Working Guide to Drilling Equipment and Operations

Chapter 1 Drilling Muds and Completion Systems 1.1 Functions of Drilling Muds 1.1.1 Drilling Fluid Definitions and General Functions 1.1.2 Cool and Lubricate the Bit and Drill String 1.1.3 Clean the Bit and the Bottom of the Hole 1.1.4 Suspend Solids and Transport Cuttings and Sloughings to the Surface 1.1.5 Stabilize the Wellbore and Control Subsurface Pressures 1.1.6 Assist in the Gathering of Subsurface Geological Data and Formation Evaluation 1.1.7 Other Functions 1.2 Classifications 1.2.1 Freshwater Muds—Dispersed Systems 1.2.2 Inhibited Muds—Dispersed Systems 1.2.3 Low Solids Muds—Nondispersed Systems 1.2.4 Nonaqueous Fluids 1.3 Testing of Drilling Systems 1.3.1 Water-Base Muds Testing 1.3.2 Oil-Base and Synthetic-Base Muds (Nonaqueous Fluids Testing) 1.3.3 Specialized Tests 1.3.4 Specialized Filtration Testing 1.3.5 Shale Characterization Testing 1.3.6 Drilling Fluid Additives 1.3.7 Clay Chemistry 1.3.8 Water-Base Muds 1.3.9 Special Muds 1.3.10 Environmental Aspects of Drilling Fluids 1.4 Completion and Workover Fluids 1.4.1 Solids-Free Fluids 1.4.2 Single-Salt Brines 1.4.3 Two-Salt Brines 1.4.4 Three-Salt Brines 1.4.5 Classification of Heavy Brines 1.5 Safety Aspects of Handling Brines 1.5.1 Potassium Chloride 1.5.2 Sodium Chloride 1.5.3 Calcium Chloride 1.5.4 Calcium Bromide 1.5.5 Zinc Bromide 1.6 Preventing Contamination 1.6.1 Brine Filtration 1.6.2 Cartridge Filters 1.6.3 Tubular FiltersChapter 2 Drill String: Composition and Design 2.1 Drill Collar 2.1.1 Selecting Drill Collar Size 2.1.2 Length of Drill Collars 2.1.3 Drill Collar Connections 2.1.4 Recommended Makeup Torque for Drill Collars 2.1.5 Drill Collar Buckling 2.1.6 Rig Maintenance of Drill Collars 2.2 Drill Pipe 2.2.1 Classification of Drill Pipe 2.2.2 Load Capacity of Drill Pipe 2.2.3 Tool Joints 2.2.4 Makeup Torque 2.2.5 Heavy-Weight Drill Pipe 2.2.6 Fatigue Damage to Drill Pipe 2.3 Drill String Inspection Procedure 2.3.1 Drill String DesignChapter 3 Air and Gas Drilling 3.1 Bottomhole Pressure 3.2 Minimum Volumetric Flow Rate 3.3 Drill Bit Orifices or Nozzles 3.4 Injection Pressure 3.5 Water Injection 3.6 Saturation of Gas 3.7 Eliminate Stickiness 3.8 Suppression of Hydrocarbon Combustion 3.9 Aerated Drilling (Gasified Fluid Drilling) 3.9.1 Minimum Volumetric Flow Rate 3.9.2 Bottomhole Pressure 3.9.3 Drill Bit Orifices and Nozzles 3.9.4 Injection Pressure 3.10 Stable Foam Drilling 3.10.1 Foam Models 3.10.2 Bottomhole Pressure 3.10.3 Minimum Volumetric Flow Rate 3.10.4 Drill Bit Orifices and Nozzles 3.10.5 Injection Pressure 3.11 Completions Operations 3.11.1 Sloughing Shales 3.11.2 Casing and Cementing 3.11.3 Drilling with Casing 3.12 Compressor and Inert Air Generator Units 3.12.1 Compressor Units 3.12.2 Allowable Oxygen Content 3.12.3 Inert Air Generator Units 3.12.4 Liquid Nitrogen 3.13 Highly Deviated Well Drilling and Completions 3.13.1 Drilling Operations 3.13.2 Completions Operations 3.14 Downhole Motors 3.14.1 Background 3.14.2 Turbine Motors 3.14.3 Positive Displacement Motor 3.14.4 Down the Hole Air Hammers 3.14.5 Special ApplicationsChapter 4 Directional Drilling 4.1 Glossary of Terms used in Directional Drilling 4.2 Dogleg Severity (Hole Curvature) Calculations 4.2.1 Tangential Method 4.2.2 Radius of Curvature Method 4.2.3 Deflection Tool Orientation 4.2.4 Vectorial Method of D. Ragland 4.2.5 Three-Dimensional Deflecting ModelChapter 5 Selection of Drilling Practices 5.1 Health, Safety and Environment 5.1.1 Health 5.1.2 Safety 5.1.3 Environment 5.2 Production Capacity 5.3 Well Planning and Implementation 5.3.1 Optimum Well Planning 5.4 Drilling Implementation 5.4.1 Rate of Penetration 5.4.2 Special Well Types 5.4.3 Real Time Optimization Practices 5.4.4 Drill-off Tests 5.4.5 Downhole Vibration 5.4.6 Trendology 5.5 Post-Run EvaluationChapter 6 Well Pressure Control 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Surface Equipment 6.3 When and How to Close the Well 6.4 Gas-Cut Mud 6.5 The Closed Well 6.6 Kick Control Procedures 6.6.1 Driller’s Method 6.6.2 Engineer’s Method 6.6.3 Volumetric Method 6.7 Maximum Casing Pressure 6.8 Maximum Borehole PressureChapter 7 Fishing Operations and Equipment 7.1 Causes and