Waste Treatment

Editorial

Acknowledgments

Introductory

Some Aspects of the Biochemistry of Aerobic Organic Waste Treatment

Compounds which are Metabolized

Enzymes

Coenzymes and Activators

The Concept of Energy in Biological Systems

Dehydrogenation and Respiration

The Metabolism of Organic Compounds

Waste Treatment

Conclusions

References

Some Aspects of the Biochemistry of Anaerobic Digestion

Liquefaction and Gasification

Practical Aspects of Sludge Digestion

Recent Research into the Rate of Sludge Digestion

Conclusions

References

Discussion of First Two Papers

Ecology of Activated Sludge and Bacteria Beds

Comparison of Activated-Sludge and Bacteria-Bed Environments

Activated Sludge

Interrelationships of the Different Populations in the Sludge Community and Their Environment

Factors Determining the Character and Dominant Organisms of a Sludge

Bacteria Beds

Organisms of the Film

Factors Determining the Accumulation of Film

Grazing Fauna

Factors Determining the Nature of the Grazing-Fauna Population

Factors Influencing the Film-Grazing-Fauna Balance

Practical Applications of Ecological Principles to the Design and Operation of Biological Treatment Plants

References

Discussion

The Use of Manometric Methods in the Study of Sewage and Trade Wastes

Respirometers

Conclusion

References

Discussion

Biological Treatment Practice

New Developments in the Application of Kessener Brushes (Aeration Rotors) in the Activated-Sludge Treatment of Trade-Waste Waters

Investigations on the Aeration of Water

Research on the Rate of Oxidation in an Activated-Sludge Tank

Research on Simplified Sewage Purification for Comparatively Small Amounts of Sewage and Industrial Wastes

References

Discussion

Process Design of Biological Oxidation Systems for Industrial Waste Treatment

BOD Removal and Sludge Growth

Oxygen Utilization

Sludge Production and Oxidation

Nutritional Requirements

Oxygen Transfer

Separation of Solids from Liquids

Design Example

References

Discussion

The Application of Recirculation to the Purification of Sewage and Trade Wastes

Application to Purification of Sewage—Development of the Process

Pseudo-Recirculation

The Technique of Applying Recirculation

The Mechanism of the Process

Application to Purification of Trade Wastes

Acknowledgments

References

Discussion

The Treatment of Chemical Wastes

Definition of the Problem

Principles of Biological Treatment

Application of Basic Principles

Concentration Limits for Discharge to the River

New Biological Treatment Plant

The Monsanto Treatment Plant

Acknowledgment

References

Discussion

The Treatment of Distillery and Antibiotics Wastes

Potable Spirits

Industrial Alcohol

Antibiotics and Vitamins

Summary and Conclusions

References

Discussion

Sampling and Analysis

The Relevance of Waste-Water Analysis to the Design of Process and Pretreatment Plant

Trade Effluent at Design Stage

Effluent from Production Plant

Effluent Disposal to River or Sewer

Effluent Pretreatment

Effluent Analysis

Research on Disposal of Trade Effluent

Conclusion

References

Analytical Tests in Relation to the Discharge of Trade Effluents to Sewers

Typical Tests and Their Application

Pretreatment Required to Render Trade Effluents Acceptable into Sewers

Reduction in Volume of Trade Effluent

Pretreatment Processes

Control of Trade Effluent Discharges to Sewers

Typical Methods of Charging for Trade Effluents

References

The Effects of Liquid Wastes on Receiving Waters

The Legal Position

Natural Stream-Water

Domestic Sewage

Trade-Waste Waters

Mine-Waters, Drainage from Colliery Spoil Heaps and Coal-Stocking Grounds

Toxicity Problems Arising in Rural Areas

Estuarine Pollution

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Discussion of the Three Preceeding Papers

The Self-Purification of Streams and the Relationship between Chemical and Biological Tests

The Physical Factors—Temperature

The Chemical Factors—Oxygen

Experimental Study of Reoxygenation of Pure Running Water

Experimental Study of the Reoxygenation of Polluted Running Water

Significance of Loss of Nitrogen during Self-Purification

Rapid Colorimetric Tests for Nitrogen

Correlation between Biological Analysis and Physical and Chemical Analyses of Waters Polluted by Organic Substances

The River Geer—Seasonal Pollution

Research on Fish Toxicity

Efficiency of Treatment Process

Relationship between Analysis and the Toxicological Assay

References

Discussion

Sludge Treatment

Principles of Vacuum Filtration and Their Application to Sludge-Drying Problems

Carman's Theory

Experimental Method

Application to Conditioning Treatment

Use of Specific Resistance in Predicting Yields on Large Filters

Use of Specific-Resistance Measurements in Research

References

Discussion

Sludge Filtration and Drying

Sludge Production

Nature and Composition of Sewage Sludges

Preliminary Processes

Methods of Filtration

Filter-Pressing

Vacuum Filtration

Disposal of Filter Cake

Costs

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Discussion

Composting

Fermentation

Mass Composting

Segregation

Preparation of Compostable Materials

The Use of Sewage Sludge

Batch Composting

Multi-Stage Composting in Vertical Silos

Continuous Composting (Dano Process)

Economic Considerations

References

Discussion

The Practice of Sludge Digestion

Sludge Digestion

Effect of Temperature

Seeding and Mixing

Water Content of Sludge

Gas Production and Utilization

Tank Capacity and Design Factors

Laboratory Tests Used in Control

Effect of Toxic Substances

Accelerated Processes

Anaerobic Treatment of Industrial Wastes

References

Discussion

Waste Treatment: Particular Industries

The Origin, Treatment and Disposal of Effluents in the Food Canning and Freezing Industries

Nature and Quantity of Wastes

Screening

Pretreatment of Wastes

Full Treatment

Spray-Disposal

Re-Use of Water

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Discussion

The Application of Biological Processes to the Treatment of Liquid Tannery Effluent

Constitution of Tannery Effluent

The Influence of Lime

Influence of Caustic Alkalinity

Influence of Sulphide

Influence of Vegetable Tannins

Influence of Trivalent Chromium Salts

Influence of Minor Constituents

Conclusion

References

Discussion

Treatment of Waste Waters from Milk-Products Factories

Character and Quantity of Waste Waters

Reducing the Strength of the Waste

Balancing of Flow and Composition

Removal of Suspended Matter

Use of Coagulants

Aerobic Biological Treatment

Biological Filtration Processes

Aeration Processes

Anaerobic Treatment

Disposal of Sludges

Discharge of Waste Waters to a Sewer

Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Discussion

Reclamation

Reclamation of Water from Domestic and Industrial Wastes

What is Waste water Reclamation

Limiting Factors

Use of Reclaimed Water

Methods of Reclamation

Summary

References

Discussion

Appendices


1. The Separation and Composting Plant at the Craigmillar Refuse-Disposal Works of the City of Edinburgh


2. List of Lecturers, Participants, etc

Author Index

Subject Index