White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology
Principles and Interpretation
- 9th Edition - November 20, 2024
- Imprint: Mosby
- Editors: Ernest Lam, Sanjay Mallya
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 1 8 7 1 - 5
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 1 8 7 2 - 2
Written specifically for dentists, White and Pharoah’s Oral Radiology, 9th Edition features more than 1,500 high-quality radiographic images and illustrations to demonstrate t… Read more
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Request a sales quoteWritten specifically for dentists, White and Pharoah’s Oral Radiology, 9th Edition features more than 1,500 high-quality radiographic images and illustrations to demonstrate the foundational principles, core concepts, and techniques of oral and maxillofacial radiology. This bestselling book delivers state-of-the-art information about oral and maxillofacial radiology principles and techniques, and image interpretation. You will gain a solid foundation in radiation physics, radiation biology, and radiation safety and protection before learning the imaging techniques used in dentistry, including specialized techniques such as MRI and CT. You’ll also learn how to recognize the key radiographic features of pathologic conditions and interpret radiographs accurately. This edition includes new chapters on Computed Tomography, MRI, Nuclear Medicine, and Ultrasound Imaging, as well as the latest information on quality assurance standards, 3D printing, computer aided treatments, and AI in oral and maxillofacial imaging.
- NEW! Enhanced, up-to-date content covers quality assurance standards, 3D printing, computer aided treatments, and AI in oral and maxillofacial imaging
- NEW! Enhanced ebook version, included with every new print purchase, features videos and review questions, plus access to all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud
- NEW! Chapters address Computed Tomography, MRI, Nuclear Medicine, and Ultrasound Imaging
- NEW! Streamlined coverage highlights the most relevant material for clinical practice.
- NEW! Convenient online quality assurance checklists
- Extensive coverage of all aspects of oral and maxillofacial radiology, including the entire predoctoral curriculum and new developments in the field
- More than 1,500 high-quality radiologic images, full-color photos, and illustrations clearly demonstrate core concepts and reinforce the essential principles and techniques of oral and maxillofacial radiology
- Easy-to-follow format systemically presents the key radiographic features of each pathologic condition, including location, periphery, shape, internal structure, and effects on surrounding structures — placed in context with clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management
- Expert authorship includes leaders and experts in the field
- Case studies highlight how imaging concepts apply to clinical scenarios
Dental students
- White and Pharoah’s Oral Radiology : Principles and Interpretation
- Cover image
- Title page
- Disclaimer
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- List of Illustrations
- List of Tables
- PART I. Foundations
- 1. Physics
- Composition of matter
- Atomic structure
- Ionization
- Nature of radiation
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Particulate radiation
- X-ray machine
- X-ray tube
- Power supply
- X-ray tube controls
- Tube rating and duty cycle
- Production of x-rays
- Bremsstrahlung radiation
- Characteristic radiation
- Factors controlling the x-ray beam
- Exposure time (s)
- Milliamperage setting (ma, tube current)
- Tube voltage peak (kVp)
- Filtration
- Collimation
- Inverse square law
- Interactions of x-rays with matter
- Photoelectric absorption
- Compton scatter
- Coherent scatter
- Beam attenuation
- Dosimetry
- Exposure
- Air kerma
- Absorbed dose
- Equivalent (radiation-weighted) dose
- Effective dose
- Radioactivity
- Bibliography
- 2. Biologic effects of ionizing radiation
- Chemical, molecular, and cellular consequences of radiation absorption
- Direct actions
- Indirect actions
- Deoxyribonucleic acid and chromosomal damage and damage response
- Cell killing
- Biologic manifestations of ionizing radiation damage
- Stochastic effects
- Tissue reactions (deterministic effects)
- Radiotherapy involving the oral cavity
- Oral mucosa
- Taste buds
- Salivary glands
- Radiation caries
- Teeth
- Bone
- Musculature
- Bibliography
- 3. Safety and protection
- Sources of radiation exposure
- Background radiation
- Medical exposure
- Consumer products
- Other sources
- Dentomaxillofacial radiology: Risk and doses
- Estimating cancer risk from diagnostic dentomaxillofacial radiology
- Patient doses from diagnostic dentomaxillofacial radiology
- Communicating radiation risks to patients
- Implementing radiation protection
- Regulatory agencies and bodies
- Guiding principles
- Patient protection
- Personnel protection
- Considerations for the pregnant patient/personnel
- Dose limits
