Water-Formed Deposits

Fundamentals and Mitigation Strategies

1st Edition - March 24, 2022
Editors: Zahid Amjad, Konstantinos D. Demadis
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 8 9 6 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 0 8 6 - 2

Water-Formed Deposits: Fundamentals and Mitigation Strategies wholly presents the important issue of deposits in aqueous systems, both industrial and biological. By analyz… Read more

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Water-Formed Deposits: Fundamentals and Mitigation Strategies wholly presents the important issue of deposits in aqueous systems, both industrial and biological. By analyzing causes, mechanisms and mitigation strategies, the book helps researchers/engineers/end-users gain a fundamental understanding of the issues underlying deposit formation and mitigation. It covers numerous, fundamental aspects of water-formed deposits, while also giving an applications’ perspective. The book's goal is to assist the reader in his/her understanding of the important issues of scale formation, while also helping with potential solutions.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Editors Biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section A: Fouling and scaling fundamentals
Chapter 1: Water chemistry and its role in industrial water systems
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Experimental
1.3: Results and discussion
1.4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Mechanisms of scale formation and inhibition
Abstract
2.1: Scale: Definition and impact on industrial processes
2.2: Theoretical background of scaling
2.3: Scaling in flow systems
2.4: Factors affecting the nucleation rates
2.5: Scale inhibition by chemical additives
2.6: Scale-inhibitor interface
2.7: Inhibition performance
2.8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: History of phosphorus-containing corrosion inhibitors: From the beginning till the present time
Abstract
3.1: About corrosion and its inhibition
3.2: Phosphorus atoms responsible for corrosion inhibition
3.3: How to increase the corrosion inhibitory efficacy of phosphorus-containig molecues?
3.4: Self-assembled nanolayers with phosphorus content
3.5: Summary
References
Chapter 4: Biomineralization: Applied to biodeterioration and bioremediation
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Mineralogical indicators for biodeterioration (MIC)
4.3: Biomineralization as a tool for repair and restoration
References
Chapter 5: Microfouling in industrial cooling water systems
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Growth phases of biofilm
5.3: Distribution of bacteria in an industrial cooling system
5.4: Factors influencing biofilm development and microfouling
5.5: Microfouling monitoring techniques
5.6: Microfouling and corrosion
5.7: Bacteria involved in corrosion
5.8: Microfouling or slime control
5.9: Corrosion control and cooling water treatment
5.10: Strategies for cooling water systems
5.11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Particulate matter: Interfacial properties, fouling, and its mitigation
Abstract
Acknowledgments
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Fouling
6.3: Impurities and suspended solids
6.4: Particle transportation, adhesion, and fouling interface
6.5: Factors influencing fouling: Heat exchanger type, geometry, and process fluid
6.6: Fouling models
6.7: Cost imposed due to fouling
6.8: Fouling mitigation
6.9: Membrane fouling
6.10: Corrosion fouling additives
6.11: Mitigation of fouling by mechanical methods
6.12: Fouling mitigation on different heat exchanging surfaces
6.13: Summary
References
Chapter 7: Calcium phosphates in geological, biological, and industrial systems
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Calcium phosphates in geological and biological systems
7.3: Calcium phosphates in industry
References
Chapter 8: Nonchemical methods to control scale and deposit formation
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Mechanism of PWT—Bulk precipitation
8.3: Magnetic water treatment
8.4: Laboratory tests
8.5: Field tests
8.6: Water treatment using solenoid coils
8.7: Laboratory tests
8.8: Field tests
8.9: Water treatment using RF electric fields
8.10: Water treatment using high-voltage capacitor system
8.11: Validation field tests
8.12: Water treatment using catalytic metals
8.13: Validation studies
8.14: Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Silica and metal silicate deposits
Abstract
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Cases of silica and metal silicate deposits
9.3: Formation mechanisms
9.4: Inhibition technologies
9.5: Summary
References
Section B: Scaling and fouling issues by industry
Chapter 10: Reverse osmosis: Fundamental causes of membrane deposition and approaches to mitigation
Abstract
10.1: Introduction to reverse osmosis
10.2: RO membrane deposits
10.3: Mitigation of deposits via pretreatment and consequences of inadequate operations
10.4: Deposits enhanced by membrane characteristics
10.5: Performance decline due to deposits enhanced by concentration polarization
10.6: Mitigation of deposits via membrane cleaning
10.7: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 11: Cooling water systems: An overview
Abstract
11.1: Cooling water systems overview: Industrial applications
11.2: Treatment system approach
11.3: MOC (mechanical, operational, and chemical) approach
11.4: Water quality types
11.5: Common scales encountered in cooling water applications
11.6: Scale control
11.7: Chemical scale inhibitors
11.8: Individual scale inhibitors
11.9: Corrosion and corrosion control
11.10: Types of corrosion
11.11: Types of corrosion inhibitors
11.12: Carbon steel corrosion inhibitors
11.13: Copper alloys corrosion inhibitors [27–29]
11.14: Summary
References
Chapter 12: Formation and mitigation of mineral scaling in geothermal power plants
Abstract
12.1: Introduction to geothermal power
12.2: Silica scales
12.3: Calcium carbonate deposition
12.4: Metal sulfide deposition
12.5: Metal sulfate deposition
12.6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Gypsum scale control by phosphonate additives
Abstract
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Gypsum scale formation mechanisms and the effect of additives
13.3: Phosphorus-based additives and their effect on gypsum scales
13.4: Experimental results on NTMP and PBTC inhibition effect on gypsum scale formation
13.5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Recent developments in oilfield scale control
Abstract
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Common oilfield mineral scales
14.3: Scale control strategies
14.4: Chemical treatments
14.5: Nonchemical treatments
14.6: Summary
References
Chapter 15: Oilfield iron sulfide scale formation and mitigation
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Iron sulfide chemistry
15.3: Iron sulfide scale composition
15.4: Iron sulfide scale inhibition
15.5: Iron sulfide scale dissolution
15.6: Summary
References
Chapter 16: Oilfield scale inhibitors: Synthetic and performance aspects
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Types of scale inhibitors (SIs)
16.3: Conclusions and outlook
References
Chapter 17: Control of composite oilfield scales and deposits
