Yoga for Cardiovascular Disease and Rehabilitation

Integrating Complementary Medicine into Cardiovascular Medicine

1st Edition - November 17, 2024
Author: Indranill Basu Ray
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 6 4 5 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 6 4 6 - 4

Yoga in Cardiovascular Disease and Rehabilitation: Integrating Complementary Medicine into Cardiovascular Medicine highlights recent research, clinical trials and experimen… Read more

Yoga for Cardiovascular Disease and Rehabilitation

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Yoga in Cardiovascular Disease and Rehabilitation: Integrating Complementary Medicine into Cardiovascular Medicine highlights recent research, clinical trials and experiments on yoga and meditation as a preventative measure against various major cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and metabolic syndromes.

Chapters discuss yoga's role in ameliorating cardiac dysfunction and current knowledge on the effects of yoga on the brain, emotion, and other factors that initiate and perpetuate vascular inflammation. Cellular, genetic, and molecular effects of yoga based on experimental evidence are also covered in detail, providing readers with the latest research on the effects of yoga and meditation in heart diseases.

This book also explores current knowledge gaps in yoga research to facilitate further research and is a comprehensive reference to scientists and clinicians interested in yoga's health effects, including preventing and treating diseases.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedications
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
Section I. Epidemiology and pathophysiological mechanisms
Chapter 1. Introduction to heart disease
Introduction
Anatomy of the human heart
Cardiac embryology
Cardiac physiology
Cardiac cycle
Electrical activity
Frank–Starling law
Laplace's law
Cardiovascular disorders
Ischemic heart disease
Arrhythmias
Bradyarrhythmias
Tachyarrhythmias
Atrial fibrillation
Heart failure
Valvular heart disease
Congenital heart disease
Pericardial diseases
Hypertension
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Guidelines on prevention and therapy
Future recommendations
Chapter 2. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and yoga as an adjunctive preventative and therapeutic entity
Introduction
Epidemiology of CVDs
Causes of cardiovascular death
CVD continuum across lifespan
Public health approaches in managing CVD epidemic
Yoga as an adjunct tool in the management of CVDs
Primary prevention of CVDs through yoga
Secondary prevention of CVDs through yoga
Future recommendations
Chapter 3. Mechanism of yoga in cardiovascular diseases
Introduction
Role of yoga for specific cardiac conditions
Ischemic heart disease
Hypertension
Heart failure
Arrhythmias
Metabolic syndrome
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Guidelines on prevention and therapy
Chapter 4. Effect of yoga on genes
Introduction
Key regulators of inflammatory pathways: Neuroendocrine mechanism
Comprehending conserved transcriptional response to adversity during stress
Cellular metabolism with yoga: A mediator to a healthy life
Potential pathways connecting yoga: Inflammatory biology
Conclusion
Chapter 5. Cardiovascular epidemiology and need for integrative medicine to fill the gap
Introduction
Epidemiology
Historical development
Recent advances
Geographic epidemiology
Risk factors
Survey methods
Transformational directions
Yoga as a solution to multiple epidemiological risk factors
Clinical implications in the field of cardiology
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Neurobiology of yoga
Introduction
Possible neurobiological mechanisms
Systematic studies in yoga with neurobiological measures (Figs. 6.1–6.4)
Modern neurophysiological research tools used in studying the effects of yoga
Effects of yoga assessed using ECG and heart rate variability (Fig. 6.2)
Effects of yoga assessed using EEG and evoked potentials (Fig. 6.3)
The effects of yoga on neuroplasticity
Yoga and imaging studies (Fig. 6.4)
Structural/morphological neuroimaging studies on yoga
Functional neuroimaging studies on yoga
Effects of yoga on neural activation
Effects of yoga on brain metabolites and neurotransmitters
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Yoga and stress (Figs. 6.2 and 6.4)
Conclusions and future directions
Section II. Yoga for coronary artery diseases
Chapter 7. Yoga for primary prevention of coronary heart disease
Introduction
Epidemiology
Role of yoga and meditation
Hypertension
Diabetes
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
Smoking cessation
Psychosocial stress
Dyslipidemia
Inflammation, oxidative stress, and procoagulant status
Role of yoga in management of CVD risk score
Possible mechanism of action of yoga in CHD
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Guidelines on prevention and therapy