- Quality assurance
- Continuing education
- Reference
- Bibliography
- PART II. Imaging
- 4. Image receptors
- Analog versus digital
- Digital image receptors
- Solid-state detectors
- Charge-coupled device
- Complementary metal oxide semiconductors
- Flat-panel detectors
- Direct photon counting detectors
- Photostimulable phosphor
- Photostimulable phosphor scanners
- Digital detector characteristics
- Contrast resolution
- Spatial resolution
- Detector latitude
- Detector sensitivity
- Digital image viewing
- Electronic displays
- Display considerations
- Hard copies
- Film printers
- Paper printers
- Image processing
- Image restoration
- Image enhancement
- Brightness and contrast
- Sharpening and smoothing
- Color
- Digital subtraction radiography
- Image analysis
- Measurement
- Diagnosis
- Image storage
- Image compression
- Systems compatibility
- Clinical considerations
- Film-based radiographic imaging
- X-ray film
- Composition
- Intraoral x-ray film
- Screen film
- Intensifying screens
- Function
- Composition
- Formation of the latent image
- Processing solutions
- Developing solution
- Developer replenisher
- Rinsing
- Fixing solution
- Washing
- Darkroom and equipment
- Darkroom
- Safelights
- Manual-processing tanks
- Thermometer
- Timer
- Drying racks
- Manual-processing procedures
- Rapid-processing chemicals
- Changing solutions
- Automatic film processing
- Mechanism
- Operation
- Establishing correct exposure times
- Management of radiographic wastes
- Image characteristics
- Radiographic density
- Radiographic contrast
- Radiographic speed
- Film latitude
- Radiographic noise
- Radiographic sharpness and resolution
- Image quality
- Common causes of faulty radiographs
- Mounting radiographs
- Duplicating radiographs
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 5. Projection geometry
- Image sharpness and resolution
- Image size distortion
- Image shape distortion
- Paralleling and bisecting angle techniques
- Object localization
- Eggshell effect
- Bibliography
- 6. Intraoral projections
- Criteria of quality
- Periapical radiography
- Paralleling technique
- Bisecting angle technique
- General steps for making intraoral radiographs
- Individual periapical projections
- Bitewing radiography
- Individual bitewing projections
- Occlusal radiography
- Individual occlusal projections
- Imaging of children
- Patient management
- Examination coverage
- Intraoral radiography with handheld x-ray devices
- Special considerations
- Infection
- Trauma
- Patients with mental disabilities
- Patients with physical disabilities
- Gag reflex
- Imaging for endodontics
- Pregnancy
- Edentulous patients
- Intraoral radiography: Common errors
- Bibliography
- 7. Cephalometric and skull imaging
- Cephalometric radiography
- The cephalostat
- Cephalometric projection geometry
- Lateral cephalometric projection
- Posteroanterior cephalometric projection
- Cephalometric analyses
- Hand-wrist radiography
- Hand-wrist projection
- Projection skull radiography
- Submentovertex (base) projection
- Waters projection
- Reverse towne projection (open mouth)
- Bibliography
- 8. Panoramic imaging
- Principles of panoramic image formation
- Focal trough (image layer)
- Real, double, and ghost images
- Image distortion
- Panoramic machines
- Patient positioning and head alignment
- Image receptors
- Panoramic film darkroom techniques
- Interpreting panoramic images
- Dentition
- Midfacial region
- Mandible
- Soft tissues
- Bibliography
- 9. Computed tomography
- General principles of computed tomography
- Acquiring the data
- Data manipulation and image reconstruction
- Properties of the volumetric dataset and dicom format
- Computed tomography numbers and hounsfield units
- Multidetector computed tomography
- Device configuration
- X-ray source
- Detectors
- Image acquisition parameters
- Contrast agents
- Cone beam computed tomography
- Device configuration
- X-ray source
- Detectors
- Cone beam computed tomographic image acquisition parameters
- Clinical applications of computed tomography
- MDCT and CBCT: Comparison of strengths and limitations
- Acquisition
- Acquisition time
- Spatial resolution
- Image noise
- Soft tissue contrast
- Patient radiation dose
- Image artifacts
- Inherent artifacts
- Procedure-related artifacts
- Introduced artifacts
- Patient motion artifacts
- Postprocessing of computed tomographic data sets
- Stages in volumetric data display
- Interpretive report
- Task-specific applications
- Diagnosis and preoperative assessment
- Bibliography
- 10. Magnetic resonance imaging
- 1. Introduction
- A. History of nuclear magnetic resonance
- B. History of magnetic resonance imaging
- C. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging
- 2. Nuclear magnetic resonance
- A. Protons in magnetic field
- B. Precession
- C. Resonance
- D. Relaxation
- E. How to receive an MR signal
- 3. Clinical MRI
- A. Creating tomographic sections
- B. Phase and frequency encoding
- C. k-space
- D. Pulse sequences
- 4. Pulse sequence diagram