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Types of common mineral scales
17.3: Scale control
17.4: Coprecipitation of composite scale in oilfields
17.5: Composite scale in other industries
17.6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Polymers for industrial water systems: Synthesis, characterization, and applications
Abstract
18.1: What is a polymer?
18.2: Types of polymer
18.3: Synthesis
18.4: Characteristics and characterization
18.5: Deposit formation and mitigation in industrial water systems
18.6: Types of scales encountered in industrial water systems
18.7: Metal ion fouling and mitigation strategies
18.8: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 19: Polymeric supports for water treatment applications
Abstract
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Functionalized polymers used for the removal of dyes from water
19.3: Removal of organic pollutants from wastewater
19.4: Removal of pesticides
19.5: Removal of oils and organic solvents
19.6: Removal of pharmaceuticals
19.7: Removal of phenol and phenolic derivatives
19.8: Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Scale in sugar juice evaporators: Types, cases, and prevention
Abstract
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Types and sources of scale
20.3: Case studies of evaporator scale
20.4: Scale management
20.5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Scale control in thermal desalination
Abstract
Acknowledgments
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Thermal desalination processes
21.3: Seawater chemistry
21.4: Scale characterization
21.5: Thermodynamics and kinetics of scale formation
21.6: Control of scale formation
21.7: Future directions
References
Section C: Biological, environmental, and home care
Chapter 22: Scale control in home care applications
Abstract
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Fundamentals of scale
References
Chapter 23: Calcification of biomaterials
Abstract
Acknowledgments
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Experimental methodology
23.3: Results and discussion
23.4: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 24: Kidney stone formation—Thermodynamic, kinetic, and clinical aspects
Abstract
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Stone formation and crystallization mechanism
24.3: Growth
24.4: Aggregation
24.5: Polymorphs of calcium oxalate crystals
24.6: Influence of additives on calcium oxalate crystallization
24.7: Struvite stone-formation
24.8: Factors influencing the risk of calcium stone-formation in the kidneys
References
Chapter 25: Novel technologies to prevent dental plaque and calculus
Abstract
25.1: The basis of saliva
25.2: Tooth and periodontal tissue
25.3: Periodontal disease and caries
25.4: Guided biofilm therapy (GBT)
25.5: Toothbrushing and flossing
25.6: Dentrifices
25.7: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 26: Biofouling (macro-fouling) in seawater intake systems
Abstract
26.1: Introduction
26.2: Biofouling growth phases
26.3: Characteristics of the macrofouling
26.4: Anthropogenic activities and invasive species on biofouling
26.5: Fouling prevention strategy
26.6: Biofouling control in industrial systems
26.7: Green technology for cooling water treatment
26.8: Adverse effects of antifouling procedures
26.9: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 27: Sewer solids affecting microbiologically induced corrosion and/or hydrogen sulfide formation
Abstract
Acknowledgments
27.1: Introduction
27.2: Suspended solids and colloids
27.3: Sewer sediments
27.4: Sediment biofilm
27.5: Factors affecting MIC
27.6: Sulfide control
27.7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Legionella: Causes, cases, and mitigation
Abstract
28.1: Legionella and Legionnaires’ disease
28.2: Legionella in industrial water systems and cooling towers
28.3: Legionella in building potable water systems
28.4: Additional types of non-potable water systems that are susceptible to Legionella colonization and transmission
28.5: Impact of legislation, regulations, and guidance
Summary
References
Section D: Systems support and maintenance
Chapter 29: Global water treatment trends and issues
Abstract
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Water usage
29.3: Global water shortages
29.4: Water quality
29.5: Water-related problems
29.6: Water-related treatment concerns
29.7: Examples of technology advancements
29.8: Water treatment markets
29.9: Closing takeaways
References
Chapter 30: Simulation tools for membrane scaling in reverse osmosis desalination plants
Abstract
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Background information
30.3: Experimental findings—Assessment of key parameters and mechanisms
30.4: Modeling membrane scaling in RO desalination systems
30.5: Development of realistic simulation tools
30.6: Conclusions—R&D priorities
References
Chapter 31: Synthesis, properties, and applications of novel fluorescent-tagged scale inhibitors in water treatment
Abstract
Acknowledgment
31.1: Introduction
31.2: Synthetic approaches to fluorescent-tagged antiscalants
31.3: Inhibition, fluorescent, and other properties of fluorescent-tagged antiscalants
31.4: Applications of fluorescent-tagged scale inhibitors for industrial purposes
31.5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 32: Phosphonate inhibitors: Types, solution chemistry, and applications
Abstract
Acknowledgment
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Phosphonates
32.3: Solution behavior
32.4: Crystallization overview
32.5: Applications
32.6: Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 33: Introducing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for corrosion studies: A tool for elucidating interfacial composition and chemistry
Abstract
33.1: Introduction
33.2: XPS fundamentals
33.3: XPS instrumentation
33.4: XPS data analysis
33.5: Corrosion case study
References
Chapter 34: Polyelectrolyte polymers—Types, forms, and function
Abstract
34.1: Synthetic polyelectrolytes
34.2: Polyacrylamides
34.3: Polyacrylates
34.4: Polyamines
34.5: Polydiallydimethylammonium chloride
34.6: Polethyleneimine
34.7: Summary
References
Chapter 35: Mechanisms of scale inhibition derived from a fluorescent-tagged antiscalant visualization
Abstract
Acknowledgments
35.1: Introduction
35.2: Some contradictions and gaps between theory and a real antiscalant behavior
35.3: Research approaches capable to eliminate some gaps
35.4: Major results and discussion
35.5: Tentative “nano-/microdust” -based machanisms of scale inhibition
35.6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 36: Mineral scale deposits—Analysis and interpretation
Abstract
36.1: Introduction
36.2: Wet chemistry methods
36.3: Optical microscope
36.4: Scanning electron microscope
36.5: X-ray diffraction analysis
36.6: Synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray scattering
36.7: Summary
References
Chapter 37: Regulatory and compliance issues faced by the water treatment industry
Abstract
37.1: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
37.2: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
37.3: Purpose
37.4: Compliance issues
37.5: Department of transportation
37.6: Additional information
Index

