduction to applications
12.1 Aggregative stability
12.2 Titrations, general description
12.3 Quality control applications
12.4 Other applications
Chapter 14 – Titrations
Introduction
14.1 pH titration and isoelectric point
14.2 Surfactant titration and optimization surfactant dose
14.3 Salt titrations
14.4 Titration with nanoparticles
14.5 Polymer adsorption on particles
14.6 Kinetic studies and required equilibration time
14.7 Importance of mixing and agitation during titration
Chapter 15 – Zeta potential applications in electronic industry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Zeta potential affects material removal rate
15.3 Monitoring effect of additives and impurities
15.4 Ceria CMP slurry
15.5 Accuracy and precision of zeta potential measurement in CMP slurries
15.6 CMP slurry interaction with wafers
Chapter 16 – Zeta potential of cement slurry
Introduction
16.1 Study of superplasticizer adsorption by zeta potential measurement
16.2 Study of superplasticizer adsorption in presence of polymeric particles
16.3 Effect of ionic composition and weight fraction on cement zeta potential
16.4 Method description of characterizing cement slurry using CVI Zeta Probe
Chapter 17 – Zeta potential of membranes
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Zeta potential of membranes by streaming potential
17.3 Zeta potential of membranes by electroacoustics
Chapter 18 – Biological and biomedical applications
Introduction
18.1 Zeta potential of proteins and protein nanoparticles
18.2 Zeta potential of casein micelles
18.3 Zeta potential in liposome studies
18.4 Protein and its adsorption on surface
18.5 Studies of cell electrophoresis
Chapter 19 – Other applications of zeta potential measurement
Introduction
19.1 Zeta potential of inks by electrophoresis and electroacoustics
19.2 Zeta potential characterization of particles in structured dispersions, gels
19.3 Zeta potential in mineral studies
19.4 Wettability study with zeta potential measurement
19.5 Zeta potential in paper industry and cellulosic dispersions
19.6 Electroacoustic method of sedimentation characterization
19.7 Zeta potential of battery slurries
Appendix 1 – Brief history of Electrokinetics
Appendix 2 – Physical constants in Electrokinetics
Appendix 3 – Table of Symbols
Appendix 4 – Terms in Electrokinetics
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Electrokinetics
1.1 Electric Double Layer
1.2 Electrokinetic phenomena
Chapter 2 – Electric Double Layer models
2.1 Gouy-Chapman-Stern (GCS) model
2.2 Further developments resolving GCS model problems
2.2.1 Bikerman-Freise model and developments of EDL capacitance theory
2.2.2 Electrokinetics at high ionic strength and model of structured water layer
2.3 Overlapped EDLs in particulates and porous materials
2.4 EDL of soft particles, polyelectrolyte layers
2.5 Bio-specific non-equilibrium mechanism of EDL formation
2.6 EDL of mosaic charged interface
2.7 EDL and ionization in non-aqueous solutions
2.8 EDL induced by external electric field
2.9 EDL of bubbles in liquid
Chapter 3 – Electrophoresis
Introduction
3.1 Smoluchowski theory and principle of electrokinetic symmetry
3.2 O’Brien and White numerical theory
3.3 Ohshima, Healy and White analytical theory
3.4 Dukhin and Semenikhin analytical theory
3.4.1 Complex characterization of interfaces
3.5 Ohshima analytical theory for soft particles
3.6 Henry theory for conducting particles
3.7 Anderson, Velegol and co-workers, nonuniformly charged particles
3.8 Ohshima approximation for Henry function
3.9 Dukhin and Derjaguin, porous with unipolar conductivity, zeolites
3.10 Hückel theory for thick EDL
3.11 Electrophoretic theories for overlapped EDLs
Chapter 4 – Electroacoustics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The low frequency electroacoustic limit - Smoluchowski limit, (SDEL)
4.3 The O’Brien theory of ESA
4.4 Qualitative analysis of CVI
4.5 The CVI theory in concentrated systems with thin EDL
4.6 The CVI theory in concentrated systems with thick and overlapped EDLs
Chapter 5 – Streaming potential/current
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Streaming potential in DC mode
5.3 Streaming current in DC mode
5.4 Streaming current in AC mode
Chapter 6 – Other electrokinetic phenomena
Introduction
6.1 Electroosmosis
6.2 Diffusiophoresis
6.3 Electrodiffusiophoresis
6.4 Dielectrophoresis and Electrorotation
6.5 Electroviscous effects
Section II – Methods
Chapter 7 – Introduction to measurement methods
Introduction
7.1 Sample Preparation
7.1.1 Sampling and Sample Reduction
7.1.2 Minimum Sample Amount
7.1.3 Sample Dispersing
7.1.4 Sample Equilibrium Dilution
7.2 Quality of Measurement
7.3 Carbon Dioxide and Other Factors Affecting Measurement Result
7.4 Reference Materials for Zeta Potential Determination
7.4.1 NIST Electrophoretic Mobility Standard Reference Material
7.4.2 EC-JRC/NIST Zeta Potential Standard Reference Material
7.4.3 Reference Materials for Concentrated Samples
Chapter 8 – Electrophoretic mobility measurements
Introduction
8.1 Microelectrophoresis
8.1.1 Classical Microelectrophoresis Method
8.1.2 Microcapillary Electrophoresis (μCE) Method
8.1.3 Particle Tracking Analysis (PTA) Method
8.2 Coulter Principle
8.2.1 Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Method
8.2.2 Nano Coulter Counter Method
8.3 Electrophoretic Light Scattering
8.3.1 ELS Instrumentation