- A. Pulse sequence diagram of the spin echo method
- B. Pulse sequence diagram of the gradient echo method
- 5. Mri tissue contrast
- A. Proton density–weighted image
- B. T1-weighted image
- C. T2-weighted image
- D. Diffusion-weighted image
- 6. Fat suppression
- A. Chemical shift selective
- B. Dixon’s method
- C. Short tau (T1) inversion recovery
- 7. Contrast agents for MRI
- 8. Advantages of MRI
- 9. Limitations of MRI
- 10. MRI vs. CT (Table 10.3)
- 11. Clinical applications of MRI in oral and maxillofacial diagnosis
- A. Practical considerations in prescribing maxillofacial MRI
- B. How to evaluate maxillofacial mr images
- C. Clinical applications
- 12. Other applications of MRI
- A. Magnetic resonance angiography
- B. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- 13. MRI safety
- A. Tissue heating
- B. Peripheral nerve stimulation
- C. Metal heating and conduction
- D. Contrast agents
- 11. Nuclear medicine
- Radiopharmaceuticals and radiation detectors
- Radiopharmaceuticals
- Radiation detectors
- Nuclear medicine imaging of maxillofacial diseases
- Bone scintigraphy
- Single photon emission computed tomography
- Applications of bone scintigraphy and single photon emission computed tomography
- Salivary gland scintigraphy
- Positron emission tomographic imaging
- 12. Ultrasound imaging
- Ultrasound physics and technology
- Physical characteristics of sound
- Imaging equipment
- Imaging modes
- Ultrasound beam parameters
- Ultrasound beam interactions with tissues
- Tissue signals
- Clinical applications of maxillofacial ultrasonography
- Salivary glands
- Lymph nodes
- Soft tissue masses in the oral and maxillofacial region
- Temporomandibular joint
- Biologic effects of diagnostic ultrasound
- Bibliography
- 13. Radiographic anatomy
- General principles of radiologic evaluation
- Teeth
- Hard tissues
- Supporting dentoalveolar structures
- Lamina dura
- Alveolar crest
- Periodontal ligament space
- Cancellous bone
- Maxilla and midfacial bones
- Intermaxillary suture
- Anterior nasal spine
- Nasal aperture and nasal cavity
- Nasopalatine canal and incisive foramen
- Lateral fossa
- Nose
- Nasolacrimal canal
- Maxillary sinus
- Zygomatic process and zygoma
- Nasolabial fold
- Pterygoid plates
- Mandible
- Symphysis
- Genial tubercles
- Lingual foramen
- Mental ridge
- Mental fossa
- Mental foramen
- Inferior alveolar canal
- Nutrient canals
- Mylohyoid ridge
- Submandibular gland fossa
- External oblique ridge
- Inferior border of the mandible
- Coronoid process
- Temporomandibular joint
- Base of the skull
- Airway
- Restorative materials
- Bibliography
- 14. Quality assurance and infection control
- Radiographic quality assurance
- X-ray sources
- Radiographic technique
- Digital radiographic receptor systems
- Film-based radiography
- Cone beam computed tomography
- Infection control
- Standard precautions
- Bibliography
- 15. Prescribing diagnostic imaging
- Radiologic examinations
- Intraoral images
- Extraoral images
- Advanced imaging
- Guidelines for ordering imaging
- Previous diagnostic images
- Administrative images
- Guidelines for ordering dental radiographic examinations
- Initial visit
- Recall visit
- Guidelines for ordering cone beam computed tomography examinations
- Imaging considerations in the absence of a positive selection criteria finding
- Special considerations
- Pregnancy
- Radiation therapy
- Examples of use of the guidelines
- Bibliography
- PART III. Interpretation
- 16. Principles of radiographic interpretation
- Adequate diagnostic images
- Visual search strategies
- Diagnostic reasoning in oral and maxillofacial radiology
- Analysis of abnormal findings
- Analytic (systematic) strategy
- Step 1: Localize the abnormality
- Step 2: Assess the periphery and shape of the abnormality
- Step 3: Assess the internal structure
- Step 4: Assess the effects of the lesion on adjacent structures
- Step 5: Formulate an interpretation
- Writing a diagnostic imaging report
- General patient information
- Imaging procedure
- Clinical information
- Findings
- Interpretation
- Self-test
- Description
- Bibliography
- 17. Dental caries
- Disease mechanism
- Role of imaging in the detection of carious lesions
- Examination with digital intraoral sensors
- Examination with intraoral film
- Detection of carious lesions
- Proximal surfaces
- Occlusal surfaces
- Buccal and lingual surfaces
- Root surfaces
- Rampant caries
- Associated with dental restorations
- Alternative diagnostic tools to detect dental caries
- Treatment considerations
- Bibliography
- 18. Periodontal diseases
- Disease mechanism
- Assessment of periodontal disease
- Imaging modalities for the assessment of periodontal disease
- Intraoral imaging
- Panoramic imaging
- Cone beam computed tomography
- Appearance of normal anatomy
- Imaging features of periodontal diseases
- Changes in morphology of alveolar processes
- Changes to the internal density and trabecular pattern of bone
- Classification of the periodontal diseases
- Periodontitis
- Necrotizing periodontal diseases
- Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
- Other conditions affecting the periodontium
- Periodontal abscess
- Endodontic-periodontic lesions
- Occlusal trauma
- Tooth mobility
- Open contacts
- Local irritating factors
- Evaluation of periodontal therapy
- Differential interpretation
- Bibliography
- 19. Dental anomalies
- Developmental abnormalities
- Number of teeth
- Size of teeth
- Eruption of teeth
- Altered morphology of teeth
- Acquired abnormalities
- Attrition
- Abrasion
- Erosion
- Resorption
- Secondary dentin
- Pulp stones
- Pulpal sclerosis
- Hypercementosis
- Bibliography
- 20. Inflammatory conditions of the jaws
- Periapical inflammatory disease
- Terminology
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging examination
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Persistent periapical inflammatory disease
- Osteomyelitis
- Terminology
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging examination
- Imaging features
- Diagnostic imaging of soft tissue involvement in osteomyelitis
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Radiation-induced changes to the jaws
- Disease mechanism
- Imaging examination
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Management
- Pericoronitis
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Bibliography
- 21. Cysts
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging examination
- Imaging features
- Location
- Periphery
- Shape
- Internal structure
- Effects on surrounding structures
- Effects on adjacent teeth
- Odontogenic cysts
- Radicular cyst
- Dentigerous cyst
- Odontogenic keratocyst
- Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
- Buccal bifurcation cyst
- Residual cyst
- Lateral periodontal cyst
- Glandular odontogenic cyst
- Calcifying odontogenic cyst
- Nonodontogenic cysts
- Nasopalatine duct cyst
- Pseudocysts
- Simple bone cavity
- Mandibular lingual bone depression
- Cysts originating in soft tissues
- Nasolabial cyst
- Thyroglossal duct cyst
- Branchial cleft cyst
- Lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid gland
- Dermoid cyst
- Bibliography
- 22. Benign tumors and neoplasms
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Applied diagnostic imaging
- Imaging features
- Location
- Periphery
- Internal structure
- Effects on surrounding structures
- Effects on adjacent teeth
- Odontogenic tumors and neoplasms
- Disease mechanism
- Odontogenic epithelial neoplasms
- Ameloblastoma
- Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
- Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal odontogenic tumors and neoplasms
- Ameloblastic fibroma
- Odontome
- Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
- Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors
- Odontogenic myxoma
- Cementoblastoma
- Central odontogenic fibroma
- Nonodontogenic tumors and neoplasms
- Neuroma
- Schwannoma
- Neurofibroma and neurofibromatosis
- Mesenchymal tumors and neoplasms
- Dense bone island
- Exostoses of bone
- Osteoma
- Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome
- Osteoblastoma
- Osteoid osteoma
- Cemento-ossifying fibroma
- Central giant cell lesions
- Cherubism
- Aneurysmal bone cyst
- Desmoplastic fibroma
- Central hemangioma
- Arteriovenous malformation
- Bibliography
- 23. Diseases affecting the structure of bone
- Disease mechanism
- Diagnostic imaging
- Metabolic bone abnormalities
- Osteopenia
- Rickets and osteomalacia
- Hypophosphatasia
- Osteopetrosis
- Endocrine disturbances
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Hyperpituitarism
- Hypopituitarism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypercortisolism
- Systemic sclerosis
- Dysplasias of bone
- Disease mechanism
- Cemento-osseous dysplasia
- Fibrous dysplasia
- Paget disease of bone
- Intraosseous healing
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Management
- Bibliography
- 24. Malignant neoplasms
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Applied diagnostic imaging
- Imaging features
- Location
- Periphery
- Internal structure
- Effects on adjacent structures
- Effects on adjacent teeth
- Carcinomas
- Squamous cell carcinoma arising in soft tissue
- Squamous cell carcinoma originating in the maxillary sinus
- Squamous cell carcinoma originating in bone
- Squamous cell carcinoma originating in a cyst
- Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma
- “Malignant ameloblastoma” and ameloblastic carcinoma
- Metastatic disease
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Sarcomas
- Osteosarcoma
- Chondrosarcoma
- Ewing sarcoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Malignancies of the hematopoietic system
- Plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma
- Lymphoma
- Burkitt lymphoma
- Leukemia
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis
- Oral and maxillofacial imaging for cancer survivors
- Bibliography
- 25. Trauma
- Applied diagnostic imaging
- Radiologic signs of fracture
- Dentoalveolar trauma
- Dental fractures