Zahid Amjad

Zahid Amjad received his BSc in Chemistry (Honors) and MSc in Chemistry from the University of the Panjab, Pakistan, and PhD from Glasgow University, Scotland, United Kingdom. He was a lecturer at the Institute of Chemistry of Panjab University and served as an assistant research professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo, New York. He started his professional career as an R & D scientist. During his more than 30 years at Calgon Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, he has worked in various fields, including water treatment, water purification, cosmetics, home care, oral care, and pharmaceutics, and related fields.

Dr. Amjad has presented numerous invited lectures and participated in symposiums around the world. He has published more than 200 papers, has contributed to numerous book chapters, has edited seven books, and holds 30 US patents. His awards include Induction into the National Hall of Corporate Inventors, EDI Innovation Award, and the recipient of the Association of the Water Technologies’ Ray Baum Memorial Water Technologist of the Year Award.

Dr. Amjad is a member of several societies and has organized several symposiums on crystal growth formation and inhibition, physico-chemical processes at solid-liquid interface, adsorption, desorption, and dispersion. He is the owner of Aqua Science and Technology LLC, Columbus, Ohio, which provides consulting services for industrial water treatment, separation processes, and related technologies. Dr. Amjad currently serves as a visiting professor in the School of Arts and Sciences, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio.

Affiliations and expertise

School of Arts and Sciences, Walsh University, N. Canton, OH, USA

Konstantinos D. Demadis

Kostas Demadis was born in Komotini (Thrace, Northern Greece) in 1967. He received his Bachelors Degree from the University of Athens, Greece in 1990 and his Ph.D. in Chemistry at the University of Michigan, USA in 1995. His Ph.D. theme was in bioinorganic chemistry (structural and functional modeling of the active site of nitrogenase enzyme). He then moved to the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (UNC) for post-doctoral, working on the intricacies of Osmium chemistry. In 1998, he was hired by Nalco Chemical Company as a Senior Chemist in their Research & Development Division, switching research gears and “entering” the water treatment world.

In 2003 Kostas started his appointment as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, in his homeland Greece. He created the Crystal Engineering, Growth & Design Laboratory. Kostas is currently Professor of Chemistry.

Kostas’ research group is interested in a number of projects. Metal phosphonate chemistry (synthesis, characterization and application of metal phosphonate materials), functional hybrid materials, silicon chemistry (modeling of biosilicification mechanisms), water treatment issues (mineral scale inhibition, corrosion control, metal ion absorption), controlled release of active ingredients (in particular phosphonate-based drugs), green chemistry.

Professor Demadis has published over 130 papers in peer reviewed journals, 16 chapters in books, three edited books, and is the inventor of two patents. He has delivered over 50 invited talks and over 100 conference presentations. For more information, see http://www.chemistry.uoc.gr/demadis.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece