Working Guide to Reservoir Engineering

1 Basic Principles, Definitions, and Data1.1 Reservoir Fluids1.1.1 Oil and Gas1.1.2 Water1.1.3 Fluid Viscosities1.1.4 Formation Volume Factors1.1.5 Fluid Compressibilities1.1.6 Estimation of Fluid Properties with Programmable Calculators and Personal Computers1.2 Properties of Fluid-Containing Rocks1.2.1 Porosity1.2.2 Pore Volume1.2.3 Permeability1.2.4 Absolute Permeability1.2.5 Darcy Equation1.2.6 Capacity1.2.7 Transmissibility1.2.8 Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity1.2.9 Formation Resistivity Factor1.2.10 Rock Compressibility1.3 Properties of Rocks Containing Multiple Fluids1.3.1 Total Reservoir Compressibility1.3.2 Resistivity Index1.3.3 Surface and Interfacial Tensions1.3.4 Wettability and Contact Angle1.3.5 Capillary Pressure1.3.6 Effective Permeability1.3.7 Relative Permeability1.3.8 Effect of Wettability on Fluid-Rock PropertiesReferences2 Formation Evaluation2.1 Coring and Core Analysis2.1.1 Coring2.1.2 Core Preservation2.1.3 Core Preparation2.1.4 Core Analysis2.2 Drill Stem Tests2.3 Logging2.3.1 Introduction2.3.2 Parameters that Can Be Calculated or Estimated from Logs2.3.3 Influences on Logs2.3.4 Openhole Logs and Interpretation2.3.5 Special Openhole Logs and Services2.4 Determination of Initial Oil & Gas in Place2.4.1 Initial Oil in Place2.4.2 Initial Gas in Place2.4.3 Free Gas in Place 2.5 Productivity IndexReferences3 Mechanisms & Recovery of Hydrocarbons by Natural Means3.1 Petroleum Reservoir Definitions [9]3.2 Natural Gas Reservoirs [9]3.3 Primary Recovery of Crude Oil3.3.1 Statistical Analysis of Primary Oil Recovery3.3.2 Empirical Estimates of Primary Oil Recovery3.4 Primary Recovery Factors in Solution-Gas-Drive ReservoirsReferences4 Fluid Movement in Waterflooded Reservoirs4.1 Displacement Mechanisms4.1.1 Buckley–Leverett Frontal Advance4.1.2 Welge Graphical Technique4.2 Viscous Fingering4.3 Mobility and Mobility Ratio4.4 Recovery Efficiency4.5 Displacement Sweep Efficiency (ED)4.6 Volumetric Sweep Efficiency (EV)4.7 Areal or Pattern Sweep Efficiency (EP)4.8 Vertical or Invasion Sweep Efficiency (EI) 4.9 Permeability Variation4.9.1 Lorenz Coefficient4.9.2 Dykstra–Parsons Coefficient of Permeability Variation4.9.3 Crossflow4.9.4 Estimates of Volumetric Sweep Efficiency4.10 Estimation of Waterflood Recovery by Material Balance4.11 Prediction Methods4.12 Performance Evaluation4.13 Injectivity and Injectivity Index4.13.1 Injectivities for Various Flood Patterns4.13.2 Monitoring Injectivity4.13.3 Production Curves4.13.4 Waterflood ParametersReferences5 Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods5.1 Definition5.2 Chemical Flooding5.2.1 Polymer-Augmented Waterflooding5.2.2 Variations in the Use of Polymers5.2.3 Surfactant and Alkaline Flooding5.3 Gas Injection Methods5.3.1 Hydrocarbon Miscible Flooding5.3.2 Nitrogen and Flue Gas Flooding5.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Flooding5.4 Thermal Recovery5.4.1 In-Situ Combustion5.4.2 Steam Flooding5.5 Technical Screening Guides5.5.1 Hydrocarbon Miscible Flooding [12]5.5.2 Nitrogen and Flue Gas Flooding [12]5.5.3 Carbon Dioxide Flooding [12]5.5.4 Surfactant/Polymer Flooding5.5.5 Polymer Flooding [12]5.5.6 Alkaline Flooding [12]5.5.7 In-Situ Combustion [12]5.5.8 Steamflooding [12]5.5.9 Criteria for Gas Injection5.5.10 Criteria for Chemical Methods5.5.11 Criteria for Thermal Methods5.5.12 Graphical Representation of Screening Guides5.6 Laboratory Design for Enhanced Recovery5.6.1 Preliminary Tests5.6.2 Polymer Testing5.6.3 Surfactant and Alkali Testing5.6.4 CO2 Flooding5.6.5 Thermal RecoveryReferencesIndex