Chapter 8. Yoga for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease
Introduction
CAD—What does it mean and how common is it?
Common risk factors and secondary prevention therapies—An overview
Yoga—What does it mean?
Early studies evaluating the effects of yoga on the cardiovascular system
Nonrandomized studies to evaluate the effect of yoga on secondary prevention of CAD
Randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effect of yoga on secondary prevention of CAD
Meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of yoga on secondary prevention of CAD
Conclusion
Our take on yoga in secondary prevention of CAD
Further research
Section III. Yoga for hypertension
Chapter 9. The role of yoga in the management of essential hypertension
Introduction
Definitions
Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Complications
Epidemiology
Management of hypertension
Nonpharmacologic therapy
Pharmacologic therapy
Yoga as antihypertensive therapy
Ethical life choices and personal observances
Postures
Regulated breathing
Withdrawal of the senses, concentration of the mind, meditation, and enlightenment
Clinical evidence
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Randomized controlled trials
Nonrandomized, single-arm, prospective trials
Cross-sectional study
Evidence against yoga as antihypertensive therapy
Implications for clinical practice
Chapter 10. Yoga and cardiovascular disease prevention in African American and Hispanic populations
Introduction
Yoga and the African American and Hispanic communities
Search strategy and selection criteria
Overview of the most relevant publications
Limitations of yoga trials and cardiovascular disease in African American and Hispanic study participants
Conclusion
Section IV. Yoga for metabolic diseases
Chapter 11. Yoga in prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Introduction
Epidemiology of prediabetes
Assessing risk of diabetes
Is T2DM preventable
T2DM prevention: Mechanisms involved
Prevention of T2DM: Modalities
Lifestyle interventions in diabetes
Nutritional interventions
Physical activity
Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health physical activity recommendations
Pharmacological interventions
Role of yoga and meditation practices in the management of T2DM risk factors
Research in yoga and role in T2DM prevention
ADA guidelines for diabetes prevention
Lifestyle behavior change for diabetes prevention: Recommendations
Pharmacologic intervention recommendations
Prevention of vascular disease and mortality recommendations
Yoga recommendations
Discussion
Chapter 12. Scoping review of yoga as treatment for type 2 DM
Introduction
Pathogenesis of diabetes
Diagnostic tests for T2DM
Complications of T2DM
Management of T2DM
Pharmacological treatment of T2DM
Epidemiology
China diabetes report 2020–4542
Role of yoga and meditation in DM type 2
Perceptions of yoga as a mind–body wellness tool are generally positive
Methods
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Results
Summary of level I evidence of yoga for T2DM
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Guidelines on therapy
Precautions and contraindications
Limitations and future recommendations
Chapter 13. Yoga-based lifestyle as a tool to prevent and manage complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Current evidences
Introduction
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Cardiovascular disease
Diagnosis of complications
Yoga-based lifestyle
Role of yoga in diabetes and its associated complications: Current evidence
Mechanism of action of yoga
Tentative yoga-based lifestyle regimen for prevention of complications of T2DM
Future recommendation
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Yoga in obesity
Introduction
Epidemiology
Management of obesity for CVD risk reduction
Yoga: Mechanism and clinical benefits
Clinical evidence
Systematic review and meta-analyses
Randomized controlled trials
Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Nonrandomized, single-arm, prospective, pilot
Secondary prevention CAD
Primary prevention
Cross-sectional study
Miscellaneous benefits noted across studies in obese individuals
Discussion
Implications for clinical practice
Implications for future research
Chapter 15. Effects of yoga on metabolic syndrome
Introduction
History of the metabolic syndrome
Standard definition of metabolic syndrome
Etiology
Prevalence
Race/ethnic-specific prevalence
Gender-specific prevalence
Age-specific prevalence
Geographical regions- specific prevalence
Role of yoga on metabolic risk factors
Systematic review and meta-analysis on yoga and metabolic syndrome
Randomized controlled trials on metabolic risk factors and yoga
Large multisite randomized controlled trial on yoga for metabolic biomarkers
Quasi-experimental study on metabolic syndrome
Case-control study on biological parameters of MetS and yoga
Other studies on metabolic disorders