- Dental crown fractures
- Dental crown and root fractures
- Dental root fractures
- Horizontal root fractures
- Vertical root fractures
- Periodontal tissue injury
- Concussion
- Subluxation
- Luxation
- Avulsion
- Alveolar process injury
- Definition
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Management
- Traumatic injuries to the facial bones
- Mandibular fractures
- Midfacial fractures including maxillary fractures
- Monitoring the healing of fractures
- Bibliography
- 26. Paranasal sinus abnormalities
- Normal development and variations
- Diseases of the paranasal sinuses
- Definition
- Clinical features
- Applied diagnostic imaging
- Intrinsic diseases of the paranasal sinuses
- Inflammatory disease
- Neoplasms
- Benign neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses
- Malignant neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses
- Extrinsic diseases involving the paranasal sinuses
- Inflammatory diseases
- Benign odontogenic cysts and neoplasms
- Bone dysplasias
- Iatrogenic effects of dental procedures on the maxillary sinus
- Bibliography
- 27. Craniofacial anomalies
- Cleft lip and palate
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Management
- Craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon syndrome)
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Hemifacial microsomia
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome)
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Cleidocranial dysplasia
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Management
- Hemifacial hyperplasia
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential diagnosis
- Management
- Segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Differential interpretation
- Bibliography
- 28. Temporomandibular joint abnormalities
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical features
- Imaging anatomy of the temporomandibular joint
- Mandibular component
- Temporal component
- Interarticular disk
- Retrodiscal tissues (posterior disk attachment)
- Temporomandibular joint bony relationships
- Condylar movement
- Application of diagnostic imaging
- Temporomandibular joint imaging modalities
- Osseous structures
- Soft tissue structures
- Abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint
- Developmental abnormalities
- Soft tissue abnormalities
- Remodeling and arthritic conditions
- Articular loose bodies
- Trauma
- Ankylosis
- Neoplasia
- Bibliography
- 29. Soft tissue calcifications and ossifications
- Disease mechanisms
- Clinical features
- Imaging features
- Heterotopic calcifications
- Dystrophic calcification
- Idiopathic calcification
- Metastatic calcification
- Heterotopic ossifications
- Ossification of the stylohyoid ligament
- Osteoma cutis
- Myositis ossificans
- Bibliography
- 30. Salivary gland diseases
- Disease mechanism
- Clinical signs and symptoms
- Diagnostic imaging
- Planar imaging
- High-resolution ultrasonography
- Multidetector computed tomography
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Nuclear medicine
- Sialography
- Sialendoscopy
- Conditions affecting the salivary glands
- Inflammatory conditions
- Noninflammatory and inflammatory-like conditions
- Space-occupying conditions
- Bibliography
- PART IV. Imaging Applications
- 31. Dental implants
- Imaging techniques
- Intraoral radiography
- Panoramic imaging
- Computed tomography (multidetector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography)
- Image reconstruction techniques
- Other techniques
- Preoperative assessment and treatment planning
- Radiologic assessment of bone quantity
- Radiologic assessment of bone quality
- Intraoperative imaging
- Image-guided applications
- Postoperative imaging and monitoring
- Bibliography
- 32. Beyond three-dimensional imaging
- Artificial intelligence
- Development cycle of an artificial intelligence program
- Application of artificial intelligence in oral and maxillofacial radiology
- Computer-guided treatment planning
- Three-dimensional printing
- Clinical applications of three-dimensional printing
- Four-dimensional imaging
- Clinical applications
- Bibliography
- 33. Forensics
- Scope of forensics in dentistry
- Need for identification of human remains
- Methods of body identification
- Utility of oral and maxillofacial radiology for body identification
- Identification of a single body
- Radiologic techniques in body identification
- Forensic dental identification report
- Style of reporting concordant points
- Materials used in a report
- Applications of radiologic imaging in mass disasters
- Application of radiologic imaging to long-term unidentified remains
- Bibliography
- Index
- Edition: 9
- Published: November 20, 2024
- Imprint: Mosby
- No. of pages: 720
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780443118715
- eBook ISBN: 9780443118722
EL
Ernest Lam
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSM
Sanjay Mallya
Affiliations and expertise
Professor and Chair, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California