Prevention 7.2 Pipe Recovery and Free Point 7.3 Parting the Pipe 7.3.1 Chemical Cut 7.3.2 Jet Cutter 7.3.3 Internal Mechanical Cutter 7.3.4 Outside Mechanical Cutter 7.3.5 Multi-String Cutter 7.3.6 Severing Tool 7.3.7 Washover Back-off Safety Joint/Washover Procedures 7.4 Jars, Bumper Subs and Intensifiers 7.4.1 Drill Collars in a Jarring Assembly 7.4.2 Fluid Accelerator or Intensifier 7.5 Attachment Devices 7.5.1 Cutlip Screw-in Sub 7.5.2 Skirted Screw-in Assembly 7.5.3 External Engaging Devices 7.5.4 Series 150 Releasing and Circulating Overshot 7.5.5 High-Pressure Pack-Off 7.5.6 Oversize Cutlip Guide 7.5.7 Wallhook Guide 7.5.8 Hollow Mill Container and Hollow Mill 7.5.9 Bowen Series 70 Short Catch Overshot 7.5.10 Internal Engaging Devices 7.5.11 Box Taps and Taper Taps 7.6 Fishing for Junk 7.6.1 Poor Boy Junk Basket 7.6.2 Boot Basket 7.6.3 Core Type Junk Basket 7.6.4 Jet Powered Junk Baskets and Reverse Circulating Junk Baskets 7.6.5 Hydrostatic Junk Baskets 7.6.6 Milling Tools 7.6.7 Mill Designs 7.6.8 Impression Block 7.6.9 Fishing Magnets 7.6.10 Junk Shot 7.7 Abandonment 7.8 Wirelines 7.8.1 Wireline Construction 7.8.2 Electrical Conductors 7.8.3 Simple Armored Wirelines 7.8.4 Armored Wirelines with Electrical Conductors 7.8.5 Wireline Operating and Breaking Strengths 7.8.6 Wireline StretchingChapter 8 Casing and Casing String Design 8.1 Types of Casing 8.2 Casing Data 8.2.1 Process of Manufacture 8.2.2 Material Requirements (Section 7, API Specification 5CT) 8.2.3 Dimensions, masses, tolerances (section 8, API Specification 5CT) 8.2.4 Elements of Threads 8.2.5 Extreme-Line Casing (Integral Connection) 8.2.6 Thread Protectors 8.2.7 Joint Strength (Section 9 of API 5C3) 8.3 Combination Casing Strings 8.3.1 Design Consideration 8.3.2 Surface and Intermediate Strings 8.3.3 Production String 8.3.4 Tension Load 8.3.5 Compression Load 8.4 Running and Pulling Casing 8.4.1 Preparation and Inspection Before Running 8.4.2 Drifting of Casing 8.4.3 Stabbing, Making Up, and Lowering 8.4.4 Field Makeup 8.4.5 Casing Landing Procedure 8.4.6 Care of Casing in Hole 8.4.7 Recovery of Casing 8.4.8 Causes of Casing TroublesChapter 9 Well Cementing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Chemistry of Cements 9.3 Cementing Principles 9.4 Standardization and Properties of Cements 9.5 Properties of Cement Slurry and Set Cement 9.5.1 Specific Weight 9.5.2 Thickening Time 9.5.3 Strength of Set Cement 9.6 Cement Additives 9.6.1 Specific Weight Control 9.6.2 Thickening Setting Time Control 9.6.3 Filtration Control 9.6.4 Viscosity Control 9.6.5 Special Problems Control 9.7 Primary Cementing 9.7.1 Normal Single-Stage Casing Cementing 9.7.2 Large-Diameter Casing Cementing 9.7.3 Multistage Casing Cementing 9.7.4 Liner Cementing 9.8 Secondary Cementing 9.8.1 Squeeze CementingChapter 10 Tubing and Tubing String Design 10.1 API Physical Property Specifications 10.1.1 Dimensions,Weights and Lengths 10.1.2 Performance Properties 10.2 Running and Pulling Tubing 10.3 Preparation and Inspection before Running 10.3.1 Stabbing, Making Up and Lowering 10.3.2 Field Makeup 10.3.3 Pulling Tubing 10.3.4 Causes of Tubing Trouble 10.3.5 Selection of Wall Thickness and Steel Grade of Tubing 10.3.6 Tubing Elongation/Contraction Due to the Effect of Changes in Pressure and Temperature 10.3.7 Packer-To-Tubing Force 10.3.8 Permanent Corkscrewing 10.4 Packers 10.4.1 Protecting the Casing 10.4.2 Safety 10.4.3 Energy Conservation 10.4.4 Improve Productivity 10.4.5 Piston Effect 10.4.6 Buckling Effect 10.4.7 Ballooning Effect 10.4.8 Temperature Effect 10.4.9 Total Effect 10.4.10 Coiled TubingChapter 11 Environmental Considerations for Drilling Operations 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Well Site 11.3 Environmental Regulations 11.4 Site Assessment and Construction 11.4.1 Access and Pad 11.4.2 Rig Considerations 11.4.3 Drilling Fluid Considerations 11.4.4 Periodic Operations 11.4.5 Completions 11.4.6 Pad Construction 11.5 Environmental Concerns While in Operation 11.5.1 Drilling 11.5.2 Rig Practice 11.5.3 Completions 11.5.4 Reclamation of the Drill Site 11.5.5 Reserve Pit Closure 11.5.6 Evaporation 11.5.7 Fixation of Reserve Pit Water and Solids 11.5.8 Final ClosureIndex