Yogic approach to the prevention and management of better metabolic health
Cultivation of right attitudes
Yogic diet
Yama and niyama
Kriyas to cleanse the toxins
Surya Namaskara
Asana
Pranayama
Bandhas and mudra
Dharana and dhyana
Conclusion
Section V. Yoga for arrhythmia and heart failure
Chapter 16. Yoga in the treatment of heart failure: A systemic review of all clinical trials
Introduction
Epidemiology
Role of yoga in management of HF
Yoga: Mechanism and clinical benefits in CHF
Clinical evidence
Future studies, outcomes awaited
Discussion
Implications for clinical practice
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Yoga and cardiac autonomic nervous system
Introduction
Cardiac autonomic nervous system
Cardiac neuroanatomy
Yoga and HRV
Pranayama
Yoga and syncope
Yoga and ventricular arrhythmias
Future recommendations
Conclusion
Chapter 18. Yoga and atrial fibrillation
Introduction
Epidemiology
AF epidemiology
AF pathogenesis
Role of ANS in AF
Obstructive sleep apnea
Diabetes
Alcohol
Smoking
Exercise and physical inactivity
Yoga in AF
Clinical evidence and future directions
Conclusion
Section VI. Yoga for stroke and dementia
Chapter 19. Role of yoga in stroke: Prevention, management, and rehabilitation
Introduction
Epidemiology of stroke
Economic burden of stroke
Etiology of stroke: risk factors
Management of stroke
Poststroke complications
Poststroke spasticity
Motor weakness
Balancing
Gait
Cognitive and behavorial
Yoga in the context of stroke
Yoga: possible mechanisms
Yoga in stroke rehabilitation: evidence
Psychological well-being after stroke
Quality of life
Balancing
Gait
Motor weakness and stiffness
Yoga in prevention of stroke: addressing vascular risk factors
Barriers to the practice of yoga
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Guidelines
Recommendations
Chapter 20. Role of yoga in vascular dementia and other dementia conditions of the elderly
Introduction
Basic mechanisms by which yoga causes changes in mental health
Effect of yoga on oxidative stress
Effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Effect on angiogenin and VEGF
Effect of yoga on cytokines
Effect of yoga on neuro-transmitters
Effect on hormones (melatonin, cortisol, and beta-endorphin)
Effects at genetic level
At autonomic function level
Effect on brain oxygenation
Effect on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
Investigative tools measuring changes in brain related to cognition and impact of yoga on them
Electroencephalogram
Electrophysiology: P300 evoked potentials
Magnetic resonance imaging
PET and SPECT
Clinical evidence studying the impact of yoga on cognition in different categories of people
Impact of yoga on cognition in normal healthy individuals
Yoga to prevent the development of dementia
Impact of yoga on those with risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (which is the cause of vascular dementia)
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Guidelines on prevention and therapy
Section VII. Yoga for miscellaneous cardiovascular risks
Chapter 21. Chronic inflammatory arthritis, cardiovascular risk and potential role of yoga-based lifestyle intervention
Introduction
Clinical characteristics
CIA and cardiovascular disease connection
Etiological factors responsible for increased CV risk in CIA and pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Specific factors
Diagnosis
Standard treatment
Prognosis
Yoga and CIA
Epidemiology of CVD in CIA
Role of yoga in CVD risk in CIA
Conclusion
Clinical guidance
Future recommendation
Chapter 22. Yoga for depression as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Introduction
Risk factors for depression in CVD
Course of depression in CVD
Depression and cardiac outcomes
Mechanisms linking depression and cardiac disease
Yoga and how it works
Effects on neurochemistry
Effects on inflammatory pathways
Effects on oxidative stress markers
Effects on neurophysiology
Effects on brain structure and function
Evidence for yoga in depression and cardiovascular disease
Yoga for depression
Yoga for cardiovascular disease
Conclusion
Guidelines for Yoga Therapy
Scope for future research
Chapter 23. Addressing cardiovascular disease risk through yoga: a focus on anxiety and psychosomatic stress reduction
Introduction
Stress and cardiovascular diseases
Anxiety and cardiovascular diseases
Yoga as a buffer for stress and anxiety
Role of yoga in reducing stress, anxiety, and risk of cardiovascular diseases
Review of meta-analysis and systematic review
Yoga, stress, and post traumatic stress disorder
Yoga, anxiety, and anxiety disorders
Randomized controlled trials: Stress/anxiety and cardiovascular disorders
Single-arm prepost design
Conclusion
Clinical insights: Tentative yoga module for comorbid anxiety/stress and cardiovascular diseases
Guidelines on prevention and therapy
Future recommendations
Section VIII. Yogic diet-based therapy