8.3.2 Data Analysis
8.3.3 Measurement Range and Data Quality
8.4 Data Presentation and Statistics
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Basic Statistical Parameters
8.4.3 Mean Values
Chapter 9 – Electroacoustic measurements
9.1 Design and functioning of Zeta Potential Probe
9.2 Energy loss approach and troubleshooting ZP Probe
9.3 Sample handling
9.4 Verification of electroacoustic method with equilibrium dilution
9.5 Precision of electroacoustic measurement
9.6 Accuracy of electroacoustic measurement
Chapter 10 – Streaming potential/current measurements
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Streaming potential in DC mode versus pressure gradient
10.3 Streaming current in DC mode versus height of the rectangular slit
10.4 Streaming current in AC mode for deposits and the method verification
10.5 Streaming potential at rotating disc
Chapter 11 – Methods based on conductivity measurement
11.1 Surface charge by potentiometric and conductometric titrations
11.2 Porosity measurement with high frequency conductivity probe
11.3 Debye length characterization by conductivity measurement
11.4 Dukhin number characterization by conductivity measurement
Chapter 12 – Electroosmosis measurements
12.1 Introduction
12.2 ELS-EOS using a closed capillary cell
12.3 ELS-EOS using a dip cell
12.4 Current–time measurement
12.5 Current-volume measurement
Section III – Applications
Chapter 13 – Introduction to applications
12.1 Aggregative stability
12.2 Titrations, general description
12.3 Quality control applications
12.4 Other applications
Chapter 14 – Titrations
Introduction
14.1 pH titration and isoelectric point
14.2 Surfactant titration and optimization surfactant dose
14.3 Salt titrations
14.4 Titration with nanoparticles
14.5 Polymer adsorption on particles
14.6 Kinetic studies and required equilibration time
14.7 Importance of mixing and agitation during titration
Chapter 15 – Zeta potential applications in electronic industry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Zeta potential affects material removal rate
15.3 Monitoring effect of additives and impurities
15.4 Ceria CMP slurry
15.5 Accuracy and precision of zeta potential measurement in CMP slurries
15.6 CMP slurry interaction with wafers
Chapter 16 – Zeta potential of cement slurry
Introduction
16.1 Study of superplasticizer adsorption by zeta potential measurement
16.2 Study of superplasticizer adsorption in presence of polymeric particles
16.3 Effect of ionic composition and weight fraction on cement zeta potential
16.4 Method description of characterizing cement slurry using CVI Zeta Probe
Chapter 17 – Zeta potential of membranes
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Zeta potential of membranes by streaming potential
17.3 Zeta potential of membranes by electroacoustics
Chapter 18 – Biological and biomedical applications
Introduction
18.1 Zeta potential of proteins and protein nanoparticles
18.2 Zeta potential of casein micelles
18.3 Zeta potential in liposome studies
18.4 Protein and its adsorption on surface
18.5 Studies of cell electrophoresis
Chapter 19 – Other applications of zeta potential measurement
Introduction
19.1 Zeta potential of inks by electrophoresis and electroacoustics
19.2 Zeta potential characterization of particles in structured dispersions, gels
19.3 Zeta potential in mineral studies
19.4 Wettability study with zeta potential measurement
19.5 Zeta potential in paper industry and cellulosic dispersions
19.6 Electroacoustic method of sedimentation characterization
19.7 Zeta potential of battery slurries
Appendix 1 – Brief history of Electrokinetics
Appendix 2 – Physical constants in Electrokinetics
Appendix 3 – Table of Symbols
Appendix 4 – Terms in Electrokinetics
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Volume: 39
- Published: June 25, 2025
- Language: English
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Andrei S. Dukhin
Andrei S. Dukhin is CEO and Co-Founder of Dispersion Technology, Inc., USA. He has been a leader in the development of a new technology for characterizing complex liquids that employs ultrasound for characterizing interfacial chemistry, particle size, and rheological properties of said systems. He has authored three books published by Elsevier, most recently Characterization of Liquids, Nano- and Microparticulates, and Porous Bodies using Ultrasound with Philip J. Goetz back in 2010. He holds 7 USA patents on electroacoustic methods of measuring zeta potential and has published more than 120 scientific papers. He established Dispersion Technology Inc, which installs more than 850 instruments for measuring zeta potential in 30 countries.
Affiliations and expertise
CEO, Dispersion Technology Inc., NY, USARX
Renliang Xu
Dr. Renliang Xu worked for three major particle characterization instrumentation companies in USA and UK, i.e., Malvern Instruments, Beckman-Coulter, and Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, in leading roles associated with zeta potential instrumentation. He has authored 3 professional books: one by Springer and two by Chemical Industry Press in Chinese, as well as five non-fiction books. He holds 3 USA patents on particle characterization and has published 70+ scientific papers.
Affiliations and expertise
Retired, Formerly Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, USARead Zeta Potential on ScienceDirect