Wearable Sensors

List of Contributors
Introduction

1.1. Wearables: Fundamentals, Advancements, and a Roadmap for the Future

1 World of Wearables (WOW)

2 Attributes of Wearables

3 Textiles and Clothing: The Meta-Wearable

4 Challenges and Opportunities

5 The Future of Wearables: Defining the Research Roadmap
References

1.2. Social Aspects of Wearability and Interaction

1 Introduction

2 Social Interpretation of Aesthetics

3 Adoption of Innovation and Aesthetic Change

4 On-Body Interaction: Social Acceptance of Gesture

5 Case Study: Google Glass

6 Conclusion
References

1.3. Wearable Haptics

1 Introduction

2 The Need for Wearable Haptic Devices

3 Categories of Wearable Haptic and Tactile Display

4 Display of Friction and Weight Illusions Based on Fingertip Manipulation

5 A Wearable Sensorimotor Enhancer

6 Conclusions
References

2.1. Wearable Bio and Chemical Sensors

1 Introduction

2 System Design

3 Challenges in Chemical Biochemical Sensing

4 Application Areas

5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References

2.2. Wearable Inertial Sensors and Their Applications

1 Introduction

2 Wearable Inertial Sensors

3 Obtained Parameters from Inertia Sensors

4 Applications for Wearable Motion Sensors

5 Practical Considerations for Wearable Inertial Sensor Applications in Clinical Practice and Future Research Directions
References

2.3. Application of Optical Heart Rate Monitoring

1 Introduction

2 Photoplethysmography Basics

3 Applications

4 Conclusion and Outlook
Nomenclature
Acknowledgments
References

2.4. Measurement of Energy Expenditure by Body-worn Heat-flow Sensors

1 Introduction

2 Energy Expenditure Background

3 Examples of Body-Worn Devices

4 Design Considerations

5 Performance

6 Validations

7 Conclusion
References

3.1. Knitted Electronic Textiles

1 From Fibers to Textile Sensors

2 The Interlaced Network

3 Textile Sensors for Physiological State Monitoring

4 Biomechanical Sensing

5 Non-Invasive Sweat Monitoring by Textile Sensors

6 Smart Fabrics and Interactive Textile Platforms for Remote Monitoring

7 System for Remote Rehabilitation

8 Systems for Emotional State Assessment

9 Conclusions
References

3.2. Woven Electronic Textiles

1 Introduction

2 Textiles

3 Applications

4 Summary
References

3.3. Flexible Electronics from Foils to Textiles: Materials, Devices, and Assembly

1 Introduction

2 Thin-Film Transistors: Materials and Technologies

3 Review of Semiconductors Employed in Flexible Electronics

4 Thin-Film Transistors Based on a-IGZO

5 Further Improvements and Limitations

6 Plastic Electronics for Smart Textiles

7 Outlook and Conclusions
References

4.1. Energy Harvesting at the Human Body

1 Introduction to Energy Harvesting Systems

2 Energy Harvesting from Temperature Gradient at the Human Body

3 Energy Harvesting from Foot Motion

4 Wireless Energy Transmission

5 Energy Harvesting from Light

6 Energy and Power Consumption Issues

7 Conclusions and Future Considerations
Supplemental Material: Energy Harvesting at the Human Body
References for the Supplemental Material
References

4.2. Introduction to RF Energy Harvesting

1 RF Energy Harvesting Fundamentals and Practical Limitations

2 Impedance Mismatch, Losses, and Efficiency

3 Distribution of Harvested Power in a Realistic Environment

4 Charge Pump Rectifier Topologies

5 Effect of Load and Source Variations

6 Antenna-Rectifier Co-Design

7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References

4.3. Low-Power Integrated Circuit Design for Wearable Biopotential Sensing

1 Introduction

2 Biopotential Signals and Their Characteristics

3 Electrode-Body Interface and Electrode Noise

4 Low-Power Analog Circuit Design Techniques for Biopotential Sensors

5 Low-Power Design for ADCs

6 Low-Power Digital Circuit Design Techniques

7 Architectural Design for Low-Power Biopotential Acquisition

8 Practical Considerations

9 Conclusion
References

5.1. Wearable Algorithms: An Overview of a Truly Multi-Disciplinary Problem

1 Introduction

2 Why Do Wearable Sensors Need Algorithms?

3 What are Wearable Algorithms?

4 Wearable Algorithms: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Techniques

5 Conclusions
References

5.2. Mining Techniques for Body Sensor Network Data Repository

1 Introduction

2 Machine Learning Approaches to Data Mining

3 Mining BSN Data

4 Data Representation

5 Comparison Metric

6 Classifier

7 Data-Mining Model

8 Experimental Results

9 Conclusion and Recommendations
Acknowledgment
References

5.3. Modeling Physical Activity Behavior Change

1 Introduction – Physical Activity Monitoring Capabilities

2 Physical Activity Body Sensor Technology

3 Modeling Physical Activity

4 Behavior-Change Theories Relevant to Physical Activity Interventions

5 Conclusion
References

6.1. Human Body Communication for a High Data Rate Sensor Network

1 Capacitive-Coupling Communication Through Human Body

2 Channel Properties of Human Body

3 Effects of Electrode’s Structure

4 Transmission Scheme of Human Body Communication

5 Analog Front-End for Human Body Communication

6 Performance of the Analog Front-End

7 Commercialization of Human Body Communication and its Challenges
References

6.2. Channel Models for On-Body Communications

1 Introduction

2 IEEE 802.15.6 TG6 Standard Models

3 Independent Studies

4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

6.3. Trust Establishment in Wireless Body Area Networks

1 Introduction

2 WBAN Device Authentication Techniques

3 Secret Key Establishment in WBAN

4 Summary
References

6.4. Wireless Body Area Networks

1 Introduction

2 Evaluation Metrics

3 Technologies

4 Wearable Radios

5 Conclusions
References

7.1. Fundamentals of Wearable Sensors for the Monitoring of Physical and Physiological Changes in Daily Life

1 Introduction

2 Wearable Sensors for Physiological Signal Measurement

3 Summary

7.2. Wearing Sensors Inside and Outside of the Human Body for the Early Detection of Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Cardiovascular Diseases

3 Neurological Diseases

4 Gastrointestinal Diseases

5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

7.3. Wearable and Non-Invasive Assistive Technologies

1 Assistive Devices for Individuals with Severe Paralysis

2 Why Use the Tongue for Wearable Technology?

3 Wireless Tracking of Tongue Motion

4 Wearable Tongue Drive System

5 Sensor Signal-Processing Algorithm

6 Dual-Mode Tongue Drive System

7 Clinical Assessment

8 Future Directions
References

7.4. Detection and Characterization of Food Intake by Wearable Sensors

1 Introduction

2 Wearable Sensors

3 Signal Processing and Pattern-Recognition Methods for Automatic Detection of Food Intake

4 Methods for Characterization of Food Intake

5 Applications

6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Index