Chapter 24. Diet therapy and lifestyle based on yoga for diabetes mellitus
Introduction
Epidemiology of diabetes and lifestyle disorders
Research on the role of yoga in diabetes mellitus
Dietary approaches in yoga
Apathya Ahara (contraindicated food items) for diabetes are
Yogic diet and lifestyle protocols for diabetes
Pathya (allowed food items) Ahara for diabetics
Recommended Pathya Ahara for diabetics
Role of fruits, vegetables, spices, and seeds in diabetes
Conventional approach to diet therapy based on yoga and ayurveda
Other lifestyle-related issues to consider
Pathya Vihara for diabetics in ayurveda/yoga schools
Contemporary scientific supporting data
Need of awareness of yoga as well as traditional, thought process in managing health
Yoga and behavioral aspects of eating
Yoga and eating disorders
Conclusion
Chapter 25. Diet therapy for dyslipidemia: A review of clinical trials
Introduction
Epidemiology
India and South Asia
Management of dyslipidemia for CVD risk prevention
Clinical evidence
Systematic review and meta-analysis
Other nutrients
Randomized controlled/crossover trials
Fruits, vegetables, and plant-based diets
Functional foods
Case–control or cohort study
Dietary pattern and dietary habits
Cross-sectional study
Discussion
Therapeutic lifestyle changes in LDL-lowering therapy
Implications for clinical practice
Implications for future research
Chapter 26. Plant-based diet and cardiovascular health
Introduction
Definition of plant-based diets
Potential mechanisms
Macronutrient components of diet and cardiovascular disease
Dietary fats
Dietary carbohydrates
Dietary proteins
Dietary patterns
Plant based diets: Cardiovascular risk factors
Hypertension
Diabetes
Obesity
Blood lipids
Gut microbiome
Inflammatory markers
Endothelial function
Plant-based diets: Ischemic heart disease
Plant-based diets: Heart failure
Plant-based diets: Stroke
Plant-based diets: Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality
Healthy vs. unhealthy plant-based diet
Conclusion
Section IX. Yoga for cardiovascular rehabilitation
Chapter 27. Cardiac rehabilitation and yoga
Introduction
Cardiac rehabilitation
Phases of cardiac rehabilitation
Epidemiology
Outcomes of cardiac rehabilitation
Assessment of use of cardiac rehabilitation guidelines
Global use of cardiac rehabilitation
Yoga and cardiac rehabilitation research
Yoga-CaRe trials
Other trials including yoga with cardiac rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation with yoga—effects on quality of life
Cardiac rehabilitation and yoga—neuroendocrine effects
Cardiac rehabilitation and yoga—acceptability
Review of cardiac rehabilitation and yoga
Components of yoga-based cardiac rehabilitation
Conclusion
Chapter 28. Role of yoga in postcardiac surgery rehabilitation
Introduction
What is cardiac rehabilitation (CR)
Epidemiology
The number-1 killer in the modern era
Modern reductionist approach in medicine: Historical perspective
Why the world needs a newer holistic approach
Inflammatory basis of CVD: Possible role of yoga including meditation
An alternative holistic approach—Yoga, including meditation
Recommended yoga based post cardiac surgery protocol
Conclusion: Lessons drawn
Chapter 29. The role of yoga in palliative care settings
Introduction
Definition and epidemiology
Reasons for adopting complementary therapies
Efficacy of complementary therapies in palliative care
Rationale for adopting yoga as a therapy in palliative care
Yoga in pain management
Yoga to treat fatigue
Yoga in cardiovascular disease
Yoga in pulmonary health
Yoga to relieve stress, anxiety, depression, and improve well-being
Current role of yoga in palliative care settings
Future directions
Conclusions
Clinical guidance
Section X. Yoga for special populations
Chapter 30. Yoga for addiction management
Introduction
History and science of the drug addiction cycle
Epidemiology
Role of yoga in addiction
Mechanism of addiction and role of yoga at the neurophysiological level
Yoga and the nervous system
Yoga and nicotine-use disorders
Yoga and alcohol-use disorders
Yoga and opioids-use disorders
Yoga and cocaine-use disorders
Conclusion
Chapter 31. Role of yoga in cardiovascular disease prevention in the Indian population
Introduction
Burden of CVD and its risk factors in India
Smoking
Dietary habits
Physical activity
Hypertension
Diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Obesity
Cardiovascular disease prevention
Physiological effects of yoga
Clinical evidence
Nonrandomized controlled trials
The single-group studies
The one-time studies
Randomized controlled trials
Yoga in primary prevention
Yoga in secondary prevention
Reduction in MACE
Discussion
Conclusion
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Yoga for Cardiovascular Disease and Rehabilitation

Integrating Complementary Medicine into Cardiovascular Medicine

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Indranill Basu Ray

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